stadium是什么意思2014-2017历年大学英语四级真题及答案

2021年1月19日发(作者：pea)
14-17
历年大学英语四级真题及答案

2014
年
6
月大学英语四级考试真题


Part I





























Writing





















（
30 minutes
）

Directions:
For
this
part,
you
are
allowed
30
minutes
to
write
a
short
essay
on
the
following
question. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

Suppose a foreign friend of yours is coming to visit China, what is the first place you would like to
take him/her to see and why?


Part II



















Listening Comprehension


















（
30 minutes
）

Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the
end
of
each
conversation,
one
or
more
questions
will
be
asked
about
what
was
said.
Both
the
conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause.
During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A
）
, B
）
, C
）

and D
）
, and decide which
is
the
best
answer.
Then
mark
the
corresponding
letter
on
Answer
Sheet
1
with
a
single
line
through the centre.

1.

A
）

The man should visit the museums.


B
）

She can’t stand the hot weather.


C
）

The beach resort is a good choice.


D
）

She enjoys staying in Washington.

2.

A
）

Her new responsibilities in the company.


B
）

What her job prospects are.


C
）

What the customers’ feedback is
.



D
）

The director’s opinion of her work.

3.

A
）

Combine her training with dieting.


B
）

Repeat the training every three days.

C
）

Avoid excessive physical training.



D
）

Include weightlifting in the program.
4.

A
）

When she will return home.

B
）

Whether she can go by herself.



C
）

Whether she can travel by air.


D
）

When she will completely recover.

5.

A
）

The woman knows how to deal with the police.


B
）

The woman had been fined many times before.


C
）

The woman had violated traffic regulations.



D
）

The woman is good at finding excuses.

6.

A
）

Switch off the refrigerator for a while.


B
）

Have someone repair the refrigerator.

C
）

Ask the man to fix the refrigerator.



D
）

Buy a refrigerator of better quality.

7.

A
）

He owns a piece of land in the downtown area.


B
）

He has got enough money to buy a house.



C
）

He can finally do what he has dreamed of.





D
）

He is moving into a bigger apartment.

8.

A
）

She is black and blue all over.

B
）

She has to go to see a doctor.





C
）

She stayed away from work for a few days.




D
）

She got hurt in an accident yesterday.


Questions 9 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

9.

A
）

She was a bank manager.


B
）

She was a victim of the robbery.

C
）

She was a defence lawyer.



D
）

She was a witness to the crime.

10.
A
）

A tall man with dark hair and a moustache.


B
）

A youth with a distinguishing mark on his face.


C
）

A thirty-year-old guy wearing a light sweater.


D
）

A medium-sized young man carrying a gun.

11.
A
）

Identify the suspect from pictures.

B
）

Go upstairs to sign some document.


C
）

Have her photo taken for their files.


D
）

Verify the record of what she had said.


Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

12.
A
）

By reading a newspaper ad.


B
）

By seeing a commercial on TV
.
C
）

By listening to the morning news.



D
）

By calling an employment service.

13.
A
）

She could improve her foreign languages.


B
）

She could work close to her family.

C
）

She could travel overseas frequently.




D
）

She could use her previous experiences.

14.
A
）

Taking management courses.


B
）

Teaching English at a university.


C
）

Working as a secretary.


D
）

Studying for a degree in French.

15.
A
）

Prepare for an interview in a couple of days.


B
）

Read the advertisement again for more details.


C
）

Send in a written application as soon as possible.



D
）

Get to know the candidates on the short list.


Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will
hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear
a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A
）
, B
）
, C
）

and D
）
.
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.


Passage One
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.

16.
A
）

They cannot see the firefighters because of the smoke.

B
）

They do not realize the danger they are in.


C
）

They cannot hear the firefighters for the noise.



D
）

They mistake the firefighters for monsters.

17.
A
）

He travels all over America to help put out fires.

B
）

He often teaches children what to do during a fire.

C
）

He teaches Spanish in a San Francisco community.


D
）

He provides oxygen masks to children free of charge.

18.
A
）

He saved the life of his brother choking on food.


B
）

He rescued a student from a big fire.

C
）

He is very good at public speaking.




D
）

He gives informative talks to young children.

19.
A
）

Firefighters play an important role in America.


