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tsee完全版英语词汇学名词解释

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2021-01-19 20:13
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斯蒂法诺-tsee

2021年1月19日发(作者:内乱)

第一章

word

--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and
meaning and syntactic funtion.


第三章

formation 1
1.
Morpheme
--- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of
words.

2.
Allomorph -
-- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to
their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.
3
. Free morphemes (Free root)
--- They are morphemes which are independent of
other morphemes.
4.
Bound
Morphemes

---
They
are
morphemes
which
cannot
occur
as
separate
words.
5.
Bound root
--- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental
meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine
with other morphemes to make words.
6.
Affixes
--- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify
meaning or function.

7.
Inflectional affixes
--- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical
relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.

8.
Derivational affixes
--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes
to create new words.

9.
Prefixes
--- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word.

10.
Suffixes
--- suffixes are affixes that come after the word.
11
.
Roo
t
---
A
root
is
the
basic
form
of
a
word
which
cannot
be
further
analysed
without total loss of identity.
12
.
Stem

---
a
stem
can
be
defined
as
a
form
to
which
affixes
of
any
kind
can
be
added.

第四章

formation 2
1.
Affixation
--- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding
word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.
2.
Prefixation
--- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.
Suffixation
--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.


3.
Compounding

Compositon

-- is the formation of new words by joining two or
more stems.
4.
Conversion
-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to
another class.
5.
Blending
-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a
word plus a plus a part of another word.
6.
Clipping
- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting a

part off the original and using what remain instead.
7.
Acronymy
-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of
names
of
social
and
political
organizations
or
special
noun
phrases
and
technical
terms.
8
. Back-formation
-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by
the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.


第五章

meaning
1.
Reference
--- the relationship between language and the world.
2.
Concept
--- which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the

objective world in the human mind.
3 .
Sense

denotes the relationship inside the language.
4.
Motivation
--accounts
for
the
connection
between
the
linguistic
symbol
and
its
meaning.

5.

Onomatopoeic
Motivation
--These
words
were
created
by
imitating
the
natural
sounds or noises.

6.
Morphological Motivation-
-Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic
words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.

7.
Semantic
Motivation
--refers
to
the
mental
associations
suggested
by
the
conceptual meaning of a word.

8
.
Etymological
Motivation--
The
history
of
the
word
explains
the
meaning
of
the
word
9
.
Grammatical meaning


refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indi
cates grammatical concept or relationships.
10 .
Lexical meaning--
is constant in all the words within or without context related to
the notion that the word conveys.
11.
Conceptual meaning

denotative meaning



the meaning given in the diction
ary and forms the core of word- meaning
12.
Associative meaning


the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual me
aning. It is open-ended and indeterminate
13.
Connotative meaning
---the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual
meaning
14.
Stylistic meaning


stylistic features make the words appropriate for different cont
exts.
15.
Affective meaning


the
speaker’s
attitude towards the person or thing in question
.
第六章

Sense Relations and semantic Field

23.
Abbreviation includes four types
: I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. Acronyms


I
.


II.
Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as
letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.


III.




IV
.
Blends --are words that are combined by parts of other word
12.

Opaque
Words-
-Words
that
are
formed
by
one
content
morpheme
only
and
cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.

13.
Transparent Words
--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be
segmented
into
parts
are
called
transparent
words:
workable(work+able),
door-man(door+man).

14.
Morphs-
-Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete
units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.

15.
Allomorps-
-Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to
their
position
in
a
word.
Such
alternative
morphs
are
known
as
allomorphs.
For
instance,
the
morpheme
of
plurality
{-s}
has
a
number
of
allomorphs
in
different
sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.

16.

Derivation
or
Affixation
--Affixation
is
generally
defined
as
the
formation
of
words by adding word- forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also
known as derivation.

17.
Polysemy


the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express
more meaning.
18.
Diachronic approach



Diachronically


polysemy is assumed to be the result
of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first
meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time
and the development of
language


it
took
on
more
and
more
meanings.
These
latter
meanings
are
called
derived meanings.
19.
Synchronic approach


synchronically


polysemy is viewed as the coexistent
of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic
meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the
central meaning

secondary meaning

.
20.
Radiation



a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands
at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like
rays.
21.
Concatenation



meaning

linking
together



is
the
semantic
process
in
which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive
shifts until


in many cases


there is not a sign of connection between the sense that
is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.
22.
Homonyms
——
are
generally
defined
as
words
different
in
meaning
but
either
identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
23.
Perfect
Homonyms
——
are
words
identical
both
in
sound
and
spelling


but
different in meaning.
24.
Homographs
——
are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and
meaning.
25.
Homophones


most
common
)——
are
words
identical
only
in
sound
but
different in spelling and meaning.
26.
Synonyms

are
words
different
in
sound
and
spelling
but
most
nearly
alike
or
exactly the same in meaning.
27.
Absolute
Synonyms
——
are
words


which
are
identical
in
meaning
in
all
its

斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee


斯蒂法诺-tsee



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