2592-moncler怎么读
General
English
Admission
Test
For
Non-English
Major
Ph.D.
program(Harbin Institute of Technology)
第一套
Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points)
Passage 1
Questions 1----5 are bashed on the following passage.
The
planet’s
last
intact
expanses
of
forest
are
under
siege.
Eight
thousand
years
ago,
forests
covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost
half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.
A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the
locations
of
former
forests,
but
also
assesses
the
condition
of
today’s
forests
worldwide.
Institute
researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World
Wildlife
Fund,
and
90
forest
experts
at
a
variety
of
universities,
government
organizations,
and
environmental groups.
Only
one-
fifth
of
the
remaining
forests
are
still
―frontier
forests,‖
defined
as
relatively
undistur
bed
natural
forests
large
enough
to
support
all
of
their
native
species.
Frontier
forests
offer
a
number
of
benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion,
and stabilize climate.
Many
large
area
s
that
have
traditionally
been
classified
as
forest
land
don’t
qualify
as
―frontier‖
because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. ―There’s surprisingly
little
intact
forest
left,‖
says
research
associate
Dirk
Bryant,
the
principal
author
of
the
report
that
accompanies the new map.
In
the
report,
Bryant,
Daniel
Nielsen,
and
Laura
Tangley
divide
the
world
into
four
groups:76
countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are ―on the edge‖; 28 countries with ―not
much time‖; and only eight
----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----
that still have a ―great opportunity‖
to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of
time: In the lower 48 stat
es, says Bryant, ―great opportunity‖ to keep most of their original forest. The
United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant,
―only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.‖
Logging
poses
the
biggest
single
threat
to
remaining
frontier
forests.
―Our
results
suggest
that
70
percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,‖ says Bryant. The practice of cutting
timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering,
and land clearing for farms.
What
can
protect
frontier
forests?
The
researchers
recommend
combining
preservation
with
sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timb
er extraction. ―It’s possible to restore
frontiers,‖ says Bryant, ―but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is
to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.‖
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.
B. The history of ecology.
C. The forest map in the past.
D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.
2. The word ―unveiled‖ in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
_.
A. evaluated
B. decorated C. designed
D. made public
3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?
1
A. They keep climate stable.
B. They enhance timber industry.
C. They provide people with unique scenery.
D. They are of various types.
4. The phr
ase ―on the edge‖ in Paragraph 5 probably means________.
A surrounded by frontier forest
B near frontier forest
C about to lose their frontier forest
D under pressure
5.
According
to
the
passage,
roads
created
by
timber-cutting
make
it
possible
for
people
to________.
A travel to other places through the short
–
cut
B exploit more forest land
C find directions easily
D protect former forests
Passage 2
Questions 6----10 are based on the following p assage.
（
2005
年
9
月
PETS3
真题 ）
To get a chocolate out of a box requires a considerable amount of unpacking: the box has to be taken
out of the paper bag in which it arrived the cellophane wrapper has to be torn off, the lip opened and
removed; the lid opened and the paper removed; the chocolate itself then has to be unwrapped from its
own piece of paper. But this insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries: it is now becoming
increasingly difficult to buy anything that is not done up in cellophane, polythene, or paper.
The package itself is of no interest to the shopper, who usually throws it away immediately. Useless
wrapping accounts for much of the refuse put our by the average London household each week. So why
is
it
done?
Some
of
it,
like
the
cellophane
on
meat,
is
necessary,
but
most
of
the
rest
is
simply
competitive selling. This is absurd. Packaging is using up scarce energy and resources and messing up
the environment.
Little research is being carried out on the costs of alternative types of packaging. Just how possible is it,
for
instance,
for
local
authorities
to
salvage
paper,
pulp
it,
and
recycle
it
as
egg-boxes? Would
it
be
cheaper to plant another forest? Paper is the material most used for packaging-----20 million paper bags
are apparently used in Great Britain each day -----but very little is salvaged.
A machine has been developed that pulps paper, and then processes it into packaging, e.g. egg-boxes
and cartons. This could be easily adapted for local authority use. It would mean that people would have
to
separate
their refuse into paper and non-paper, with
a different dustbin for each. Paper is, in fact,
probably the material that can be most easily recycled; and now, with massive increases in paper prices,
the time has come at which collection by local authorities could be profitable.
Recycling of this kind is already happening with milk bottles, which are returned to the dairies, and it
has been estimated that if all the milk bottles necessary were made of plastic, then British dairies would
be producing the equivalent of enough plastic tubing to encircle the earth every five or six days!
The trouble with plastic is that it does not rot. Some environmentalists argue that the only solution to the
problem of ever growing mounds of plastic containers is to do away with plastic altogether in the shops,
a suggestion unacceptable to many manufacturers who say there is no alternative to their handy plastic
packs. It is evident that more research is needed into the recovery and reuse of various materials and
into
the
cost of collecting and
recycling
containers as
opposed
to
producing
new ones. Unnecessary
packaging, intended to be used just once, and making things look better so more people will buy them, is
2
clearly becoming increasingly absurd. But it is not so much a question of doing away with packaging as
resources for what is, after all, a relatively unimportant function.
6. The sentence ―This insane amount of wrapping is not confined to luxuries‖ means that________.
A not enough wrapping is used for luxuries
B more wrapping is used for luxuries than for ordinary products
C it is not only for luxury products that too much wrapping is used
D the wrapping used for luxury products is unnecessary
7. The local authorities are_________.
A the Town Council
B the police
C the paper manufacturers
D the most influential citizens
8 If paper is to be recycled,________.
A more forests will have to be planted
B the use of paper bags will have to be restricted
C people will have to use different dustbins for their rubbish
D the local authorities will have to reduce the price of paper
9. British dairies are________.
A producing enough plastic tubing to go round the world in less than a week
B giving up the use of glass bottles
C increasing the production of plastic bottles
D reusing their old glass bottles
10. The environmentalists think that________.
A more plastic packaging should be used
B plastic is the most convenient form of packaging
C too much plastic is wasted
D shops should stop using plastic containers
Passage 3
Questions11-----18 are based on the following passage.