B
）

Kids should learn not to be afraid of monsters.



C
）

Carelessness can result in tragedies.



D
）

Informative speeches can save lives.


Passage Two
Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.

20.
A
）

To satisfy the needs of their family.


B
）

To fully realize their potential.


C
）

To make money for early retirement.



D
）

To gain a sense of their personal worth.

21.
A
）

They may have to continue to work in old age.


B
）

They may regret the time they wasted.


C
）

They may have nobody to depend on in the future.



D
）

They may have fewer job opportunities.

22.
A
）

Making wise use of your time.

C
）

Saving as much as you can.


B
）

Enjoying yourself while you can.

D
）

Working hard and playing hard.


Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

23.
A
）

Hardworking students being accused of cheating.


B
）

Boy students being often treated as law-breakers.


C
）

Innocent people being suspected groundlessly.

D
）

Junior employees being made to work overtime.
24.
A
）

Forbidding students to take food out of the restaurant.

B
）

Requesting customers to pay before taking the food.

C
）

Asking customers to leave their bags on the counters.

D
）

Allowing only two students to enter at a time.
25.
A
）

He was taken to the manager.


B
）

He was closely watched.

C
）

He was asked to leave.


D
）

He was overcharged.

Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the
first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second
time, you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when
the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.

Writing
keeps
us
in
touch
with
other
people.
We
write
to
communicate
with
relatives
and
friends. We write to
（
26
）
__________ our family histories so our children and grandchildren can
learn and
（
27
）
__________ their heritage
（传统）
. With computers and Internet connections in
so many households, colleges, and businesses, people are e-mailing friends and
（
28
）
__________
all the time
—
or talking to them in writing in online chat rooms.
It is cheaper than calling long
distance, and a lot more
（
29
）
__________ than waiting until Sunday for the telephone rates to
drop. Students are e-mailing their professors to
（
30
）
__________ and discuss their classroom
assignments and to submit them. They are e-mailing classmates to discuss and
（
31
）
__________
homework. They are also sharing information about concerts and sports events, as well as jokes
and their
（
32
）
__________ of life.
Despite
the
growing
importance
of
computers,
however,
there
will
always
be
a
place
and
need for the personal letter. A
（
33
）
__________ note to a friend or a family member is the best
way to communicate important thoughts. No matter what the content of the message, its real point
is, “I want you to know that I
（
34
）
__________ you.” This writing practice brings rewards that
can’t be seen in
（
35
）
__________, but only in the success of human relationships.

Part III




















Reading Comprehension















（
40 minutes
）

Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word
for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage
through carefully before
making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.
Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through
the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.


Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
The fact is, the world has been finding less oil than it has been using for more than twenty
years now. Not only has demand been ___36___, but the oil we have been finding is coming from
places that are ___37___ to reach. At the same time, more of this newly ___38___ oil is of the
type
that
requires
a
greater
investment
to
___39___.
And
because
demand
for
this
precious
res
ource will grow, according to some, by over 40 percent by 2025, fueling the world’s economic
___40___will take a lot more energy from every possible source.
The
energy
industry
needs
to
get
more
from
existing
fields
while
continuing
to
search
for
new ___41___. Automakers must continue to improve fuel efficiency and perfect hybrid
（混合动
力的）

vehicles. Technological improvements are needed so that wind, solar and hydrogen can be
more ___42___ parts of the energy equation. Governments need to formulate energy policies that
promote ___43___and environmentally sound development. Consumers must be willing to pay for
some of these solutions, while practicing conservation efforts of their own.
Inaction is not an ___44___. So let’s work together to balance this equation.
We are taking
some of the ___45___ needed to get started, but we need your help to go the rest of the way.


A
）

consequently

I
）

feasible

B
）

cultivate


J
）

growth

C
）

declining


K
）

option

D
）

derived


L
）

refine

E
）

difficult


M
）

reserves

F
）

discovered

N
）

soaring

G
）

economically

O
）

steps

H
）

exception

Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each
statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which
the
information
is
derived.
You
may
choose
a
paragraph
more
than
once.
Each
paragraph
is
marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet
2.

