伞用英语怎么说经典法律篇章翻译

2021年1月19日发(作者：波斯顿蕨)

篇章一


Legal and Judicial Reform in China and Bank Assistance
中国的法律和司法改革及银行援助

Over
the
last
decade,
China
has
been
creating
a
framework
of
laws,
regulations
and
related
institutions
necessary
for
the
transition
to
a
market
economy. Some legislation enacted earlier in the reform period are now being
revised to reflect experience (e g, laws on companies, lawyers and bankruptcy)
and to comply with WTO requirements.
过去的十年间，
中国创建立起一个向市场经济转型的十分重要的 框架，
该框
架由法律、法规及相关机构组成。一些在改革阶段初期颁布的法律（如公司法、律师法及破产法）现在正被修订以反映经验以符合世贸组织的要求。


Difficulties in implementing the new legal framework have underlined the need
for institutional reforms, e g, the increased role of the court system in resolving
disputes, and the conversion of the legal profession from government offices to
private
practitioners.
Judicial
reform
was
recognized
at
the
15th
Party
Congress in 1997. Despite certain progress, major reforms are still needed to
address such daunting problems as local protectionism, weak enforcement of
judgments and interference with judicial independence, and these reforms will
require deeper structural reforms outside the court system.




在实施新的法律框架中遇到 的困难凸显了机构改革的必要性，
例如法院系统
在解决争端上的作用日益增强、
从政府 官员到私人律师的职业转换。
司法改革开
始于
1997
年的第
15< br>届党代会。尽管取得了一定的进展，但仍需要进行大的改
革以解决一些艰巨的问题，
比如 地方保护主义、
判决难以执行以及对司法独立的
干预。这些改革需要在法院系统之外进行更深层 次的结构改革。


The Bank has directly supported the gradual development of China's national

laws
and
regulations
and
strengthening
of
key
legal
institutions
through
an
ongoing
technical
assistance
project,
the
Economic
Law
Reform
Project
(ELRP),
which
has
supported
the
drafting
of
about
50
laws
and
regulations, training at 4 legal educational institutions, as well as institutional
development at the National People’s Congress, the State Council, the Ministry
of Justice, and now the Supreme Court.




中国经济方面的法律法规的逐步完善以及通过经济法改革工程这一持续 的
技术支持对主要法律机构的强化得到了银行业的直接支持。
50
部法律法规的起草、在
4
个司法教育机构的培训以及机构（全国人大、国务院、司法部及最高人
民 法院）发展都得到了支持。


Bank
support
during
the
CAS
period
would
primarily
focus
on
legislative
drafting
of
strategically
important
laws
and
regulations,
developing
China
Legislative
Information
Network
Systems
(CLINS)
that
will
give
the
government
and
the
public
electronic
access
to
Chinese
local
and
national
legislation
and
regulations,
court
administration
and
other
court
reforms,
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judicial training, and the national judicial exam (unified for lawyers, judges and
prosecutors).
在
CAS
阶段，银行的支持主要集中于具有战略意义的重要法律法规的起草、完
善中国的立法信 息网络系统
（这将使政府和公众从网上获取地方和国家的法律法
规）
、
法院管 理及其它法院改革、
司法培训以及全国司法考试
（统一适用于律师、
法官和检察官）< br>。


…………………………………………………………………………………… ……
………….

篇章二

Although
there
are
differences
in
the
history,
development,
principles
and
applications of different systems, when applied within a nation they may share
common features.




虽然在历史 、
发展、
原则及不同体系的运用上会有不同，
但在某国内部实行
时可能会有一 些共性。


Common law
普通法

This system developed from a set of traditional laws first brought together in
England around the 12th Century. The name derives from the fact that it was
one set of laws
laws used by individual communities or tribes.




普通法发源于约
12
世纪的英格兰，
那时一套传统法律第一次被整 合在一起。
普通法的名称是基于这样一个事实，
即是一套对于整个英国都很普通的法律，
而
不是用于不同社区或部落的不同的法律。


One of the distinguishing features of common law is that it developed through
usage rather than being imposed by codified legislation as with the civil code
system.
(Legislation
means
laws
-
sometimes
also
called
statutes
-
that
are
made
by
a
representative
body
such
as
a
parliament.
Codification
is
when
individual
laws
of
a
similar
nature
are
bundled
together
under
one
new,
overarching law.)
普通法的显著特征之一是其发展是基于使用而不是像民 法典体系那样被编纂而
成的条例要求强制施行。
（立法是指由一个像议会这样的代表机构制定法 律或法
规。法律编纂是指把一些本质类似的法律汇总到一部新的、包含面更广的法律
中。
）


Common
law
developed
based
on
the
outcomes
of
individual
court
cases.
Each court case provided a basis for judging the next case of a similar nature.
Over the centuries and many thousands of court cases, this process led to a
body of laws covering most aspects of society and based on principles shared
by the society in general.




