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happiness是什么意思名词解释_英国文学史与选读

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2021-01-19 19:24
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因为你英文-happiness是什么意思

2021年1月19日发(作者:hobbyist)
名词解释

Allegory
: It is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel
to
but
distinct
from,
and
more
important
than,
the
literal
meaning.
The
symbolic
meaning
is
usually expressed through personifications and other symbols. Related forms are the fable and the
parable, which are didactic, comparatively short and simple allegories. The art of allegory reached
its
height
during
the
Middle
Ages,
(especially
in
the
works
of
the
Italian
poet
Dante
and
the
English
poet
Geoffrey
Chaucer)
and
during
the
Renaissance.
In
The Faerie
Queene

the
English
poet
Edmund
Spenser
conceals,
beneath
a
surface
of
chivalric
romance,
a
commentary
on
religious
and
ethical
doctrines
and
on
social
conditions
in
16
th
-century
England.
One
of
the
greatest
of
all
allegories
is
Pilgrim’s
Progress

by
John
Bunyan,
a
prose
narrative
symbolically
concerning
the
search
for
spiritual
salvation.
Although
modern
authors
generally
favor
less
abstract, more personal symbolism, allegories are still written.
Animal Farm
is a popular example,
which was written by the English writer George Orwell.

Alliteration
: A
repeated
initial consonant to successive words. In Old English verse, any vowel
alliterates with any other, and any alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a
regularly recurring structural feature of the verse, occurring on the first and third, and often on the
first, second,
and
third,
primary- stressed
syllables
of
the
the
four-stressed
line.
Thus,
from
The
Seafarer
:
hreran mid hondum hrincaelde sae

(“to stir with his hand the rime
-
cold sea”)

In later English verse tradition, alliteration becomes expressive in a variety of ways. Spener uses it
decoratively, or to link adjective and noun, verb and object, as in the line: “much daunted with t
hat
dint, her sense was dased.” In the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries it becomes even less systematic and more
“musical”.


Ballad
:
It
is
a
lyric
poem
generally
of
three
eight-line
stanzas with
a concluding
stanza
of four
lines called an envoy. With some variations, the lines of a ballad are iambic or anapestic tetrameter
rhyming
ababbcbC
; the envoy, which forms a personal dedication to some person of importance
or
to
a
personification,
rhymes
bcbC
.
The
last
line
(C)
of
the
stanza
is
repeated
as
a
refrain
throughout.
Another
pattern
often
employed
consists
of
a
ten
of five
lines
rhyming
ccdcD
.
The
ballad became popular in England in the late 14
century and was adopted by Geoffrey Chaucer,
who wrote several notable examples, including the
Complaint…to His Empty Pur
se
.

Blank Verse
: Blank verse is unrhymed poetry, typically in
iambic pentameter, and the dominant
verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16
th
century
. Blank verse was
adapted
by
Italian
Renaissance
writers
from classical
sources;
it
became
the
standard
form
of
dramatists.
Christopher
Marlowe
used
blank
verse
for
dramatic
verse;
William
Shakespeare
transformed blank verse into a supple instrument, uniquely capable of conveying speech rhythms
and
emotional
overtones.
According
John
Milton,
only
unrhymed
verse
could
give
English
the
dignity of a classical language.


Classicism
:
As
a critical
term,
a
body
of
doctrine
thought to
be
derived
from
or
to reflect
the
qualities
of
ancient
Greek
and
Roman
culture,
particularly
in
literature,
philosophy,
art,
or
criticism. Classicism stands for certain definite ideas and attitudes, mainly drawn from the critical

1
th
utterances
of
the
Greeks
and
Romans
or
developed
through
an
imitation
of
ancient
art
and
literature. These include restraint, restricted scope, dominance of reason, sense of form, unity of
design
and
aim,
clarity,
simplicity,
balance,
attention
to
structure
and
logical
organization,
chasteness in style, severity of outline, moderation, self- control, intellectualism, decorum, respect
for
tradition, imitation, conservatism, and “good sense”.


Couplet (Heroic)
: It is a term in poetry applied to two successive lines of verse that form a single
unit because they rhyme; the term also is often used for lines that express a complete thought or
form a separate stanza. Couplets in English are usually written in ten-syllable (decasyllabic) lines,
a form first used by the 14
th
-century poet Geoffrey Chaucer. This evolved into the so-called heroic
couplet popular in the 17
and 18
centuries. The heroic couplet, two rhyming iambic pentameter
lines,
is
also
called
a
closed
couplet
because
the
meaning
and
the
grammatical
structure
are
complete within two lines. John Dryden and Alexander Pope employed this form with great effect.
Sometimes the sense of the first line of a couplet runs over to the succeeding line; this is termed
enjambment.
An
even
freer
form
of
expression
is
provided
by
the
open
couplet,
of which
the
second line is run-on, requiring the first line of the succeeding couplet to complete its meaning.
Nineteenth-century
romantic
poets
most
notably
employed
this
variant.
Couplets
form
the
concluding lines of sonnets by William Shakespeare; they were also used for emphasis at the ends
of long speeches in Elizabethan and Jacobean drama.

Criticism,
Literary
:
The
term
refers
to
analysis,
interpretation,
and
evaluation
of
works
of
literature
in
light
of
existing
standards
of
taste,
or with
the
purpose
of creating
new standards.
There are two approaches to literary criticism. Theoretical criticism is the study of the principles
governing
fiction,
poetry,
and
drama
with
the
aim
of
defining
the
distinct
nature
of
literature.
Practical
criticism
is
the
threefold
act
of reading
and
experiencing
a
literary
work,
judging
its
worth, and interpreting its meaning.


Elegy
:
It
is,
originally
in
Greek
and
Roman
literature,
a
poem composed
of couplets.
Classical
elegies
addressed
various
subjects,
including
love,
lamentation,
and
politics,
and
were
characterised by their metrical form. Since the 16
th
century elegies have been characterised not by
their
form
but
by
their
content, which
is
invariably
melancholy
and
centers
on
death.
The
best
known elegy in English is
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
, by the English poet Thomas
Gray, which treats not just a single death but the human condition as well.
A
distinct category of
elegy, the pastoral elegy, has its roots in Greek and Sicilian poetry of the 3
rd
and 2
nd
centuries B.C.
Using
formal
conventions, which
developed
gradually
over centuries,
pastoral
elegists
mourn
a
subject by representing the mourner and the subject as shepherds in a pastoral setting. The most
famous example of the pastoral elegy is
Lycidas
, by the English poet John Milton.


Epic
: It is, originally, an oral narrative poem, majestic both in theme and style. Epics deal with
legendary
or
historical
events
of
national
or
universal
significance,
involving
action
of
broad
sweep and epics deal with the exploits of a single individual.


Renaissance
: It is commonly applied to the movement or period which marks the transition from
the
medieval
to
the
modern
world
in
the
Western
Europe.
In
the
ususal
sense
of
the
word,

2
th
th

因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思


因为你英文-happiness是什么意思



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