I Cry, Therefore I Am
A
）
In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla
（大猩猩）

named Gana gave birth to a male infant, who
died after three months. Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable
（伤心欲绝的）
,
attracted
crowds
to
the
zoo.
Sad
as
the
scene
was,
the
humans,
not
Gana,
were
the
only
ones
crying.
The
notion
that
animals
can
weep
has
no
scientific
basis.
Years
of
observations
by
biologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees
（黑猩猩）
, could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion.
B
）

It’s true that many animals shed te
ars, especially in response to pain. Tears protect the eye by
keeping it moist. But crying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and has played an
essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures.
C
）
Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, it is
unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationship between the
human
infant
and
its
environment
takes
on
a
more
organized
communicative
role,
and
tearful
crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes
：

the search for comfort and pacification
（抚慰）
. As
we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief and joy, shame and pride, fear and
manipulation.
D
）

T
ears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy. But although we all cry,
we do so in different ways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especially when
exposed to emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, more commonly seen
in
women
than
in
men.
One
explanation
might
be
that
women,
who
despite
decades
of
social
advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination
（歧视）

and even violence, might
have more to cry about. Men not only cry for shorter periods than women, but they also are less
inclined
to
explain
their
tears,
usually
shed
them
more
quietly,
and
tend
more
frequently
to
apologize when they cry openly. Men, like women, report crying at the death of a loved one and in
response to a moving religious experience. They are
more likely than women to cry when their
core identities
—
as providers and protectors, as fathers and fighters
—
are questioned.
E
）

People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who are more
rigid or have more self-control. Frequency of crying varies widely: some shed tears at any novel
or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response to stress and conflict in
the home, or after emotional trauma
（创伤）
, lasts much longer than tears induced by everyday
sadness
—
which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy.
F
）

Sadness
is
our
primary
association
with
crying,
but
the
fact
is
that
people
report
feeling
happier after crying. Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feeling better
after
shedding
tears.
Surprisingly,
crying
is
more
commonly
associated
with
minor
forms
of
depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts.
G
）
People
widely
report
that
crying
relieves
tension,
restores
emotional
balance
and
provides
“catharsis,”
a
washing
out
of
bad
feelings.
The
term
“catharsis”
has
religious
implications
of
removing evil and sin; it’s no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one of the
main settings for the release of tears.
H
）
Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despite genuine
sorrow, they cannot shed tears
—
sometimes even for years after their loved one has gone. Unlike
today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonial shedding of tears, at
the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was once considered socially or even
politically essential.
I
）

Crying has also served other social purposes. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that while
he considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry over nothing.
J
）

The association of tears with art has ancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifth
century B.C. were primarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were staged
religious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama brought pleasure.
K
）
I have argued that there are neurobiological
（
神经生物方面的）

associations linking the arts
and mood disorders. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show of
hands,
which
art
forms
most
move
them
to
tears.
About
80%
say
music,
followed
closely
by
novels
（
74%
）
, but then the figures fall sharply, to 43%, for poetry, and 10-22% for paintings,
sculpture and architecture.
L
）

The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up when
we
weep.
This
suggests
to
language
scientists
that
emotional
crying
evolved
before
language,
perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often so difficult to
express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition of emotion
（
usually
through facial gesture
）

was essential for survival.
M
）

The earliest humans arrived several million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 years ago,
did
cultures,
language,
religion
and
the
arts
arise.
Along
the
way,
tears
became
more
than
a
biological necessity to lubricate
（润滑）

the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotion and
a
signal
of
social
bonding. The
development
of
self- consciousness
and
the
notion
of
individual
identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanity and life after
death; and the ability to feel others’ sadness—
all were critical parts of the neurobiological changes
that made us human.
N
）
More
r
ecently,
we’ve
learned
from
neuroscience
that
certain
brain
circuits
（回路）

are
activated
（激活）
, rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress. In short,
our brain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, and
an ethics based on sympathy, possible. So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on a friend’s
shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what it means to cry.
Because ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love.

46.
Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.
47.
Infants cry to attract attention for survival.
48.
There is no scientific evidence as yet that animals can shed tears from emotion.
49.
Tears can perform certain communicative functions which words cannot.
50.
Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.
51.
People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor forms of depression.
52.
Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.
53.

In humans’ long history, tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.

