英文歌手unit5

2021年1月19日发(作者：agree的过去式)
Love is a Fallacy
Max Shulman
EXERCISES
I. Write a short note on: Ruskin.
[SRB]
1. Oxford Companion to English Literature
2. any book on the history of English literature
3. any standard encyclopedia
II. Questions on content:
1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks?
2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree?
3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox?
4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed?
5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay.
Ⅲ
. Questions on appreciation:
1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous?
2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright
but self-satisfied young man?
3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ?
4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?
5.
Why
does
the
narrator
argue
that
“
the
things
you
learn
in
school
don
’
t
have
anything to do with life
”
? (para. 145)
6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea
expressed in the topic sentence?
7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions
chosen aptly?
8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?
IV
. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements:
1. Watching television is a waste of time.
2.
In
the
last
month,
fourteen
students
have
been
arrested
in
California
for
using
drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts.
3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder he
’
s a juvenile delinquent?
4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.
5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell
after the introduction of Christianity.
6. It
’
s true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he
was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat.
rs in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.
8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians
who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds.
V
. Translate paras 145--154 into Chinese.
Ⅵ
. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words
”

1. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)
2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4)
3. pausing in my flight (para 8)
4. when the Charleston came back (para 11)
5. They shed. (para 16)
6. Don
’
t you want to be in the swim? (para 17)
7. I would be out in practice (para 24)
8. She was not yet of pin-up proportions (para 25)
9. She already had the makings. (para 25)
10. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing (para 26)
11. are you going steady (para 30)
12. I deposited her at the girls
’

dormitory (para 97)
13. lawyers have briefs to guide them (para 105)
14. hammering away without let-up (para 123)
Ⅶ
.
Explain
how
the
meaning
of
the
following
sentences
is
affected
when
the
italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades
of meaning of the words:
1. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (fashions)
2.
“
Can you mean,
”
I said incredulously,
“
that people ... again?
”
(incredibly)
3. he said passionately. (eagerly)
4. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions (feelings)
5. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object (showed)
6. I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (inclined)
7. I hid my exasperation. (disappointment)
8. I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner (indulgent)
9. I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. (merriment)
10. I will languish. (suffer a lot)
Ⅷ
. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms:
1. keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute
2. intelligent, bright, brilliant, clever, smart
IX . Study the suffixes in the following nouns and give at least 5 examples of each:
1. analogy 4. fallacy, idiocy
2. appendicitis 5. tactics
3. chemist, faddist 6. venture
[SRB]
1. Walker
’
s Rhyming Dictionary
2. any book on lexicology or word building
X . The narrator in this essay has a style all his own. In part, it is characterized by
many
figures
of
speech.
Mention
examples
of
the
following:
simile,
metaphor,
hyperbole, metonomy, antithesis. Comment on the figures that are used effectively.
Ⅺ
.
The
style
is
also
characterized
in
part
by
inverted
sentence
order.
Point
out
the
places where inversion occurs and explain the reason for the inversion.
Ⅻ
. One of the ways to achieve emphasis is to change the normal order of a sentence.
Rewrite the following sentences by inverting sentence part:
1. I don
’
t want sympathy!
2. He would not yield, though death threatened him.
3. You mustn
’
t miss that trip to Niagara.
4. The boy came down on his head.
5. The medical records and conduct sheets were piled on the desk in front of him.
6. The last story is completely different.
7. A man dressed in a black gown walked in.
8. He who is devoted to a just cause lives without fear.
Ⅹ
Ⅲ
.Pick out some of the colloquialisms and slangs used in the text.
Ⅹ
Ⅳ
.Read the following passage and explain what method is used to develop the main
idea.
A hospital usually employs five different kinds of nurses according to their degrees
and the amount of training they have had.
At
the
highest
level
are
the
registered
nurses
with
college
degrees.
This
may
be
a
doctorate, master, or bachelor of science degree. A degree is a prerequisite if a person
desires
a supervisory
job or
wants
to teach
in
a school
of
nursing.
Naturally,
these
jobs are the highest paid and carry the greatest responsibility.
Next are the registered nurses with an associate degree (two years of college). This is
particularly suited to a person who is not quite sure about going to college. It leaves
the door open to further learning and at the same time enables the person to work as
an R.N. Associate degree programs are rather new and have been instituted to help
relieve the crucial need for qualified nurses.
Third is the three-year diploma from a school of nursing. Upon graduation, nurses are
entitled to take a state board examination. There is no degree given, however, other
than
R.
N.
These
schools
are
rapidly
disappearing
from
many
areas
as
the
cost
of
maintaining them is high, and also because state requirements insist on more attention
to theory and more closely supervised clinical experience.
Licensed practical nurses have only recently become important. They usually take a
twelve month course followed by a written examination required by the state before
licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of
the
R.N.
tremendously.
This
allows
the
R.N.
to
give
medications
and
to
carry
out
intricate procedures once assigned only to interns.
Aides
are
a
valuable
asset
to
the
nursing
team.
Usually
a
few
weeks
on
the
job
training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both
with the L. P. N. and R.N.
XV
. Topics for oral work:
1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with
examples.
2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy?
XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of
classification for developing your ideas:
1. Farm Work in My Village
2. Physical Training in Our School
3. Some Successful Study Methods
________________________________________
习题全解