（找到了出处）
The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material
benefits of an
affluent society have diverted
his attention
from aesthetics, the
material benefits of an
affluent
society
have
diverted
his
attention
from
his
city
and
its
cultural
potentials
to
the
products
of
science
and
technology:
washing
machines,
central
heating,
automatic
cookers,
television
sets,
computers and fitted carpets, He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and
has never had it so good.
He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place
to his shopping center is very short. As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are
littered with kerb- parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere. Congestion has become
the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system
may soon make matters worse.
In the meantime, insult is added to injury by ―land value‖. The value of land results from its use: its
income and its value increase. ―Putting land to its highest and best use‖ becomes the principal e
conomic
standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population lead to
the ―vertical‖ growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in
order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion
3
is to create no re of it.
Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo- decentralization, in the form of large development units away
from
the
traditional
town
centers,
only
shifts
the
disease
round
the
anatomy
of
the
town,
if
it
is
not
combined with remodeling of the town’s transportation system, it does not cure it. Here the engineering
solutions
are
strongly
affected
by
the
necessity
for
complicated
intersections,
which
in
turn,
are
frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.
It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to
stop
operating
on
the
fringe
of
the
problem.
We
shall
have
to
radically
to
replan
them
to
achieve
a
rational densities of population we have to provide in them what can be called minimum ―psychological
elbow room‖. One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an
integral
part
of
the
overall
planning
process
which
in
itself
is
a
scientific
process
where
facts
are
essential. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the
town, if we want to plan effectively.
The principal unit in this process is ―IM‖(one man). We m
ust not forget that cities are built by people,
and
that their form and
shape should
be
subject to the will of the
people. Scientific methods
of data
collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an
instrument.
The
―man
-
educated‖
man,
the
human,
will
have
to
set
the
target,
and
using
the
results
obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment.
He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.
11. The main concern of this passage is with_______.
A city culture
Bland value in cities
C city congestion
D decentralization
can be inferred from the first paragraph that people in old times_______.
A paid more attention to material benefits
B had a stronger sense of beauty
C were more desirous about the development of science and technology
D enjoyed more freedom and democracy
highly- developed technology has made man________.
A increasingly industrious
B free from inconvenience
C excessively dependent on external aids
D able to save his physical strength
14 The drastic increase of land value in the city________.
A is the good result of economic development
B offers more opportunities to land dealers
C is annoyingly artificial and meaningless
D fortunately leads to the ―vertical‖ growth of cities
15. The expansion of big cities to the distant suburban areas may______.
A solve the problem of city congestion
B result in the remode
ling of the town’s transportation system
C bring the same congestion to the suburban areas
D need less investment on land
16 the main purpose of the author is to_______.
.
A point out a problem and criticize it
4
B advocate that all cities need to be re-planned and remodeled
C point out the significance of solving the problem
D criticize a problem and try to find a solution to it
17 the author suggests that the remodeling of cities must_______.
A put priority to the benefit of the future generations
B be focused on people rather than on economy.
C be economically profitable to land owners
D resort to scientific methods
18 who will probably like to read articles of this kind/
A businessmen
B economists
C urban people
D rural people
Passage 4
Questions 19----25 are based on the following passage.
（
GRE
阅读）
The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw
is short and stout: the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of
the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But
where
the
majority
of
humans
are
right- handed,
in
lobsters
the
crusher
claw
appears
with
equal
probability on either the right or left side of the body.
Bilateral
asymmetry
of
the
claws
comes
about
gradually.
In
the
juvenile
fourth
and
fifth
stages
of
development,
the
paired
claws
are
symmetrical
and
cutter-like.
Asymmetry
begins
to
appear
in
the
juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws further diverge toward well- defined cutter and
crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by
Victor Emmel. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth of fifth stage, the
intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a cutter. Removal of a
claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the
asymmetry, the intact and the regenerated claws retain their original structures.
These
observations
indicate
that
the
conditions
tat
trigger
differentiation
must
operate
in
a
random
manner when the paired claws are intact but in a nonrandom manner when one of the claws is lost. One
possible explanation is that differential use of the claws determine their asymmetry. Perhaps the claw
that is used more becomes the crusher. This would explain why, when one of the claws is missing during
the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw always becomes a crusher. With two intact claws, initial use of
one claw might prompt the animal to use it more than the other throughout the juvenile fourth and fifth
stages, causing it to become a crusher.
To
test
this
hypothesis,
researchers
raised
lobsters
in
the
juvenile
fourth
and
fifth
stages
of
development
in
a
laboratory
environment
in
which
the
lobsters
could
manipulate
oyster
chips.
(Not
coincidentally,
at
this
stage
of
development
lobsters
typically
change
from
a
habitat
where
they
drift
passively
to
the
ocean
floor
where
they
have
the
opportunity
to
be
more
active
by
burrowing
in
the
substratum.) Under these conditions, the lobsters developed asymmetric slaws, half with crusher claws
on the left, and half with crusher claws on the right. In contrast, when juvenile lobsters were reared in a
smooth
tank
without
the
oyster
chips,
the
majority
developed
two
cutter
claws.
This
unusual
configuration of symmetrical cutter claws did not change when the lobsters were subsequently placed in
a manipulatable environment or when they lost and regenerated one or both claws.