54.
Men are less likely to give reasons for their tears.
55.
Crying has long been associated with art.

Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A
）
, B
）
, C
）

and D
）
. You
should
decide
on
the
best
choice
and
mark
the
corresponding
letter
on
Answer
Sheet
2
with
a
single line through the centre.

Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Hospitals, hoping to curb medical error, have invested heavily to put computers, smartphones
and
other
devices
into
the
hands
of
medical
staff
for
instant
access
to
patient
data,
drug
information and case studies.
But
like
many
cures,
this
solution
has
come
with
an
unintended
side
effect:
doctors
and
nurses can be focused on the screen and not the patient, even during moments of critical care. A
poll showed that half of medical technicians had admitted texting during a procedure.
This
phenomenon
has
set
off
an
intensifying
discussion
at
hospitals
and
medical
schools
about
a
problem
perhaps
best
described
as
“distracted
doctoring.”
In
response,
some
hospitals
have begun limiting the use of electronic devices in critical settings, while schools have started
reminding medical students to focus on patients instead of devices.
“You justify carrying devices around the hospital to do medical records, but you can surf th
e
Internet or do Facebook, and sometimes Facebook is more tempting,” said Dr. Peter Papadakos at
the University of Rochester Medical Center.
“My
gut
feeling
（本能的感觉）

is
lives
are
in
danger,”
said
Dr.
Papadakos.”We’re
not
educating people about the problem, a
nd it’s getting worse.”

A survey of 439 medical technicians found that 55 percent of technicians who monitor bypass
machines acknowledged that they had talked on cellphones during heart surgery. Half said they
had
texted
while
in
surgery.
The
study
conclud
ed,
“Such
distractions
have
the
potential
to
be
disastrous.”

Medical professionals have always faced interruptions from cellphones, and multitasking is
simply a fact of life for many medical jobs. What has changed, say doctors, especially younger
ones, is that they face increasing pressure to interact with their devices.
The pressure stems from a mantra
（
信条）

of modern medicine that patient care must be “data
driven,”
and
informed
by
the
latest,
instantly
accessible
information.
By
many
accounts,
the
technology
has
helped
reduce
medical
error
by
providing
instant
access
to
patient
data
or
prescription details.
Dr.
Peter
Carmel,
president
of
the
American
Medical
Association,
said
technology
“offers
great potential in health care,” but he added that doctors’ fir
st priority should be with the patient.

56.
Why do hospitals equip their staff with computers, smartphones and other devices?

A
）

To reduce medical error.


C
）

To facilitate administration.

B
）

To cope with emergencies.


D
）

To simplify medical procedures.
57.

What does the author refer to by “distracted doctoring”
？


A
）

The disservice done by modern devices to doctors, nurses, as well as patients.

B
）

The tendency of medical institutions encouraging the use of modern devices.

C
）

The problem of devices preventing doctors from focusing on their patients.

D
）

The phenomenon of medical staff attending to personal affairs while working.
58.
What does Dr. Peter Papadakos worry about?

A
）

Medical students are not adequately trained to use modern technology.

B
）

Doctors’ interaction with their devices may endanger patients’ lives.


C
）

Doctors are relying too heavily on modern electronic technology.

D
）

Pressures on the medical profession may become overwhelming.
59.
Why do doctors feel increasing pressure to use modern devices?

A
）

Patients trust doctors who use modern technology.


B
）

Use of modern devices adds to hospitals’ revenues.


C
）

Data is given too much importance in patient care.


D
）

Patients’ data has to be revised from time to time.

60.
What is Pet
er Carmel’s advice to doctors?


A
）

They follow closely the advances in medical science.

B
）

They focus their attention on the patient’s condition.


C
）

They observe hospital rules and regulations.

D
）

They make the best use of modern devices.

Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
I
have
closely
watched
my
generation,
known
as
The
Millennials,
for
29
years
now.
Joel
Stein wrote an extensive piece on Millennials and he remains rather optimistic about our potential.
I hesitate to share his optimism because of a paradox
（矛盾的现象）

we seem to exhibit, namely,
that there are more avenues for us to entertain ourselves than ever before, yet we are more bored
than ever before.
Entertainment has never been more varied. We have more cable channels, television shows,
and
movies
than
ever
before.
Internet
providers
allow
instant
viewing
of
almost
any
movie
or
television
program
ever
created.
Social
drinking
and
partying
are
also
widely
available
for
Millennials. Every generation develops these habits at a certain age, but Millennials seem to be
extending this phase of life as they postpone marriage.
Some of this is undoubtedly due to The Great Recession. Millennials are having a difficult
time
finding
jobs;
only
47 percent
of
16-to-24-year-olds
are
employed,
the
smallest
share
since
government started recording data in 1948.
But do Millennials respond to these economic troubles by doing whatever it takes to make
ends
meet?
Hardly.
In
fact,
of
the
four
generations
Pew
Research
has
data
for,
the
Millennial
generation does not cite work ethic
（勤奋工作）

as distinctive of itself. Millennials want to save
the world, but they sit and wait for that world-changing opportunity to be handed to them. Instead
of
working
2-3
jobs,
launching
a
business,
or
doing
what
it
takes
to
succeed,
they
retreat.
Millennials may be the first generation to have a lower standard of living than their parents, but
with this response to adversity
（逆境）
, perhaps deservingly so.
Much ink has been spilled in management books discussing how to get the most out of these
youths
in
the
workplace.
Largely,
they
come
to
the
same
conclusion:
Millennials
are
entitled,
over-
confident,
and
expect
too
much
too
quickly.
We
should
not
be
surprised.
Today’s
young
adults were raised by parents who made sure to boost their self-esteem at every turn, telling them
they could achieve whatever they set their minds to, and handing out prizes for the sixth place.

61.
What does the author of the passage think of Millennials?

A
）

They show little interest in entertainment.

B
）

They are not confident about their ability.


C
）

They enjoy an easy life due to high technology.

D
）

They may not have bright prospects for success.
62.
How do Millennials feel about their life?

A
）

They can hardly do anything about it.

B
）

There is little in it to get excited about.


C
）

It is not as good as their parents’.


D
）

It is full of opportunities for success.
63.
In what way are Millennials different from previous generations according to Pew Research?

A
）

They spend less time socializing.
C
）

They do not value hard work.

B
）

They are indifferent to others.
D
）

They are more independent.
64.
What should Millennials do according to the author?

A
）

Remain optimistic in face of adversity.

B
）

Start a business as early as possible.


C
）

Make full use of new opportunities.

D
）

Take action to change their situation.
65.
Why are Millennials over-confident about themselves?

A
）

They have been spoiled by their parents.


B
）

They can always get whatever they expect.

C
）

They are misguided by management books.


D
）

They think they are young and energetic.

Part IV






























Translation
















（
30 minutes
）

Directions:
For
this
part,
you
are
allowed
30
minutes
to
translate
a
passage
from
Chinese
into
English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.

为了促进教育公平，< br>中国已投入
360
亿元，
用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地
区 农村义务教育（
compulsory education
）
。这些资金用于改善教 学设施、购买书籍，使
16
万
多所中小学受益。
资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器 材。
现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市
的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。
一些为接受更 好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地
农村学校就读。


2014
年
6
月大学英语四级考试真题（第三套）答案

[
作文
]
If a foreign friend of mine is coming to China, I would like to take him or her to pay a visit to
the
capital
city
of
our
country
—
Beijing
1
.
As
is
known
to
all,
Beijing
is
not
only
a
modern
international metropolitan, but also an ancient capital city with a long history of more than 3000
years
2
.
Generally
speaking,
Beijing
could
be
a
good
place
for
people
to
learn
about
Chinese
history and culture
3
.

In Beijing, there are numerous places of interest, among which the Summer Palace is a very
popular
one.
The
Summer
Palace
was
constructed
during
the
Qing
Dynasty.
As
an
important
political and diplomatic center that is second only to the Forbidden City, the royal park witnessed
lots of historic events that happened during the modern history of China
4
. By visiting places of
historical meaning, my friend can best learn Chinese history and typical culture.
In addition to the city’s historical and cultural values, Beijing can be a perfect interpretation
of modern China. I am sure everyone who comes to visit it will marvel at its beauty
5
.
1. D