Ⅰ
．
Ruskin
：
John Ruskin(1819
—
1900)
，
English critic and social theorist
，
was the
virtual
dictator
of
artistic
opinion
in
England
during
the
mid-19th
century.
Ruskin
attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843
appeared
the
first
volume
of
Modern
Painters.
This
work
elaborates
the
principles
that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a
“
universal language
”
. The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories
to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin
’
s art criticism became more broadly social and
political.
In
his
works
he
attacked
bourgeois
England
and
charged
that
modern
art
reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for
social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866),
Time
and
Tide
(1867),
and
Fors
Clavigera
(8
vols.
,
1871--
1884).
Many
of
his
suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of
labor--have become accepted doctrine.

Ⅱ
.
1.
The
writer
humorously
uses
words
like
“
limp
”
,
“
flaccid
”

and
“

spongy
“

to
describe
his
essay .
Nationally
he
doesn
’
t
believe
his
essay
to
be
bad,
or
else
he
would
not
have
written
nor
would
it
have
been
published.
Max
Shulman
is
well-known for his humor.

2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far
from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion,
and
trauma.
Logic
may
be
an
interesting
subject,
but
it
is
definitely
not
a
living,
breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake
of humor.

3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be
unintelligent,
an
emotional
and
impressionable
type
of
person.
However,
Peteyr
s
worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along.
4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife
but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his
career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence.
This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in
the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the
“
logical fallacies
”

she had been taught to reject his offer.
5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule
to a particular case in which some special circumstances (
“
accident
”
) makes the rule
inapplicable. This is the
“
Dicto Simpliciter
”
fallacy in the text.

(2)
The
converse
fallacy
of
accident
argues
improperly
from
a
special
case
to
a
general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not
imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of
“
Hasty Generalization
”
in
the text.

(3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes
the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are
presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment
“
Ad Hominem
“
(speaking
“
against the man
”
rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of
*
’
Poisoning the Well
”
mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a
personal
attack
on
a
person
who
holds
some
thesis,
instead
of
offering
grounds
showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument
“
Ad Miserieordiam
”
(an appeal
to
“
pity
”
), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client
’
s innocence, tries
to
move
the
jury
to
sympathy
for
him.
(4)The
fallacy
of
circular
argument
or
“
begging
the
question
”

occurs
when
the
premises
presume,
openly
or
covertly,
the
very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :
”
Gregory always votes wisely.
““
But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian.
“
). (5)The fallacy of
false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly
related. The most common version of this fallacy, called
“
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
”
,
mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed
to a
“
malign event
”
, like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions
consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could
either be divided (example:
“
Do you like the twins?
”“
Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes
and Mary no.
“
)or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved
(example-
”
Have you stopped beating your wife?
”
). (7)The fallacy of
“
non Sequitur
”

(
“
it does not follow
”
), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not
even
a
deceptively
plau-
sible
appearance
of
valid
reasoning,
because
there
is
a
virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion
drawn from them.
Ⅲ
.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When
“
fallacy
”

is
taken
in
its
ordinary
sense,
the
title
means:
“
There
is
a
deceptive
or
delusive quality about love.
“

When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title
means.
“
Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises.
“


2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law
school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting
and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning
in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can
think:
cool,
powerful,
precise
and
penetrating.
At
the
same
time
the
narrator
takes
every
opportunity
to
downgrade
Petey
Bureh.
For
example,
he
calls
him
“
dumb
”
,
“
nothing upstairs
“
,
“
‘
unstable
“
,
“
impressionable
”
and
‘
“
a faddist
“
.And as for Polly
Espy, she is
“
a beautiful dumb girl
”
, who would smarten up under his guidance.

3.
The
purpose
of
this
essay
is
to
demonstrate
that
logic,
far
from
being
a
dry,