这篇文章开始提出了一个有趣的有待解释的现象，即“美洲龙虾的两螯大小不一样
” 。读者可以通
过这点判断出全文为“解释针对问题”型文章。再往下看，文章的第二段的首句并没有进行 转折，而是继
续对这种奇怪现象的形成进行讲述，因为与第一段是顺承关系，所以第二段的首句即为该段 的大意句。直
5
到文章的第三段，作者才给出了一个对这一现象的解释，标志性的词语是
One possible explanation is
that,
暗示着着将是一个作者给予 正评价的解释，
所以这句话是全文的中心句。
最后，
在文章的最后一段，
作者 用了一个试验证实了上文的解释是有效的。作者并没有给出其他的解释针对这一现象，所以可以肯定
的是 ，这篇文章是属于“一个解释针对一个问题”。
19 the passage is primarily concerned with______.
A drawing an analogy between asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humans
B developing a method for predicting whether crusher claws in lobsters will appear on the left or right
side
C explaining differences between lobsters’ crusher claws and cutter claws
D discussing a possible explanation for the bilateral asymmetry in lobsters
20 each of the following statements about the development of
a lobster’s crusher claw is supported by
information in the passage except________.
A It can be stopped on one side and begin on the other after the juvenile sixth stage.
B It occurs gradually over a number of stages.
C It is initially apparent in the juvenile sixth stage.
D It can occur even when a prospective crusher claw is removed in the juvenile sixth stage.
21 which of the following experimental results, if observed, would most clearly contradict the findings of
Victor Emmel?
A. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.
B. A left cutter-like claw is removed in the sixth stage and a crusher claw develops on the right side.
C. A left cutter- like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the lift side.
D. Both cutter-like claws are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher claw develops on the left side.
22 It can be inferred that of the two laboratory environments mentioned in the passage, the one with
oyster ships was designed to_______.
A prove that the presence of oyster chips was not necessary for the development of a crusher claw
B prove that the relative length of time that the lobsters were exposed to the oyster-chip environment
had little impact on the development of a crusher claw
C eliminate the environment as a possible influence in the development of a crusher claw
D simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment
23
It
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage
that
one
difference
between
lobsters
in
the
earlier
stages
of
development
and
those
in
the
juvenile
fourth
and
fifth
stages
is
that
lobsters
in
the
early
stages
are________.
A likely to be less active
B likely to be less symmetrical
C more likely to lose a claw
D more likely to regenerate a lost claw
24 which of the following conditions does the passage suggest is a possible cause for the failure of a
lobster to develop a crusher claw?
A the loss of a claw during the third or earlier stage of development
B the loss of a claw during the fourth or fifth stage of development
C the loss of a claw during the sixth stage of development
D Development in an environment short of material that can be manipulated
25 the author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly when paired claws remain intact
as________.
6
A irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of Emmel’s observations
B likely in view of present evidence
C contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-claw differentiation
D purely speculative because it is based on scattered research and experimentation
Passage 5
Questions 26----33 are based on the following passage.
（未知）
It has always been difficult for the philosopher or scientist to fit time into his view of the universe. Prior
to Einsteinian physics. However, even the Einsteinian formulation is not perhaps totally adequate to the
job of fitting time into the proper relationship with the other dimensions, as they are called, of space. The
primary problem arises in relationship to things which might be going faster than the speed of light ,or
have other strange properties.
Examination of the Lorenta-Fitzgerald formulas yields the interesting speculation that if something did
actually exceed the speed of light it would have its mass expressed as an imaginary number and would
seem to be going backward in time. The barrier to exceeding the speed of light is the apparent need to
have an infinite quantity of mass moved at exactly the speed of light. If this situation could be leaped
over
in
a
large
quantum
jump----which
seems
highly
unlikely
for
masses
that
are
large
in
normal
circumstances-----then the other side may be achievable.
There have been, in fact, some observations of particle chambers which have led some scientists to
speculate
that
a
particle
called
the
tachyon
may
exist
with
the
trans-light
properties
we
have
just
discussed.
One
difficulty
of
imagining
and
coping
with
these
potential
implications
of
our
mathematical models
points out the importance of studying alternative methods of notation for advanced physics. Professor
Zuckerkandl,
in
his
book
―Sound
and
Symbol‖,
hypothesizes
that
it
might
be
better
t
o
express
the
relationships found in quantum mechanics through the use of a notation derived from musical notations.
To oversimplify greatly, he argues that music has always given time a special relationship to other factors
or parameters or dimensions. Therefore, it might be
a more useful language
in
which
to
express the
relationships
in
physics
where
time
again
has
a
special
role
to
play,
and
cannot
be
treated
as
just
another dimension.
The point of this, or any other alternative to the current methods of describing basic
physical
processes,
is
that
time
does
not
appear----- either
by
common
experience
or
sophisticated
scientific understanding---- to be the same sort of dimension or parameter as physical dimensions, and is
deserving of completely special treatment, in a system of notation designed to accomplish that goal.
One approach would be to consider time to be a field effect governed by the application of energy to
mass----that is to say, by the interaction of different forms of energy, if you wish to
keep in mind
the
equivalence of mass and energy. The movement of any normal sort of mass is bound to produce a field
effect that we call positive time. An imaginary mass would produce a negative time field. This is not at
variance with Einstein’s theories, since the ―faster’ a give mass moves the more the more energy was
applied to it and the greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and the
greater would be the field effect. The time effects predicted by Einstein and confirmed by experience are,
it seems, consonant with this concept.
26 the ―sound‖ in the title of professor Zukerkand1’s book probably refers to______.
A the music of the spheres
B music in the abstract
C musical notation
D the seemingly musical sounds produced by tachyons
7
27 The passage supports the inference that_______.
A. Einstein’s theory of relativity is wrong
B the Lorenta-
Fitzgerald formulas contradict Einstein’s theories
C tachyons do not have the same sort of mass as any other particles
D it is impossible to travel at precisely the speed of light
28. The tone of the passage is________.
A critical but hopeful
B hopeful but suspicious
C suspicious but speculative
D speculative but hopeful
29 the central idea of the passage can be best described as which of the following?