2. D

3. C

4. C

5. C

6. B
7. C

8. D

9. D

10. A
11. A

12. A

13. B

14. C

15. C

16. D

17. B

18. A

19. D

20. C

21. A

22. B

23. C

24. D

25. B

26. preserve

27. appreciate


28. relatives

29. convenient
30. receive

31. collaborate on

32. philosophies
33. handwritten
34. care about

35. bank accounts
36. N

37. E

38. F

39. L

40. J

41. M

42. I

43. G

44. K

45. O
46. H

47. C

48. A

49. L

50. N

51. F

52. H

53. B

54. D

55. J
56. A

57. C

58. B

59. C

60. B

61. D

62. B

63. C

64. D

65. A
[
译文
]
In
order
to
promote
fairness
in
education,
China
has
invested
36
billion
yuan
to
improve
educational
facilities
in
rural
areas
and
enhance
compulsory
education
in
the
rural
areas
of
the
central and western regions.
1
These funds are used to improve teaching facilities and buy books,
benefiting more than 160 thousand primary and secondary schools.
2
Besides, these funds are spent
purchasing
music
and
painting
equipment.
3

Now,
children
in
rural
and
mountainous
areas
can
have
music
and
painting
classes
just
as
children
in
coastal
cities
do.
4

Some
students
who
were
transferred
to
city
schools
for
receiving
better
education
have
now
returned
to
their
local
rural
schools.
5



2014
年
1 2
月四级真题
(
第
2
套
)
Part IWriting(30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay about a course thathas
impressed
you
most in should state the reasons and write at least 120words but no
more than 180 words.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。

Part IIListening Comprehension (30 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the
end
of
each
conversation,
one
or
more
questions
will
be
asked
about
what
was
said.
Both
the
conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause.
During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A
．
,B
．
, C
．

and D
．
, and decide which
is
the
best
answer.
Then
mark
the
corresponding
letter
on
Answer
Sheet
1
with
a
single
line
through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。

1.

A
．

She used to be in poor health.

B
．

She was popular among boys.
C
．

She was somewhat overweight.
D
．

She didn't do well at high school.
2. A
．

At the airport.
B
．

In a restaurant.

C
．

In a booking office.
D
．

At the hotel reception.
3. A
．

Teaching her son by herself.

B
．

In a restaurant.

C
．

Asking the teacher for extra help.
D
．

Telling her son not to worry.
4. A
．

Have a short break.

B
．

Take two weeks off.
C
．

Continue her work outdoors.
D
．

Go on vacation with the man.
5. A
．

He is taking care of his twin brother.

B
．

Take two weeks off.
C
．

He is worried about Rod's health.
D
．

He has been in perfect condition.
6. A
．

She sold all her furniture before she moved house.
B
．

She still keeps some old furniture in her new house.
C
．

She plans to put all her old furniture in the basement.
D
．

She bought a new set of furniture from Italy last month.
7. A
．

The woman wondered why the man didn't return the book.
B
．

The woman doesn't seem to know what the book is about.
C
．

The woman doesn't find the book useful any more.
D
．

The woman forgot lending the book to the man.
8. A
．

Most of the man's friends are athletes.
B
．

Few people share the woman's opinion.

C
．

The man doesn't look like a sportsman.
D
．

The woman doubts the man's athletic ability.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9. A
．

She has packed it in one of her bags.
B
．

She is going to get it at the airport.

C
．

She has probably left it in a taxi.
D
．

She is afraid that she has lost it.
10. A
．

It ends in winter.
B
．

It will cost her a lot.

C
．

It will last one week.
D
．

It depends on the weather.
11. A
．

The plane is taking off soon.
B
．

The taxi is waiting for them.
C
．

There might be a traffic jam.
D
．

There is a lot of stuff to pack.
12. A
．

At home.
B
．

At the airport.

C
．

In the man's car.
D
．

By the side of a taxi.
Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13. A
．

She is thirsty for promotion.
B
．

She wants a much higher salary.
C
．

She is tired of her present work.
D
．

She wants to save travel expenses.
14. A
．

Translator.

C
．

Language instructor.
B
．

Travel agent.
D
．

Environmental engineer.
15. A
．

Lively personality and inquiring mind.
B
．

Communication skills and team spirit.
C
．

Devotion and work efficiency.
D
．

Education and experience.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will
hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear
a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A
．
,B
．
, C
．

and D
．
.
Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。

Passage One
Questions 16 to 19 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A
．

They care a lot about children.
B
．

They need looking after in their old age.

