民族包-peach是什么意思
General English Admission Test For Non-English Major
Ph.D. program
(Harbin Institute of Technology)
Passage One
Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage:
According
to
a
recent
theory,
Archean- age
gold-quartz
vein
systems
were formed
over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike
bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held
view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic fluids, that is, from fluids that
formed during the dehydration of wet sedimentary rocks. The recently developed theory
has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the
original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because the
y
had shed trails of alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods.
Although these same methods still leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet
discovered
have
gone
undetected
because
they
are
buried
and
have
no
surface
expression.
The
challenge
in
exploration
is
therefore
to
unravel
the
subsurface
geology
of
an
area and pinpoint the position of buried minerals. Methods widely used today include
analysis of aerial images that yield a broad geological overview, geophysical techniques
that provide data on the magnetic, electrical, and mineralogical properties of the rocks
being
investigated,
and
sensitive
chemical
tests
that
are
able
to
detect
:
the
subtle
chemical
halos
that
often
envelop
mineralization.
However,
none
of
these
high-technology
methods
are
of
any
value
if
the
sites
to
which
they
are
applied
have
never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore
pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized.
Such ground selection relies to varying degrees on conceptual models, which take into
account theoretical studies of relevant factors.
These
models
are
constructed
primarily
from
empirical
observations
of
known
mineral
deposits
and
from
theories
of
ore-forming
processes.
The
explorer
uses
the
models
to
identify
those
geological
features
that
are
critical
to
the
formation
of
the
mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for exploration that exhibit
as many of the critical features as possible.
1. The author is primarily concerned with
.
A. advocating a return to an older methodology.
B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.
C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods
D. describing events leading to a discovery
2.
According
to
passage,
the
widely
held
view
of
Archean- age
gold-quartz
vein
systems is that such systems
A were formed from metamorphic fluids.
B originated in molten granitelike bodies
C were formed from alluvial deposits
D generally have surface expression
3.
The
passage
implies
that
which
of
the
following
steps
would
be
the
first
performed
by
explorers
who
wish
to
maximize
their
chances
of
discovering
gold?
A
Surveying
several
sites
known
to
have
been
formed
more
than
two
billion
years ago.
B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphic
fluid.
C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.
D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.
4.
Which
of
the
following
statements
about
discoveries
of
gold
deposits is supported by information in the passage?
A The number of gold discover made annually has increased between the time of
the original gold rushes and the present
B
New
discoveries
of
gold
deposits
are
likely
to
be
the
result
of
exploration
techniques designed to locate buried mineralization
C It is unlikely that newly discovered gold deposits will ever yield as much as did
those deposits discovered during the original gold rushes.
D
Modern
explorers
are
divided
on
the
question
of
the
utility
of
simple
prospecting methods as a source of new discoveries of gold deposits.
5.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
which
of
the
following
is
easiest
to
detect?
A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.
B A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.
C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.
D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.
6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in the
passage in which of the following ways?
A
It
may
furnish
a
valid
account
of
ore-forming
processes,
and
hence,
can
support conceptual models that have great practical significance.
B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized,
are in fact mineralized thus confirming current conceptual models.
C.
It
suggests
that
there
may
not
be
enough
similarity
across
Archean-age
gold-quartz vein systems to warrant the formulation of conceptual models.
D
It
corrects
existing
theories
about
the
chemical
halos
of
gold
deposits,
and
thus provides a basis for correcting current conceptual models.
7.
According
to
the
passage
methods
of
exploring
for
gold
that
are
widely
used
today are based on which of the following facts?
A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.
B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.
C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface
expression
D Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types of
gold deposits are found in regions difficult to reach
Passage Two
Questions 8-15 are based on the following passage:
In choosing a method for determining climatic conditions that existed in the past,
paleoclimatologists
invoke
four
principal
criteria.
First,
the
material
—
rocks,
lakes,
vegetation,
etc.
—
on
which
the
method
relies
must
be
widespread
enough
to
provide
plenty
of
information,
since
analysis
of
material
that
is
rarely
encountered
will
not
permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history. Second
in
the
process
of
formation,
the
material
must
have
received
an
environmental
signal
that
reflects
a
change
in
climate
and
that
can
be
deciphered
by
modern
physical
or
chemical
means.
Third,
at
least
some
of
the
material
must
have
retained
the
signal
unaffected
by
subsequent
changes
in
the
environment.
Fourth,
it
must
be
possible
to
determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions held. This last criterion is
more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small number of
layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably
by
extrapolation
and
interpolation.
