purpose是什么意思2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

2021年1月19日发(作者：six)
2019
年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语
(
一
)
试题< br>
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B,
C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)
Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are
available on our smart phones.

I

of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But
phones

2

on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize,

3

you get lost without
a phone or a compass, and you


4

cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5

to
civilization, one of which is to follow the land.
When you find yourself well

6

a trail, but not in a completely

7

area, you have to
answer two questions: Which

8

is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest
water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9

,if
you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should

10


see signs of people
If you
’
ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11


how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.
Another

12

Climb high and look for signs of human habitation.

13

even in dense
fores, you should be able to

14

gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other
paths people carve

15

the woods. Head toward these 16


to find a way out. At might
can the horizon for 17

light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow
of light pollution.
18

, assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19

we
leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20

you to civilization.
1.

[A]Some

[B]Most

[C] Few

[D] All
2.

[A]put




[B]take


[C] run


[D] come
3. [A]Since


[B]If




[C]Though [D] until


4. [A]Formally

[B]relatively

[C] gradually [D] literally
5. [A] back

[B]next


[C] around

[D] away
6. [A] onto

[B]off



[C]across



[D] alone
7. [A] unattractive

[B]uncrowded



[C]unchanged

[D]unfamiliar
8.[A] site




[B]point



[C]way






[D] place
9. [A] So





[B]Yet





[C]Instead



[D] Besides

lO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly [D]eventually
11.

[A] surprised

[B] annoyed



[C] frightened



[D]confused
12.

[A] problem


[B]option





[C]view








[D] result
13. [A] Above all


[B] In contrast

[C]On average



[D] For example
14. [A]bridge





[B] avoid





[C]spot



[D] separate
15. [A]form






[B]through




[C] beyond


[D] Under
16.

[A] posts




[B]links







[C] shades


[D]breaks
17. [A] artificial



[B] mysterious


[C]hidden


[D]limited
18. [A] Finally





[B]Consequently

[C]Incidentally




[D] Generally
19. [A] memories


[B]marks






[C]notes







[D]belongings
20. [A]restrict





[B]adopt





[C] lead

[D] expose

1
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.
Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)
Text 1
Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.
Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks
are
under
investigation
for
wrongdoing.
The
main
purpose
of
this

clawback
rule
is
to
hold
bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet
officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks
but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.
“
Short- termism
”
or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.
says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical
economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like
pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once
”
rather than putting them aside to be eaten
last.


The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has
dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand
high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research
or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed
”.

In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use
of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets.
predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,
”
said Commissioner
Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.
In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer
performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce

pay is now tied to performance.
Much more could be done to encourage
and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company
investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.
Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to
think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain
’s
new rule is
a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term
but for the long term.
21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is the
A. enhance bankers' sense of responsibility
B help corporations achieve larger profits
C. build a new system of financial regulation
D. guarantee the bonuses of top executives
22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate
A. the conditions for generating quick profits

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B. governments impatience in decision-making
C. the solid structure of publicly traded companies
D.
23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be
A. indited

B. adverse

C. minimal

D temporary
24. The US and France examples and used to illustrate
A. the obstacles to preventing
B. the significance or long term thinking.
C. the approaches to promoting long- termism.
D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.
25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text
A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism
B. Patience as a Corporate Virtue
C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives
D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

Text 2
Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past
few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which
students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried
deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness
Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and
the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's
overall GPA.
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to
do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.
When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a
second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level
courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and
even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade
itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and
gradation without incurring a big penalty.
registrar.
subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.
That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For
public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as
graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean
more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day
are paying the bill-feel they
’
ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big
concern for colleges.
Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers'
expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a
job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or

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at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges
’
incentives seem to be aligned.
26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?
A. The change of course catalogs.
B. Students indifference to GPAS.
C Colleges neglect of GPAS.
D. The influence of consumer culture.
27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness
A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.
B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.
C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.
D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.

28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables colleges
A. obtain more financial support.
B. boost their student enrollments.
C. improve their teaching quality.
D. meet local governments
’
needs.
29. What does the phrase
“
to be aligned
” (
Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?
A. To counterbalance each other
B. To complement each other.
C. To be identical with each other
D. To be contradictory to each other.
30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by
A assessing its feasibility
ing the causes behind it.

C. comparing different views on it.
D. listing its long-run effects

Text 3
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem
Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author
produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions
to be raised by technologies yet to come.
Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions:
intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way
humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots
that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular
sci-fi Tv series such as
Just
how
people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says
David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist,
no
good
theories
explaining
what
consciousness
actually
is
and
how
you
could
ever
build
a
machine to get there.
”

But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of
autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime

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