A.
Irregularities in
theoretical
physics
notation
permit
intriguing
hypotheses
and
indicate
the
need
for
refined notation of time dimension.
B.
New
observations
require
the
development
of
new
theories
and
new
methods
of
describing
the
theories.
C. Einsteinian physics can be much improved on in its treatment of tachyons.
D. Zuckerkandl’s theories of tachyon formulation are preferable to Einstein’s.
30 According to the author, it is too soon to_______.
A adopt proposals such as Zuckerkan
d1’s
B plan for time travel
C study particle chambers for tachyon traces
D attempt to improve current notation
31 it can be inferred that the author sees Zuckerkand1 as believing that mathematics
is a_______.
A language
B musical notation
C great hindrance to full understanding of physics
D difficult field of study
32 in the first sentence, the author refers to ―philosopher‖ as well as to ―scientist‖ because________.
A he wants to show his respect for them
B philosophers study all things in the world
C the study of the methods of any field is both a philosophical and scientific question
D the nature of time is a basic question in philosophy as well as physics
33
when
the
passage
says
the
―particle
called
the
tachyon
may
exist‖,
the
reader
may
infer
that_________.
A the tachyon was named before it existed
B tachyons are imaginary in existence as well as mass
C the tachyon was probably named when its existence was predicted by theory but its existence was not
yet known.
D many scientific ideas may not exist in fact.
Passage 6
Questions 34-----40 are based on the following passage.
The term ―remote sensing’’ refers
to the techniques of measurement and interpretation of phenomena
from
a
distance.
Prior
to
the
mid-1960s
the
interpretation
of
film
images
was
the
primary
means
for
remote sensing of the earth’s geologic features. With the development of the optomechanical scanner,
8
scientists
began
to
construct
digital
multispectral
images
using
data
beyond
the
sensitivity
range
of
visible
light
photography.
These
images
are
constructed
by
mechanically
aligning
pictorial
representations
of such
phenomena as
the
reflection of light waves
outside the
visible
spectrum, the
refraction of radio waves, and the daily changes in temperature in areas on the Earth’s surface.
Digital
multispectral imaging has now become the basic tool in geologic remote sensing from satellites.
The
advantage
of
digital
over
photographic
imaging
is
evident:
the
resulting
numerical
data
are
precisely
known,
and
digital
data
are
not
subject
to
the
vagaries
of
difficult- to-control
chemical
processing. With digital processing, it is possible to combine a large number of spectral images. The
acquisition
of
the
first
mutispectral
digital
dada
set
from
the
multispectral
scanner(MSS)aboard
the
satellite Landsat in 1972 consequently attracted the attention of the entire geologic community. Landsat
MSS
data
are
now
being
applied
to
a
variety
of
geologic
problems
that
are
difficult
to
solve
by
conventional
methods
alone.
These
include
specific
problems
in
mineral
and
energy
resource
exploration and the charting of glaciers and shallow seas.
A more fundamental application of remote sensing is to augment conventional methods for geologic
mapping of large areas. Regional maps present compositional, structural, and chronological information
for
reconstructing
geologic
revolution.
Such
reconstructions
have
important
practical
applications
because the conditions under which rock units and other structural features are formed influence the
occurrence of ore and petroleum deposits and affect the thickness and integrity of the geologic media in
which the deposits are found.
Geological maps incorporate a large, varied body of specific field and laboratory measurements, but the
maps
must
be
interpretative
because
field
measurements
are
always
limited
by
rock
exposure,
accessibility,
and
labor
resources.
With
remote-sensing
techniques,
it
is
possible
to
obtain
much
geologic
information
more
efficiently
than
it
can
be
obtained
on
the
ground.
These
techniques
also
facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic mapping is generally conducted in small areas,
the continuity of regional features that had intermittent and variable expressions is often not recognized,
but
in
the
comprehensive
views
of
Landsat
images
these
continuities
are
apparent.
However,
some
critical
information
cannot
be
obtained
through
remote
sensing,
and
several
characteristics
of
the
Landsat MSS impose limitations on the acquisition of diagnostic data. Some of these limitations can be
overcome
by
designing
satellite
systems
specially
for
geologic
purposes;
but,
to
be
most
effective,
remote
sensing
data
must
still
be
combined
with
data
from
field
surveys,
laboratory
tests,
and
the
techniques of the earlier twentieth century.
34
which
of
the
following
can
be
measured
by
the
optomechanical
scanner
but
not
by
visible
light
photography?
A. The amount of visible light reflected from oceans.
B. Daily temperature changes of areas on the Earth’s surface.
C. The degree of radioactivity emitted by ex
posed rocks on the earth’s surface.
D. Atmospheric conditions over large landmasses.
35
A
major
disadvantage
of
photographic
imaging
in
geologic
mapping
is
that
such
photography_________.
A cannot be used at night
B cannot focus on the details of a geologic area
C must be chemically processed
D is always enhanced by digital reconstruction
36 Landsat images differ from conventional geologic maps in that the former_______.
A reveal the exact size of petroleum deposits and ore deposits
9
B indicate the continuity of features that might not otherwise be interpreted as continuous
C predict the movements of glaciers
D provide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral deposits
passage provides information about all of the following topics except.
A the principle method of geologic remote sensing prior to the mid-1960s
B some phenomena measured by digital multispectral images in remote sensing
C some of the practical uses of regional geologic maps
D problems that are difficult to solve solely through conventional methods of geologic mapping
38 what does the author mention about ―the conventional methods‖?
A. They consist primarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements.
B. They are not useful in providing information necessary for reconstructing
C They have rarely been used by geologists since 1972
D They are used primarily to gather compositional information about geologic.
39 By using the word ―interpretative‖ in Paragraph 4 , the author indicates
.