By
contrast,
because
sedimentation
is
much
less
continuous
in
continental
regions,
estimating
the
age
of
a
continental
bed
from
the
known ages of beds above and below is more risky.
One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves
the measurement of water levels in ancient lakes. In temperate regions, there are enough
lakes for correlations between them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid
regions, on the other hand, the small number of lakes and the great distances between
them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake levels are controlled
by
rates
of
evaporation
as
well
as
by
precipitation,
the
interpretation
of such
levels
is
ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United
States appear to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one
time attributed to increased precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however,
it has been concluded that the climate then was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but
rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting in reduced evaporation
Another
problematic
method
is
to
reconstruct
former
climates
on
the
basis
of
pollen profiles. The type of vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying
and counting the various pollen grains found there. Although the relationship between
vegetation and climate is not as direct as the relationship between climate and lake levels,
the
method
often
works
well
in
the
temperate
zones.
In
arid
and
semiarid
regions
in
which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant types
can change the picture traumatically, making accurate correlations between neighboring
areas difficult to obtain.
8.
Which
of
the
following
statements
about
the
difference
between
marine
andcontinental sedimentation is supportedby information in the passage?
A.
Data
provided
by
dating
marine
sedimentation
is
more
consistent
with
researchers’
findings
in
other
disciplines
than
is
data
provided
by
dating
continental sedimentation.
B.
It
is
easier
to
estimate
the
age
of
a
layer
in
a
sequence
of
continental
sedimentation than it is to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marine
sedimentation.
C.
Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentation
D.
Marine
sedimentation
is
much
more
continuous
than
is
continental
sedimentation.
9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as
a whole?
A.
The
author
describes
a
method
for
determining
past
climatic
conditions
and
then offers specific examples of situations in which it has been used.
B.
The author discusses the method of dating marine and continental sequences
and then explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollen
profiles.
C.
The
author
describes
the
common
requirements
of
methods
for
determining
past climatic conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.
D.
The author describes various ways of choosing a material for determining past
climatic
conditions
and
then
discusses
how
two
such
methods
have
yielded
contradictory data.
10.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
paleoclimatologists
have
concluded
which of the following on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the
southwest6ern United States?
A.
There
is
usually
more
precipitation
during
an
ice
age
because
of
increased
amounts of evaporation
B.
There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.
C.
Lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during the
last ice age than they are today.
D.
The
high
lake
levels
during
the
last
ice
age
may
have
been
a
result
of
less
evapo9ration rather than more precipitation.
11. Which of the following would be the most likely topic for a paragraph that logically
continues the passage?
A.
The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.
B.
The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.
C.
The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.
D.
A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.
12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order to
A.
illustrate
the
mechanics
of
the
relationship
between
lake
level,
evaporation,
and precipitation
B.
provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.
C.
Prove
that
there
are
not
enough
ancient
lakes
with
which
to
make
accurate
correlations
D.
Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.
13.
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
an
environmental
signal
found
in
geological material would no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it
.
A.
had to be interpreted by modern chemical means
B.
reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic condition
C.
was incorporated into a material as the material was forming
D.
also reflected subsequent environmental changes.
14. According to the passage the material used to determine past climatic conditions
must be widespread for which of the following reasons?
Ⅰ
.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.
Ⅱ
. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of
vegetation
Ⅲ
. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.
A.
I only
B.
Ⅱ
only
C.
I and
Ⅱ
only
D.
I and
Ⅲ
only
15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of past
climates in arid and semiarid regions?
A.
It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid and
semiarid regions than in temperate regions
B.
Although
in
the
past
more
research
has
been
done
on
temperate
regions,
paleoclimatologists
have
recently
turned
their
attention
to
arid
and
semiarid
regions.
C.
Although more
information
about
past
climates
can
be
gathered
in
arid
and
semiarid than in temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.
D.
It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions because
their climates have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.
Passage
Three
Questions 16-22 are based on the following passage:
While
there
is
no
blueprint
for
transforming
a
largely
government-controlled
economy into a free one, the experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows
one
approach
that
works:
privatization,
in
which
state- owned
industries
are
sold
to
private
companies. By
1979,
the
total
borrowings and
losses
of state-owned
industries
were
running
at
about
￡
3
billion
a
year.
By
selling
many
of
these
industries,
the
government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over
￡
34 billion from
the
sales,
and
now
receives
tax
revenues
from
the
newly
privatized
companies.