普通法的发展基于诸多法庭判例 的结果。
每一个法庭判例都为下一次类似案
件的审理提供了依据。
经过几个世纪以及数 千的法庭判例，
这一过程形成了一套
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包含社会方方面面、基于社会总体共享的原则的法律。


There are several core principles which guide common law, though they are
not necessarily unique to it. These include:




有几个核心的原 则指导着普通法，
虽然这些原则并不是普通法所独有的。
这
些原则包括：


1. The rights of the individual exist alongside those of the state;
1.
个人权利与国家权力同在；

2. It is adversarial;
2.
对抗性；

3. It has a presumption of innocence;
3.
无罪推定；

4. It develops case law through judgments and precedents;
4.
判例法来自审判和先例；

5. Case law co-exists with statute law and - in most cases - a constitution;
5.
判例法与成文法同在，大多数情况下，与宪法同在。

6. Crimes are punished and civil wrongs are rectified by compensation.
6.
犯罪将予以惩罚，民事不法行为通过补偿解决。

………………………………………… ………………………………………………
……………..


篇章三

Remittance (6)
汇付

Remittance is of three types: Mail Transfer, Telegraphic Transfer, and Demand
Draft.
汇付有三种类型：信汇、电汇和即期汇票

By Mail Transfer, the buyer will hand over the payment of the goods to the
remitting bank that will authorize its branch bank or correspondent bank in the
country of the beneficiary by mail to make the payment to him.

信汇：买方（汇款人）将货款转交汇出行（付款行）
，汇出行授权其受益人所在地分行或往来行，以邮寄方式向收款人（受益人）付款的方式。

By Telegraphic Transfer, the buyer will hand over the payment of the goods to
the remitting bank which will authorize its branch bank or correspondent bank
in the country of the beneficiary by telegraphic means to make the payment to
him. Mail transfer is less expensive, but it costs more time, while telegraphic
transfer is more expensive but it is much sooner.

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电汇：买方（汇 款人）将货款转交汇出行（付款行）
，汇出行授权其受益人所在
地分行或往来行，以电汇方式（ 电报或电传）向收款人（受益人）付款的方式。
信汇更便宜，但所花时间更长；电汇花费更高，但所需时 间更短。

By Demand Draft, the buyer will come to the local bank to buy a banker's bill
and then deliver it to the seller or beneficiary by mail. When the seller or
beneficiary has received it, he will come to the bank designated by the
banker's bill for cash. Apart from banker's bill, promissory notes or checks can
also be used in this way.

票汇：
买方在其 所在地银行买入银行汇票，
以邮寄方式将汇票送达卖方或受益人，
卖方或受益人收到汇票后，在 汇票（载明）指定银行收取现款。除银行汇票外，
本票和支票亦可同样办理。


篇章四

Civil code systems (3)
民法体系

This is the most common type of legal system in the world, either in its pure
form or as a basis upon which other elements such as religious law are added.




无论是其形式还是作为包含其他内容
（如宗教法律）
的基础，
民法 体系都是
世界上最普通的法律体系


The civil code or civil law system is also called by other names such as Roman
law,
Continental
law
or
Napoleonic
law.
All
are
systems
where
laws
are
legislated by parliament or some other form of representative government and
codified
(i.e.
brought
together).
They
are
distinguished
from
common
law
mainly because they come from parliaments, not from court cases. Indeed, in
civil code systems the courts do not usually have as much freedom to interpret
laws. In the original Napoleonic courts judges were specifically banned from
interpreting statute laws.



民法典或者民法体系也有一些其他的名称，
如罗 马法、
大陆法或者拿破仑法。
所有这些体系都是由议会或者其它形式的政府代表订立、
编纂而成的法律。
它们
与普通法不同，主要是因为它们源自议会而非法庭判例。确实，在民法体 系中，
法庭通常不会有太多的自由去解释法律。
在最初的拿破仑法庭中，
明确禁止法官
解释成文法。


The
underlying
principle
of
civil
code
systems
is
that
the
laws
applied
to
citizens
are
made
by
citizens
through
their
political
representatives.
Judges
are there to administer laws, not make them.




民法体系的基本原则是适用于公民的法律是由公民通过其政 治代表制定的。
法官的作用是审理案件而非制定法律。


Laws are codified, which means laws of a similar nature are bundled together
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