A. some maps are based more on data from aerial photography than on data from field operations.
B some maps are used almost exclusively on laboratory measurements
C some maps are based on incomplete data from field observations
D some maps show only large geologic features
40 According to the author,________.
A geologic mapping is basically an art and not a science
B geologic mapping has not changed significantly since the early 1960s
C geologic mapping will have limited practical applications until remote-sensing systems are perfected
D a developmental milestone in geologic mapping was reached in 1972
Translate the following passages into Chinese
Passage 1
Highly successful scientists depend on special talents, like in arts, music, and so on. Nature produces
them only very slowly, parsimoniously, and at a constant rate, one has to do more with both natural gifts
and
formal,
extensive
academic
training.
Their
number
cannot
be
increased
under
command;
they
develop spontaneously whenever the scientific training of community is adequate to provide the basic
training they need -----which is today the case in several nations over the world, including many of the
developing
countries.
The
second
element
is
the
―collectivity
effect‖.
Scientific
progress
is
greatly
enhanced
by a
nonlinear effect. Progress is much faster when many and different types
of scientists
interact closely together. This is particularly active at the ―interface‖ between disciplines; for instance, a
chemistry idea applied to biology, a mathematical concept applied to physics, and so on.
Passage 2
The
phrase ―A Law of
Nature‖ is probably rarer in modem scientific writing than
was
the
case
some
generations ago. This is partly due to a very natural objection to the use of the word law in two different
senses.
Human
societies
have
laws.
In
primitive
societies
there
is
not
distinction
between
law
and
custom.
Some
things
are
done; others
are
not.
This
is
regarded
as
part
of the
nature of
things,
and
generally as
an unalterable fact. If customs change, the change is too
slow to
be
observed, later on
kings and prophets could proclaim new laws, but there was no way of withdrawing old ones. The Greek
democracies made the great and revolutionary discovery that a community could consciously make new
laws and repeal old ones. So for us a human law is something which is valid only over a certain number
of people for a certain period of time.
Passage 3
10
Private enterprise will become the driving force behind space launches, the futurists say. Commercial
space
activities
will
probably
g
row
beyond
the
government’s
civilian
space
program
in
the
coming
decades, remarks Charles Eldred of the National Aeronautics and space Administration. Businesses will
launch
their
own
space
shuttles
to
create
weightless
factories
in
space.
Uses
could
include
manufacturing
pharmaceutical
drugs,
making
ball
bearings
and
growing
crystals
for
computer
chips.
There is even talk of eventually sending tourists on shuttle flight--- though the airfare would be exorbitant.
Scientists say that government construction of a multibillion-dollar, permanent space station will aid in
detecting natural disasters on earth in advance, conducting medical research and collecting solar energy
to transmit back. Pentagon officials hope to be able to send off rays from a space station to hit missiles
fired from earth. The space station may be used as well to stage long
–
distance flights to the moon, mars
and planets beyond.
Passage 4
Laws
and
regulations
are
never
to
be
forgotten
in
the
development
of
the
information
superhighway
although market forces will help keep the new technology affordable, we need laws to protect consumers
when competition fails and because several companies will operate the superhighways, each must be
required
to
interconnect
with
the
others.
Likewise,
the
new
computers
that
will
give
access
to
the
superhighway
should
be
built
according
to
commonly
accepted
standards.
Also
even
an
open
competitive market will leave out organizations with limited resources such as schools and libraries. T
o
compensate
for
market
oversights,
we
must
enforce
regulations
to
ensure
that
money-----whether
through
government
support
or
a
tax
on
the
companies
that
will
control
the
superhighway---is
made
available to these institutions, and will be used and operated accordingly
Section Two Translation from Chinese into English (20 points)
Passage 1
当前人类文明对全球环境的威胁给我们提供了一系列问题。真正的解决办法要从重新设计以及最终弥合文
明与地球的关系中去寻找。要完成这一点需重新仔细估量导致这种关系在较近时期内发生剧烈变化的所有
各种因素。改变我们与地球关系的途径当然涉及到新技术的发明和应用，但关键的变化将与这种关系本身
的新思路有关。
Passage 2
对于现代科学活 动的规模，利用最佳的思想和提供适宜的
―
熔炉
‖
，已经可以在国际上很好地 得以实现。
但应该说明的是，
长期以来，
科学国际化过程一直在以隐蔽的形式发展着，
而我们今天所要落实到实处的，
只是有必使原有的这一过程变为一种更加完善、更加系统的制度 。
答案是：
1.A
2.D
3.A
4.C
5.B
6.C
7.C
8.C
9.D
10.D
11.A 12.B
13.C
14.C
15.C 16.D 17.B 18.C 19.D
20.A
21.C 22.D
23.A
24.D
25.B 26A
27 C 28D 29 B
30 B
31A
32D
33C
34.B
35C 36.B
37B 38.A
39.C
40.D
The current threat of human being to global environment offers a series of problems whose real solutions
have to be found from a re-design and final reconciliation of the relation between civilization and the
earth. To realize this, we need to re-evaluate all the factors causing the recent radical changes to the
relation.
The
approach
to
changing
our
relation
to
the
earth
of
course
involves
the
invention
and
application of new technologies, but the key change is related with a new insight into the relation.
By employing the optimal thought and proper melting pot, it is possible to conduct large scale scientific
research internationally. It should be noted the internationalization of the scientific research has been
11
developing secretly for a long time. What we should do now is to make this process more perfect and
systematic.
General
English
Admission
Test
For
Non-English
Major
Ph.D.
program
(Harbin Institute of Technology)
第二套
01
年考题
Passage One
Questions 1-7 are based on the following passage:
（
GMAT
）
According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years
ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the
Earth. This theory is contrary to the widely held view that the systems were deposited from metamorphic
fluids,
that
is,
from
fluids
that
formed
during
the
dehydration
of
wet
sedimentary
rocks.