Along
with a dramatically improved overall economy, the government has been able to repay
12.5 percent of the net national debt over a two-year period.
In
fact
privatization
has
not
only
rescued
individual
industries
and
a
whole
economy headed for disaster, but has also raised the level of performance in every area.
At British Airways and British Gas, for example, productivity per employee has risen by
20
percent.
At
associated
British
Ports.
labor
disruptions
common
in
the
1970’s
and
early
1980’s
have
now
virtually
disappeared.
At
British
Telecom,
there
is
no
longer
a
waiting list
—
as there always was before privatization
—
to have a telephone installed.
Part
of
this
improved
productivity
has
come
about
because
the
employees
of
privatized industries were given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies.
They responded enthusiastically to the offer of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of
the
eligible
work
force
bought
shares;
at
Associated
British
Ports
90
percent;
and
at
British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something, they think
about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the
new
employee-
owners
grew
so
concerned
about
their
company’s
profits
that
during
wage
negotiations
they
actually
pressed
their
union
to
lower
its
wage
demands.
Some
economists
have
suggested
that
giving
away
free
shares
would
provide
a
needed
acceleration
of the privatization process. Yet they miss Thomas Paine’s point that ―what
we
obtain
too
cheap
we
esteem
too
lightly‖
In
order
for
the
far
-ranging
benefits
of
individual
ownership
to
be
achieved
by
owners,
companies,
and
countries,
employees
and
other
individuals
must
make
their
own
decisions
to
buy,
and
they
must
commit
some of their own resources to the choice.
16.
According
to
the
passage
all
of
the
following
were
benefits
of
privatizing
state
owned industries in the United Kingdom EXCEPT
A.
Privatized industries paid taxes to the government
B.
The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries
C.
The government repaid some of its national debt
D.
Profits from industries that were still state-owned increased
17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity
in companies that have been privatized?
A.
A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.
B.
Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.
C.
The government ceased to regulate major industries.
D.
Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to
be
A.
an inevitable problem in a weak national economy
B.
a positive sign of employee concern about a company
C.
a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them
D.
a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.
19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying
shares in their won companies?
A.
At three different companies, approximately nine out ten of the workers were
eligible to buy shares
in their companies.
B.
Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies chose
to buy shares in their
companies.
C.
The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.
D.
Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow
their employees the opportunity to buy shares.
20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described
in L25-26?
A.
A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular
industry has in no way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public
interest.
B.
The
ideal
way
for
a
government
to
protect
employee
interests
is
to
force
companies
to
maintain
their
share
of
a
competitive
market
without
government subsidies.
C.
The
failure
to
harness
the
power
of
self-interest
is
an
important
reason
that
state-owned industries perform poorly
D.
Governments
that
want
to
implement
privatization
programs
must
try
to
eliminate all resistance to the free-market system.
21. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the privatization
process in the United Kingdom?
A.
It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.
B.
It
conforms
in
its
most
general
outlines
to
Thomas
Paine’s
prescription
for
business ownership.
C.
It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.
D.
It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.
22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to
.
A.
counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.
B.
State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.
C.
Show
how
opponents
of
the
viewpoint
of
the
author
of
the
passage
have
supported their arguments.
D.
point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.
Passage Four
Questions 23-30 are based on the following passage:
Historians of women’s labor in the
United States at first largely disregarded the
story
of
female
service
workers
—
women
earning
wages
in
occupations
such
as
salesclerk, domestic servant, and office secretary. These historians focused instead
on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different from traditional, unpaid
―women’s
work
‖in
the
home,
and
because
the
underlying
economic
forces
of
industrialism were presumed to be gender-blind and hence emancipation in effect.
Unfortunately,
emancipation
has
been
less
profound
than
expected,
for
not
even
industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.
To
explain
this
unfinished
revolution
in
the
status
of
women,
historians
have
recently
begun
to
emphasize
the
way
a
prevailing
definition
of
femininity
often
determines
the
kinds
of
work
allocated
to
women,
even
when
such
allocation
is
inappropriate
to
new
conditions.
For
instance,
early
textile-mill
entrepreneurs,
in
justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that
women
were
by
nature
skillful
at
detailed
tasks
and
patient
in
carrying
out
repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary
stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been
the
purview
of
women.
Because
women
accepted
the
more
unattractive
new
industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female
jobs.
And
employers,
who
assumed
that
women’s
―real‖
aspirations
were
for
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
民族包-peach是什么意思
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