C
．

They want to enrich their life experience.
D
．

They want children to keep them company.
17. A
．

They are usually adopted from distant places.
B
．

Their birth information is usually kept secret~
C
．

Their birth parents often try to conceal their birth information.
D
．

Their adoptive parents don't want them to know their birth parents.
18. A
．

They generally hold bad feelings towards their birth parents.
B
．

They do not want to hurt the feelings of their adoptive parents.
C
．

They have mixed feelings about finding their natural parents.
D
．

They are fully aware of the expenses involved in the search.
19. A
．

Early adoption makes for closer parent-child relationship.
B
．

Most .people prefer to adopt children from overseas.
C
．

Understanding is the key to successful adoption.
D
．

Adoption has much to do with love.
Passage Two
Questions 20 to 22 are based on the passage you have just heard.
20. A
．

He suffered from mental illness.

B
．

He bought The Washington Post.
C
．

He turned a failing newspaper into a success.
D
．

He was once a reporter for a major newspaper.
21. A
．

She was the first woman to lead a big U.S. publishing company.
B
．

She got her first job as a teacher at the University of Chicago.
C
．

She committed suicide because of her mental disorder.
D
．

She took over her father's position when he died.
22. A
．

People came to see the role of women in the business world.
B
．

Katharine played a major part in reshaping Americans' mind.
C
．

American media would be quite different without Katharine.
D
．

Katharine had exerted an important influence on the world.
Passage Three
Questions 23 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
23. A
．

It'll enable them to enjoy the best medical care.
B
．

It'll allow them to receive free medical treatment.
C
．

It'll protect them from possible financial crises.
D
．

It'll prevent the doctors from overcharging them.
24. A
．

They can't immediately get back the money paid for their medical cost.
B
．

They have to go through very complicated application procedures.
C
．

They can only visit doctors who speak their native languages.
D
．

They may not be able to receive timely medical treatment.
25. A
．

They don't have to pay for the medical services.
B
．

They needn't pay the entire medical bill at once.
C
．

They must send the receipts to the insurance company promptly.
D
．

They have to pay a much higher price to get an insurance policy.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the
first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second
time,
you
are
required
to
fill
in
the
blanks
with
the
exact
words
you
have
just
heard.
Final-
ly,
when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。

More and more of the world's population are living in towns or cities. The speed at which cities
are growing in the less developed countries is (26)__________. Between 1920 and 1960 big cities
in developed countries increased two and a half times in size, but in other parts of the world the
growth was eight times their size.
The (27) __________size of growth is bad enough, but there are now also very disturb-ing signs
of
trouble
in
the
(28)__________
of
percentages
of
people
living
in
towns
and
per-centages
of
people working in industry. During the nineteenth century cities grew(29)__________ the growth
of
industry.
In
Europe
the
proportion
of
people
living
in
citiesWasalwayssm allerthanthatoftheworkForceworkingin
,however,the(30)
__________
is
almost
always
tree
in
the
newly
industrialised
world:
the
percentage
of
people
living
in
cities
is
much
higher
than
the
percentage
working
in
industry.

Without
a
base
of
people
working
in
industry,
these
cities
cannot(31)
__________their
growth;thereis
not
enough
money
tobuildadequatehousesfor
thepeoplethatlivethere,(32)__________ the new arrivals. There has been little opportunity to build
water
supplies
orother
(33)
__________
So,thefiguresforthegrowthoftown sandcities(34)__________
proportional
growth
of
unemployment and underemployment, a growth in the number of hopeless and (35)__________
parents and starving children.
Part
Ⅱ
IReading Comprehension (40 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word
for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage
through carefully before
making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.
Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through
the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.
As
an
Alaskan
fisherman,
Timothy
June,54,
used
to
think
that
he
was
safe
from
industrial
pollutants(
污染物
) at
his
home
in
Haines--a
town
with
a
population
of
2,400 people
and 4,000
eagles,with 8 million acres of protected wild land nearby. But in early 2007, June agreed to take
part in a 36 of 35 Americans from seven states. It was a biomonitoring project, in which people's
blood
and
ur/ne
(
尿
)
were
tested
for
37
of
chemicals--in
this
case,
three
potentially
dangerous
classes
of
compounds
found
in
common
household
38
like
face
cream,
tin
cans,
and
shower
curtains. The
results--39 in November in a report called
worrying.
Every
one
of
the
participants,40
from
an
minois
state
senator
to
a
Massachusetts
minister,
tested
positive
for
all
three
classes
of
pollutants.
And
while
the
41
presence
of
these
chemicals does not 42 indicate a health risk, the fact that typical Americans carry these chemicals
at all 43 June and his fellow participants.
Clearly, there are chemicals in our bodies that don't 44 there. A large, ongoing study conducted by
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has found 148 chemicals in Americans of all ages.
And in 2005, the Environmental Working Group found an 45 of 200 chemicals in the blood of 10
new-borns.
cosponsored

