童服2013六级新题阅读(含答案)

2021年1月19日发(作者：圣水)

Into
the
Unknown
The
world
has
never
seen
population
ageing
before.
Can
it
cope?
A
．

Until
the
early
1990s
nobody
much
thought
about
whole
populations
getting
old
er.
The
UN
had
the
foresight
to
convene
a

assembly
on
ageing
back
in
198
2,
but
that
came
and
went.
By
1994
the
World
Bank
had
noticed
that
something
bi
g
was
happening.
In
a
report
entitled

the
Old
Age
Crisis
it
argued
that
pension
arrangements
in
most
countries
were
unsustainable.
B
．

For
the
next
ten
years
a
succession
of
books,
mainly
by
Americans,
sounded
th
e
alarm.
They
had
titles
like
Young
vs
Old,
Gray
Dawn
and
The
Coming
Generation
al
Storm,
and
their
message
was
blunt:
health-care
systems
were
heading
for
the
r
ocks,
pensioners
were
taking
young
people
to
the
cleaners,
and
soon
there
would
b
e
intergenerational
warfare.
C
．

Since
then
the
debate
has
become
less
emotional,
not
least
because
a
lot
more

is
known
about
the
,
conferences
and
research
papers
have
multiplied.

International
organisations
such
as
the
OECD
and
the
EU
issue
regular
reports.
Po
pulation
ageing
is
on
every
agenda,
from
G8
economic
conferences
to
NATO
summi
ts.
The
World
Economic
Forum
plans
to
consider
the
future
of
pensions
and
health
care
at
its
prestigious
Davos
conference
early
next
year.
The
media,
including
this
n
ewspaper,
are
giving
the
subject
extensive
coverage.
D
．

Whether
all
that
attention
has
translated
into
sufficient
action
is
another
questio
n.
Governments
in
rich
countries
now
accept
that
their
pension
and
health-care
pro
mises
will
soon
become
unaffordable,
and
many
of
them
have
embarked
on
reforms,

but
so
far
only
timidly.
That
is
not
surprising:
politicians
with
an
eye
on
the
next
election
will
hardly
rush
to
introduce
unpopular
measures
that
may
not
bear
fruit
fo
r
years,
perhaps
decades.
E
．

The
outline
of
the
changes
needed
is
clear.
To
avoid
fiscal
(
财政的
)
meltdown,
public
pensions
and
health-
care
provision
will
have
to
be
reined
back
severely
and
taxes
may
have
to
go
up.
By
far
the
most
effective
method
to
restrain
pension
spe
nding
is
to
give
people
the
opportunity
to
work
longer,
because
it
increases
tax
rev
enues
and
reduces
spending
on
pensions
at
the
same
time.
It
may
even
keep
them

alive
longer.
John
Rother,
the
AARP's
head
of
policy
and
strategy,
points
to
studies

showing
that
other
things
being
equal,
people
who
remain
at
work
have
lower
dea
th
rates
than
their
retired
peers.
F
．

Younger
people
today
mostly
accept
that
they
will
have
to
work
for
longer
and
that
their
pensions
will
be
less
generous.
Employers
still
need
to
be
persuaded
that

older
workers
are
worth
holding
on
to.
That
may
be
because
they
have
had
plenty

of
younger
ones
to
choose
from,
partly
thanks
to
the
post-war
baby-boom
and
par
tly
because
over
the
past
few
decades
many
more
women
have
entered
the
labour

force,
increasing
employers'
choice.
But
the
reservoir
of
women
able
and
willing
to

take
up
paid
work
is
running
low,
and
the
baby-boomers
are
going
grey.
G
．

In
many
countries
immigrants
have
been
filling
such
gaps
in
the
labour
force
as

have
already
emerged
(and
remember
that
the
real
shortage
is
still
around
ten
ye
ars
off).
Immigration
in
the
developed
world
is
the
highest
it
has
ever
been,
and
it

is
making
a
useful
difference.
In
still-fertile
America
it
currently
accounts
for
about

40%
of
total
population
growth,
and
in
fast-ageing
western
Europe
for
about
90%.
H
．

On
the
face
of
it,
it
seems
the
perfect
solution.
Many
developing
countries
have

lots
of
young
people
in
need
of
jobs;
many
rich
countries
need
helping
hands
that

will
boost
tax
revenues
and
keep
up
economic
growth.
But
over
the
next
few
deca
des
labour
forces
in
rich
countries
are
set
to
shrink
so
much
that
inflows
of
immigr
ants
would
have
to
increase
enormously
to
compensate:
to
at
least
twice
their
curr
ent
size
in
western
Europe's
most
outhful
countries,
and
three
times
in
the
older
on
es.
Japan
would
need
a
large
multiple
of
the
few
immigrants
it
has
at
present.
Pub
lic
opinion
polls
show
that
people
in
most
rich
countries
already
think
that
immigrati
on
is
too
high.
Further
big
increases
would
be
politically
unfeasible.
I
．