The
recently
developed theory has considerable practical importance. Most of the gold deposits discovered during the
original gold rushes were exposed at the Earth’s surface and were found because they had shed trails of
alluvial gold that were easily traced by simple prospecting methods. Although these same methods still
leas to an occasional discovery, most deposits not yet discovered have gone undetected because they
are buried and have no surface expression.
The challenge in exploration is therefore to unravel the subsurface geology of an area and pinpoint the
position of buried minerals. Methods
widely used today include
analysis of aerial images
that yield a
broad geological
overview,
geophysical
techniques
that
provide
data
on
the
magnetic,
electrical,
and
mineralogical properties of the rocks being investigated, and sensitive chemical tests that are able to
detect
:
the
subtle
chemical
halos
that
often
envelop
mineralization.
However,
none
of
these
high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized,
and
to
maximize
the
chances
of
discovery
the
explorer
must
therefore
pay
particular
attention
to
selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. Such ground selection relies to varying
degrees on conceptual models, which take into account theoretical studies of relevant factors.
These models are constructed primarily from empirical observations of known mineral deposits and from
theories of ore- forming processes. The explorer uses the models to identify those geological features
that are critical to the formation of the mineralization being modeled, and then tries to select areas for
exploration that exhibit as many of the critical features as possible.
1. The author is primarily concerned with
.
A. advocating a return to an older methodology.
B. explaining the importance of a recent theory.
C. enumerating differences between two widely used methods
D. describing events leading to a discovery
2. According to passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such
systems
12
A were formed from metamorphic fluids.
B originated in molten granitelike bodies
C were formed from alluvial deposits
D generally have surface expression
3. The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers
who
wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?
A Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago.
B Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed form metamorphic fluid.
C Using an appropriate conceptual model to select a site for further exploration.
D Using geophysical methods to analyze rocks over a broad area.
4. Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the
passage?
A
The
number
of
gold
discover
made
annually
has
increased
between
the
time
of
the
original
gold
rushes and the present
B
New
discoveries
of
gold
deposits
are
likely
to
be
the
result
of
exploration
techniques
designed
to
locate buried mineralization
C
It
is
unlikely
that
newly
discovered
gold
deposits
will
ever
yield
as
much
as
did
those
deposits
discovered during the original gold rushes.
D Modern explorers are divided on the question of the utility of simple prospecting methods as a source
of new discoveries of gold deposits.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?
A A gold-quartz vein system originating in magma tic fluids.
B A gold- quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids.
C A gold deposit that is mixed with granite.
D A gold deposit that has shed alluvial gold.
6. The theory mentioned in line I relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of
the following ways?
A It may furnish a valid account of ore- forming processes, and hence, can support conceptual models
that have great practical significance.
B It suggests that certain geological formations, long believed to be mineralized, are in fact mineralized
thus confirming current conceptual models.
C. It suggests that there may not be enough similarity across Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems to
warrant the formulation of conceptual models.
D It corrects existing theories about the chemical halos of gold deposits, and thus provides a basis for
correcting current conceptual models.
7. According to the passage methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which
of the following facts?
A Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still mol
ten.
B Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.
C Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are buried and have no surface expression
D Only one type of gold deposit warrants exploration. since the other types of gold deposits are found in
regions difficult to reach
Passage Two
Questions 8-15 are based on the following passage:(GMAT)
In
choosing
a
method
for
determining
climatic
conditions
that
existed
in
the
past,
paleoclimatologists
13
invoke
four
principal
criteria.
First,
the material
—
rocks,
lakes,
vegetation,
etc.
—
on
which
the
method
relies
must
be
widespread
enough
to
provide
plenty
of
information,
since
analysis
of material
that
is
rarely encountered will not permit correlation with other regions or with other periods of geological history.
Second
in
the
process
of
formation,
the
material
must
have
received
an
environmental
signal
that
reflects a change in climate and that can be deciphered by modern physical or chemical means. Third, at
least
some
of
the
material
must
have
retained
the
signal
unaffected
by
subsequent
changes
in
the
environment. Fourth, it must be possible to determine the time at which the inferred climatic conditions
held. This last criterion is more easily met in dating marine sediments, because dating of only a small
number of layers in a marine sequence allows the age of other layers to be estimated fairly reliably by
extrapolation
and
interpolation.
By
contrast,
because
sedimentation
is
much
less
continuous
in
continental regions, estimating the age of a continental bed from the known ages of beds above and
below is more risky.
One very old method used in the investigation of past climatic conditions involves the measurement of
water
levels
in
ancient
lakes.
In
temperate
regions,
there
are
enough
lakes
for
correlations
between
them to give us a tenable picture. In arid and semiarid regions, on the other hand, the small number of
lakes and the great distances between them reduce the possibilities for correlation. Moreover, since lake
levels are controlled by rates of evaporation as well as by precipitation, the interpretation of such levels
is ambiguous. For instance, the fact that lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States appear
to have been higher during the last ice age than they are now was at one time attributed to increased
precipitation. On the basis of snowline elevations, however, it has been concluded that the climate then
was not necessarily wetter than it is now, but rather that both summers and winters were cooler, resulting
in reduced evaporation
Another problematic method is to reconstruct former climates on the basis of pollen profiles. The type of
vegetation in a specific region is determined by identifying and counting the various pollen grains found
there.
Although
the
relationship
between
vegetation
and
climate
is
not
as
direct
as
the
relationship
between
climate
and
lake
levels,
the
method
often
works
well
in
the
temperate
zones.
In
arid
and
semiarid regions in which there is not much vegetation, however, small changes in one or a few plant
types
can
change
the
picture
traumatically,
making
accurate
correlations
between
neighboring
areas
difficult to obtain.
8. Which of the following statements about the difference between marine and continental sedimentation
is supported by information in the passage?
A.
Data provided by dating marine sedimentation is more consistent with researchers’ findings in
other disciplines than is data provided by dating continental sedimentation.
