外语角跨文化交际复习

2021年1月19日发(作者：已经)
ronic time (M Time)
：
It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is
perceived
as
a
linear
structure
just
like
a
ribbon
stretching
from
the
past
into
the
future.

ronic
time
(P
Time)
：
schedules
several
activities
at
the
same
time.
In
these
culture
people
emphasize
the
involvement
of
people
more
than
schedules.
They
do
not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.

3.

intercultural
communication
：
is

a
face-to-face
communication
between
people
from different cultural backgrounds
4.

host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.
5.

minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation
to the host culture.
6.

subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.
7.

multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country
’
s cultural and ethnic diversity.
8.

cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives
of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.
9.

high-context
culture
：
a
culture
in
which
meaning
is
not
necessarily
contained
in
words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.

10.

low-context culture
：
a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in
the explicit code.
11.

perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,
”
the process
by
which
an
individual
selects,
evaluates,and
organizes
stimuli
from
the
external
world
”

In
other
words,
perception
is
an
internal
process
whereby
we
convert
the
physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.


Non-verbal communication
It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into
play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial
expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the
distance we stand from each other.
.
Individualism

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be
paramount,
and
that
all
values,
right,
and
duties
originate
in
individuals.
It
emphasizes
individual initiative, independence
，
individual expression, and even privacy.
13.
Paralanguage


The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and
intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of
meaning.
12.

人际交际
interpersonal
communication
:
a
small
number
of
individuals
who
are
interacting
exclusively
with
one
another
and
who
therefore
have
the
ability
to
adapt
their
messages
specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.
指 少数人之间的交
往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

13.

内文化交际
intracultural
communication

is
defined
as
communication
between
and
among
members of the same culture .
指同一文化内某成员之间的交 际，
总的来说，
同一种族，
政治倾
向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交 际。

跨民族交际
interthnic
communication

：
refers
to
communication
between
people
of
the
same
race ,but different ethnic backgrounds .
指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。

14.

跨种族交际
interracial
communication:
occurs
when
the
sender
and
the
receiver
exchanging
messages are from different races that pertain to different physical character istics.
指信息源和信
息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。

跨地区交际
interregional communication
:refers to the exchange of messages between members of
the dominant culture within a country.
指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程

Context
场景

The
final
component
of
communication
is
context.
Generally,
context
can
be
defined
as
the
environment in which the communication takes place and which helps
define the communication
.
All
communication
has
seven
components
:
the
source,
encoding,
the
message,
the
channel,
the
receiver, decoding, feedback.
The
Inferential
Model
of
communication
four
presumptions:

linguistic
presumption,
communicative
presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.
Conversational presumptions five aspects
：

1relevance
：
the speaker
’
s remarks are relevant to the conversation
2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere
3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true
4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information
5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.
The Message Model cannot account for
:
1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent
4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.
Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:
1learned
2 transmitted from generation to g
3 based on symbols 4 subject to change 5 integrated 6Ethnocentric
The primary characteristics of communication include:
1 no direct mind-to-mind contact
2 we can only infer
3 communication is symbolic
4 time- binding links us together
5 we seek to define the world
6 communication has consequence
7 communication is dynamic
8 communication is contextual
9 communication is self reflective

Functions of nonverbal communication
Nonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication. We will sum
up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction.
Repeating

Complementing Substituting

Regulating
Six important communication functions:
1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal
2 influence attitude change and persuasion
3 regulate interaction 4 communication emotions

5 define power and status relationships