To
tackle
the
problem
of
ageing
populations
at
its
root,

countries
would
h
ave
to
rejuvenate
(
使年轻
)themselves
by
having
more
of
their
own
children.
A
num
ber
of
them
have
tried,
some
more
successfully
than
others.
But
it
is
not
a
simple
matter
of
offering
financial
incentives
or
providing
more
child
care.
Modem
urban
lif
e
in
rich
countries
is
not
well
adapted
to
large
families.
Women
find
it
hard
to
com
bine
family
and
career.
They
often
compromise
by
having
just
one
child.
J
．

And
if
fertility
in
ageing
countries
does
not
pick
up?
It
will
not
be
the
end
of
t
he
world,
at
least
not
for
quite
a
while
yet,
but
the
world
will
slowly
become
a
diff
erent
place.
Older
societies
may
be
less
innovative
and
more
strongly
disinclined
to
take
risks
than
younger
ones.
By
2025
at
the
latest,
about
half
the
voters
in
Ameri
ca
and
most
of
those
in
western
European
countries
will
be
over
50-and
older
peop
le
turn
out
to
vote
in
much
greater
number
than
younger
ones.
Academic
studies
h
ave
found
no
evidence
so
far
that
older
voters
have
used
their
power
at
the
ballot
box
to
push
for
policies
that
specifically
benefit
them,
though
if
in
future
there
are
many
more
of
them
they
might
start
doing
so.
K
．

Nor
is
there
any
sign
of
the
intergenerational
warfare
predicted
in
the
1990s.
Af
ter
all,
older
people
themselves
mostly
have
families.
In
a
recent
study
of
parents
a
nd
grown-up
children
in
11
European
countries,
Karsten
Hank
of
Marmheim
Universi
ty
found
that
85%
of
them
lived
within
25km
of
each
other
and
the
majority
of
th
em
were
in
touch
at
least
once
a
week.
L
．

Even
so,
the
shift
in
the
centre
of
gravity
to
older
age
groups
is
bound
to
have

a
profound
effect
on
societies,
not
just
economically
and
politically
but
in
all
sorts
of
other
ways
too.
Richard
Jackson
and
Neil
Howe
of
America's
CSIS,
in
a
thoughtf
ul
book
called
The
Graying
of
the
Great
Powers,
argue
that,
among
other
things,
th
e
ageing
of
the
developed
countries
will
have
a
number
of
serious
security
implicati
ons.
M)
For
example,
the
shortage
of
young
adults
is
likely
to
make
countries
more

reluctant
to
commit
the
few
they
have
to
military
service.
In
the
decades
to
2050,

America
will
find
itself
playing
an
ever-increasing
role
in
the
developed
world's
defe
nce
effort.
Because
America's
population
will
still
be
growing
when
that
of
most
oth
er
developed
countries
is
shrinking,
America
will
be
the
only
developed
country
that

still
matters
geopolitically
(
地缘政治上
).
Ask
me
in
2020
N)
There
is
little
that
can
be
done
to
stop
population
ageing,
so
the
world
will
hav
e
to
live
with
it.
But
some
of
the
consequences
can
be
alleviated.
Many
experts
no
w
believe
that
given
the
right
policies,
the
effects,
though
grave,need
not
be
catast
rophic.
Most
countries
have
recognised
the
need
to
do
something
and
are
beginning

to
act.
O)
But
even
then
there
is
no
guarantee
that
their
efforts
will
work.
What
is
happen
ing
now
is
historically
unprecedented.
Ronald
Lee,
director
of
the
Centre
on
the
Eco
nomics
and
Demography
of
Ageing
at
the
University
of
California,
Berkeley,
puts
it
briefly
and
clearly:

don't
really
know
what
population
ageing
will
be
like,
becau
se
nobody
has
done
it
yet.

1
、
Employers should realise it is important to keep older workers in the workforce.
不确定答案
F

3
A recent study found that most old people in some European countries had regular
weekly contact with their adult children.
不确定答案
K

2
、
Few governments in rich countries have launched bold reforms to tackle the
problem of population ageing.
不确定答案
D
3
、
In a report published some 20 years ago, the sustainability of old age pension
systems in most countries was called into doubt,

不确定答案
A

4
、
Countries that have a shortage of young adults will be less willing to send them to
war.
不确定答案
M

5
、
7
One-child families are more common in ageing societies due to the stress of urban
life and the difficulties of balancing family and career.
不确定答案
I
6
、
8
A series of books, mostly authored by Americans, warned of conflicts between the
older and younger generations.

不确定答案
B

7
、
Compared with younger ones, older societies tend to be less innovative and take
fewer risks.

不确定答案
J


8
、
The best solution to the pension crisis is to postpone the retirement age.