新年用英语怎么说WORD版-雅思系列-剑14阅读TEST 1, PASSAGE 1 中英文大师带你读

2021年1月19日发(作者：received是什么意思)
剑
14 TEST 1 PASSAGE 1


READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which
are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDRENS PLAY
Brick
by
brick,
six-year-old Alice
is
building
a
magical
kingdom.
Imagining
fairy- tale
turrets
and
fire-breathing
dragons,
wicked
witches
and
gallant
heroes,
she's
creating
an
enchanting
world.
Although she isn’t aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first
steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important
repercussions in her adult life.


Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing
schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his
teacher,
she's
practising
how
to
regulate
her
emotions
through
pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board
game, she's learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with
a partner.


‘Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the
human
species,’
says
Dr
David
Whitebread
from
the
Faculty
of
Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. ‘It underpins how we
develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our
success as a highly adaptable species’


Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia
ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of
developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning
have been developing since the 19th century.

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But
we
live
in
changing
times,
and
Whitebread
is
mindful
of
a
worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the
world
now
live
in
cities.
‘The
opportunities
for
free
play,
which
I
experienced
almost
every
day
of
my
childhood,
are
becoming
increasingly scarce, he says Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions
of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents increased wish to protect
their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis
on
‘earlier
is
better’
which
is
leading
to
greater
competition
in
academic learning and schools.


International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union
have begun to develop policies concerned with children’s right to play,
and
to
consider
implications
for
leisure
facilities
and
educational
programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies
on.


‘The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous
and unpredictable-but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old
then you as the researcher have intervened' explains Dr Sara Baker.
‘And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real
challenge.’


Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps
in the puzzle of how and the play is important have been looked at,
there is very little data on the impact it has on the child's later life.


Now, thanks to the university’s new Centre for Research on Play in
Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker,
Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role
played by play in how a child develops.


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‘A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of
children's self-control’ explains Baker. ‘This is our ability to develop
awareness
of
our
own
thinking
processes
–
it
influences
how
effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities’


In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers,
she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more
quickly
when
exploring
an
unfamiliar
set-up
requiring
scientific
reasoning, ‘This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children
the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers
in the long run.’


If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the
researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices,
because
the
ability
to
self-regulate
has
been
shown
to
be
a
key
predictor of academic performance.


Gibson
adds:
‘Playful
behaviour
is
also
an
important
indicator
of
healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I
investigated
how
observing
children
at
play
can
give
us
important
clues about their well- being and can even be useful in the diagnosis
of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.’


Whitebread's
recent
research
has
involved
developing
a
play-based
approach
to
supporting
children's
writing.
‘Many
primary
school
children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that
a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.’
Children
wrote
longer
and
better-structured
stories
when
they
first
played
with
dolls
representing
characters
in
the
story.
In
the
latest
study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results.
‘Many
teachers
commented
that
they
had
always
previously
had