dermes词汇名词解释

2021年1月19日发(作者：寮国)
词汇学名词解释


Lexicology
（词汇学）
:
is
a
branch
of
linguistics,
inquiring
into the origins and meanings of words.
Word
（词的定义）
:
A
word
is
a
minimal
free
form
of
a
language
that
has
a
given
sound
and
meaning
and
syntactic
function.
(1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a
unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a
sentence
Vocabulary
（词汇）
: all the words in a language make up
its vocabulary
The
basic
word
stock
（基本词汇）
:
is
the
foundation
of
the
vocabulary
accumulated
over
centuries
and
forms
the
common
core of the language.
Neologisms
means newly-created words or expressions, or
words
that
have
taken
on
new
meanings.(em ail
、
microelectronics
、
futurology
、
AIDS
、
internet
、
freak out)
bound
morphemes
：
Bound
morphemes
is
Morphemes
which
cannot
occur as
separate words.
They are bound to
other
morphemes
to form words, eg, recollection = re+collect+ion.
bound
root
：
Bound
root
is
that
part
of
the
word
that
carries
the fundamental meaning like a free root, but it is bound
form
and
has
to
combine
with
other
morphemes
to
make
words.
Affixes
：
Affixes is forms that are attached to words or
word elements to modify meaning or function.
inflectional affixes:
Inflectional affixes, also called
inflectional morphemes, is affixes which attached to the
end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are
inflectional
derivational affixes:
Derivational affixes are affixes
added to other morphemes to create new words.
Root
：
is
the
basic
form
of
a
word,
which
can
not
be
further
Content words/notional words
(nouns
、
verbs
、< br>adjectives
、
adverbs and numerals)
Functional words/empty words
(Prepositions< br>、
conjunctions
、
auxiliaries and articles) on
、
of
、
upon
、
but be a the
Native
words
（
本
族
语
词
）
:
known
as
Anglo-Saxon
words
(50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th
century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic
word-stocks).
Borrowed words/Loan words
（外来语词）
: words taken over
from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)
The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages
（
8
大印欧语群）

The Eastern set:
（
1
）
The Balto- slavic Group
：
（
2
）
The Indo- Iranian
Group:(3)The Armenian Group
：
Armenian.
(4)The Albanian Group
：
Albanian.
The Western set:
(5)The
Hellenic
Group
：
Greek;.(6)The
Italian
Group
：
(7)The
Celtic Group;(8)The Germanic Group
：

Terminology:
Terminology is technical terms used in
particular disciplines and academic areas as in music,
symphony.
Jargon:
Jargon is the specialized vocabularies by which
members of particular arts, sciences, trades and
professions communicate among themselves as in business,
bottom line for unavoidable result.
Slang:
Slang is the sub-standard language, which seems to
stand
between
the
standard
general
words
including
informal
ones available to everyone and in-group words like jargon
and argot, eg. Dough and bread means money.
Argot:
Argot is the jargon of criminals. Only the
sub- cultural groups use it, and outsiders can hardly
understand it, eg, Persuader means dagger.
dialectal words:
Dialectal words is words used only by
speakers
of
the
dialect
in
question,
eg.
Beauty
in
Australia
means excellent.
Archaisms:
Archaisms are words or forms that were once in
common use but are now restricted only to specialized or
limited use. Eg, brethren means brother.
Neologisms:
Neologisms are newly-created words or
expressions,
or words that
have taken on
new
meanings.
Eg,
internet.
Morpheme(
词
素
)
:the
smallest
functioning
unit
in
the
composition of words
Allomorph(
词素
变
体
)
: is
a
different variant
form
of a
morpheme
，
differ in phonological and spelling form, but
at the same in function and meaning
free morphemes
：
free morphemes, also called free root, is
the morphemes which have complete meaning and can be used
as free grammatical units in sentences, eg. cat, walk.

analyzed
without
total
loss
of
identity,
eg,
international,
the root is nation.
Stem
：
is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added
in word formation.
affixation
Affixation, also called derivation, is a way to add
word-forming or derivational affixes to stems in word
formation.
Prefixation
：
Prefixation
is
a
way
to
add
prefixes
to
stems
in word formation. It does not change the word-class of
the stem but change its meaning.
Suffixation
：
Suffixation is a way to suffixes to stems in
word formation, and the suffixes mainly change the word
class.
Compounding
：
Compounding, also called composition, is a
way to join two or more stems in word formation. Compound
is produced in this way.
Compound
：
A compound is a lexical unit consisting of more
than one
stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically
as a
single word.
Conversion
: is the formation of new words by converting
words of one class to another class.
Blending
:
is
the
formation
of
new
words
by
combining
parts
of two words or a word plus a part of another word
Clipping
:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off
the original and using what remains instead
Acronymy
:is the process of forming new words by joining
the
initial
letters
of
names
of
social
and
political
organizations
or
special
noun
phrases
and
technical
terms.
Initialism
:
initialisms
are
words
pronounced
letter
by
letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)
Acronym
:Acronyms
are
words
formed
from
initial
letters
but
pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English
as a foreign language)
Back-formation
：
It
’
s the method of creating words by
removing the supposed suffixes.
Reference
(
所指
):It is the relationship between language
and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is
a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it
can refer to something specific.
Concept
（概念）
:which is beyond language, is the result
of human cognition(
认识
),reflecting the objective world
in the human mind.
Sense
（
意
义
）
:It
denotes
the
relationship
inside
the
language.
‘
The sense of an expression is its place in a
system of semantic relationships with other expressions
in the language.
’

Motivation
：
Motivation
accounts
for
the
connection
between
1
/
3