B.
It is easier to estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of continental sedimentation than it is to
estimate the age of a layer in a sequence of marine sedimentation.
C.
Marine sedimentation is much less widespread than continental sedimentation
D.
Marine sedimentation is much more continuous than is continental sedimentation.
9. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?
A.
The author describes a method for determining past climatic conditions and then offers specific
examples of situations in which it has been used.
B.
The
author
discusses
the
method
of
dating
marine
and
continental
sequences
and
then
explains how dating is more difficult with lake levels than with pollen profiles.
C.
The
author
describes
the
common
requirements
of
methods
for
determining
past
climatic
conditions and then discusses examples of such methods.
D.
The
author
describes
various
ways
of
choosing
a
material
for
determining
past
climatic
conditions and then discusses how two such methods have yielded contradictory data.
14
10. It can be inferred from the passage that paleoclimatologists have concluded which of the following
on the basis of their study of snow-line elevations in the southwest6ern United States?
A.
There
is
usually
more
precipitation
during
an
ice
age
because
of
increased
amounts
of
evaporation
B.
There was less precipitation during the last ice age than there is today.
C.
Lake levels in the semiarid southwestern United States were lower during the last ice age than
they are today.
D.
The high lake levels during the last ice age may have been a result of less evapo9ration rather
than more precipitation.
11. Which
of the following would
be
the most likely
topic for a
paragraph
that logically continues
the
passage?
A.
The kinds of plants normally found in arid regions.
B.
The effect of variation in lake levels on pollen distribution.
C.
The material best suited to preserving signal of climatic changes.
D.
A third method fro investigating past climatic conditions.
12. the author discusses lake levels in the southwestern United States in order to
A.
illustrate the mechanics of the relationship between lake level, evaporation, and precipitation
B.
provide an example of the uncertainty involved in interpreting lake levels.
C.
Prove that there are not enough ancient lakes with which to make accurate correlations
D.
Explain the effects of increased rates of evaporation on levels of precipitation.
13. It can be inferred from the passage that an environmental signal found in geological material would
no be useful to paleoclimatologists if it
.
A.
had to be interpreted by modern chemical means
B.
reflected a change in climate rather than a long-term climatic condition
C.
was incorporated into a material as the material was forming
D.
also reflected subsequent environmental changes.
14.
According
to
the
passage
the
material
used
to
determine
past
climatic
conditions
must
be
widespread for which of the following reasons?
Ⅰ
.Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons between periods of geological history.
Ⅱ
. Paleoclimatologists need to compare materials that have supported a wide variety of vegetation
Ⅲ
. Paleoclimatologists need to make comparisons with data collected in other regions.
A.
I only
B.
Ⅱ
only
C.
I and
Ⅱ
only
D.
I and
Ⅲ
only
15. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the study of past climates in arid and
semiarid regions?
A.
It is sometimes more difficult to determine past climatic conditions in arid and semiarid regions
than in temperate regions
B.
Although in the past more research has been done on temperate regions, paleoclimatologists
have recently turned their attention to arid and semiarid regions.
C.
Although more information about past climates can be gathered in arid and semiarid than in
temperate regions, dating this information is more difficult.
D.
It is difficult to study the climatic history of arid and semiarid regions because their climates
have tended to vary more than those of temperate regions.
15
Passage
Three
Questions 16-22 are based on the following passage:(GMAT)
While there is no blueprint for transforming a largely government- controlled economy into a free one, the
experience of the United Kingdom since 1979 clearly shows one approach that works: privatization, in
which state-owned industries are sold to private companies. By 1979, the total borrowings and losses of
state-owned industries were running at about
￡
3 billion a year. By selling many of these industries, the
government has decreased these borrowings and losses, gained over
￡
34 billion from the sales, and
now receives
tax revenues from the
newly privatized
companies. Along
with
a
dramatically improved
overall economy, the government has been able to repay 12.5 percent of the net national debt over a
two-year period.
In fact privatization has not only rescued individual industries and a whole economy headed for disaster,
but
has
also
raised
the
level
of
performance
in
every
area.
At
British
Airways
and
British
Gas,
for
example,
productivity
per
employee
has
risen
by
20
percent.
At
associated
British
Ports.
labor
disruptions common in the 1970’s and early 1980’s h
ave now virtually disappeared. At British Telecom,
there is no longer a waiting list
—
as there always was before privatization
—
to have a telephone installed.
Part of this improved productivity has come about because the employees of privatized industries were
given the opportunity to buy shares in their own companies. They responded enthusiastically to the offer
of shares; at British Aerospace 89 percent of the eligible work force bought shares; at Associated British
Ports 90 percent; and at British Telecom 92 percent. When people have a personal stake in something,
they think about it, care about it, work to make it prosper. At the National Freight Consortium, the new
employee-
owners grew so concerned about their company’s profits that during wage negotiatio
ns they
actually pressed their union to lower its wage demands. Some economists have suggested that giving
away
free
shares
would
provide
a
needed
acceleration
of
the
privatization
process.
Yet
they
miss
Thomas Paine’s point that ―what we obtain too cheap we esteem too lightly‖ In order for the far
-ranging
benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and
other
individuals
must
make
their
own
decisions
to
buy,
and
they
must
commit
some
of
their
own
resources to the choice.
16. According to the passage all of the following were benefits of privatizing state owned industries in the
United Kingdom EXCEPT
A.
Privatized industries paid taxes to the government
B.
The government gained revenue from selling state-owned industries
C.
The government repaid some of its national debt
D.
Profits from industries that were still state- owned increased
17. According to the passage, which of the following resulted in increased productivity
in companies
that have been privatized?
A.
A large number of employees chose to purchase shares in their companies.
B.
Free shares were widely distributed to individual shareholders.
C.
The government ceased to regulate major industries.
D.
Unions conducted wage negotiations fro employees.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers labor disruptions to be
A.
an inevitable problem in a weak national economy
B.
a positive sign of employee concern about a company
C.
a predictor of employee reactions to a company’s offer to sell shares to them
D.
a deterrence to high performance levels in an industry.
19. The passage supports which of the following statements about employees buying shares in their
won companies?
16
A.
At three different companies, approximately nine
out ten of the
workers were eligible
to buy
shares in their companies.
B.
Approximately 90%of the eligible workers at three different companies chose to buy shares in
their
companies.
C.
The opportunity to buy shares was discouraged by at least some labor unions.
D.
Companies that demonstrated the highest productivity were the first to allow their employees
the opportunity to buy shares.
20. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the principle described in L25-26?
A.
A democratic government that decides it is inappropriate to own a particular industry has in no
way abdicated its responsibilities as guardian of the public interest.
B.
The ideal way for a government to protect employee interests is to force companies to maintain
their share of a competitive market without government subsidies.
C.
The
failure
to
harness
the
power
of
self-interest
is
an
important
reason
that
state-owned
industries perform poorly
D.
Governments that want to implement privatization programs must try to eliminate all resistance
to the free-market system.
21. Which
of the following can be inferred from the passage
about the privatization
process in
the
United Kingdom?
A.
It depends to a potentially dangerous degree on individual ownership of shares.
B.
It conforms in its most general outlines to Thomas Paine’s prescription for business ownersh
ip.
C.
It was originally conceived to include some giving away of free shares.
D.
It is taking place more slowly than some economists suggest is necessary.
22. The quotation in L32-33 is most probably used to
.
A.
counter a position that the author of the passage believes is incorrect.
B.
State a solution to a problem described in the previous sentence.
C.
Show
how
opponents
of
the
viewpoint
of
the
author
of
the
passage
have
supported
their
arguments.
D.
point out a paradox contained in a controversial viewpoint.
Passage Four
Questions 23-30 are based on the following passage(GMAT)
Historians of women’s labor in the United States at first largely disregarded the story of female s
ervice
workers
—
women
earning
wages
in
occupations
such
as
salesclerk,
domestic
servant,
and
office
secretary. These historians focused instead on factory work, primarily because it seemed so different
from traditional, unpaid ―women’s work ‖in the home, an
d because the underlying economic forces of
industrialism
were
presumed
to
be
gender- blind
and
hence
emancipation
in
effect.
Unfortunately,
emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped
continued sex segregation in the workplace.
To
explain
this
unfinished
revolution
in
the
status
of
women,
historians
have
recently
begun
to
emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to
women,
even
when
such
allocation
is
inappropriate
to
new
conditions.
For instance,
early
textile-mill
entrepreneurs,
in
justifying
women’s
employment
in
wage
labor,
made
much
of
the
assumption
that
women
were
by
nature
skillful
at
detailed
tasks
and
patient
in
carrying
out
repetitive
chores;
the
mill
owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking
activities
they
presumed
to
have
been
the
purview
of
women.
Because
women
accepted
the
more
unattractive new industrial tasks more readily than did men, such jobs came to be regarded as female
17
jobs. And employers, who assumed that women’s ―real‖ aspirations were for marriage and family life,
declined to pay women wages commensurate with those of men. Thus many lower-skilled, lower-paid,
less s
ecure jobs came to be perceived as ―female.‖
More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century
industry. Once
an occupation came to be
perceived as
―female‖, employers showed
surprisingly little
interest in changing that perception, even when higher profits beckoned. And despite the urgent need of
the United States during the Second World War to mobilize its human resources fully, job segregation by
sex
characterized
even
he
most important war industries.
Moreover, once
the
war ended, employers
quickly returned to men most of the ―male‖ jobs that women had been permitted to master.
23. According to the passage, job segregation by sex in the United States was
.
A.
greatly diminlated by labor mobilization during the Second World War.
B.
perpetuated by those textile-
mill owners who argued in favor of women’s employment in wage
labor
C.
one means by which women achieved greater job security
D.
reluctantly challenged by employers except when the economic advantages were obvious
24.
According
to
the
passage,
historians
of
women’s
labor
focused
on
factory
work
as
a
more
promising area of research than service-sector work because factory work
A.
involved the payment of higher wages
B.
required skill in detailed tasks
C.
was assumed to be less characterized by sex segregation
D.
was more readily accepted by women than by men
25. It can be inferred from the passage the early historians of wome
n’s labor in the United States paid
little attention to women’s employment in the service sector of the economy because
A.
fewer women found employment in the service sector than in factory work
B.
the wages paid to workers in the service sector were much more short-term than in factory work
C.
women’s employment in the service sector tended to be much more short
-term than in factory
work
D.
employment
in
the
service
sector
seemed
to
have
much
in
common
with
the
unpaid
work
associated with homemaking
26. The passage supports which of the following statements about the early mill owners mentioned in
the second paragraph?
A.
They hoped that by creating relatively unattractive ―female‖ jobs they would discourage wo
men
from losing interest in marriage and family life.
B.
They sought to increase the size of the available labor force as a means to keep men’s wages
low.
C.
They argued that women were inherently suited to do well in particular kinds of factory work
D.
They felt guilty about disturbing the traditional division of labor in family.
can be inferred from the passage that the ―unfinished revolution‖ the author mentions in L11
refers to the
A.
entry of women into the industrial labor market.
B.
Development of a new definition of femininity unrelated to the economic forces of industrialism
C.
Introduction of equal pay for equal work in all professions
D.
Emancipation of women wage earners from gender-determined job allocation
28. The passage supports which of the following statements about hiring policies in the United States?
A.
After a crisis many formerly ―male ‖jobs are reclassified as ―female‖ jobs.
B.
Industrial employers generally prefer to hire women with previous experience as homemakers
18
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