It
in
Us?This
is
going
to
be
the
next
big
environmental
issue
after
climate
change.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。

A
．

analyses

B
．

average

C
．

belong
D
．

demonstrated

E
．
excess
F
．

extending
G
．

habitually
H
．

necessarily
I
．

products
J
．

ranging

K
．

released
L
．

shocked
M
．

simple
N
．

survey
O
．

traces
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each
statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which
the
information
is
derived.
You
may
choose
a
paragraph
more
than
once.
Each
paragraph
is
marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet
2.

In Hard Economy for All Ages, Older Isn't Better... It's Brutal
[A] Young graduates are in debt, out of work and on their parents' couches. People in their 30s and
40s
can't
afford
to
buy
homes
or
have
children.
Retirees
are
earning
near-zero
interest
on
their
savings.
[B]
In
the
current
listless
(
缺乏活力的
) economy,
every
generation
has
a
claim
to
having
been
most injured. But the Labor Department's latest jobs reports and other recent data present a strong
case
for
crowning
baby
boomers
(
二战后生育高峰期出生的人
)
as
the
greatest
victims
of
the
recession and its dreadful consequences.
[C] These Americans in their 50s and early 60s --those near retirement age who do not yet have
access to Medicare and Social Security--have lost the most earnings power of any age group, with
their household incomes 10 percent below what they made when the recovery began three years
ago, according to Sentier Research, a data analysis company. Their retirement savings and home
values
fell
sharply
at
the
worst
possible
time:
just
before
they
needed
to
cash
out.
They
are
supporting
both
aged
parents
and
unemployed
young-adult
children,earning
them
the
unlucky
nickname
[D]
New
research
suggests
that
they
may
die
sooner,
because
their
health,
income
security
and
mental well-being were battered (
重创
) by recession at a crucial time in their lives. A recent study
by economists at Wellesley College found that people who lost their jobs in the few years before
becoming qualified for Social Security lost up to three years from their life expectanv'y (
预期寿
命
), largely because they no longer had access to affordable health care.
[E]
Unemployment
rates
for
Americans
nearing
retirement
are
far
lower
than
those
for
young
people, who are recently out of school, with fewer skills and a shorter work history. But once out
of
a
job,
older
workers
have
a
much
harder
time
finding
another
one.
Over
the
last
year,
the
average duration of unemployment for older people was 53 weeks, compared with 19 weeks for
teenagers, according to the Labor Department's jobs report released on Friday.
[F] The lengthy process is partly because older workers are more likely to have been laid off from
industries that are downsizing, like manufacturing. Compared with the rest of the population, older
people
are
also
more
likely
to
own
their
own
homes
and
be
less
mobile
than
renters,
who
can
move to new job markets.
[G] Older workers are more likely to have a disability of some sort, perhaps limiting the range of
jobs that offer realistic choices. They may also be less inclined, at least initially, to take jobs that
pay far less than their old positions.
[H] Displaced boomers also believe they are victims of age discrimination, because employers can
easily
find
a
young,
energetic
worker
who
will
accept
lower
pay
and
who
can
potentially
stick
around for decades rather than a few years.
[I]In a survey of older workers who were laid off during the recession, just one in six had found
another job, and half of that group had accepted pay cuts.14% of the re-employed said the pay in
their new job was less than half what they earned in their previous job.
me? What have I done to deserve this?'
developer,
ended
four
years
ago
when
his
employer
went
out
of
business.
That
position
paid
$$90,000,
and
his
resume
lists
jobs
at
companies
like
American
Express,
Disney
and
USA
Networks. Since being laid off, though, he has worked a series of part-time, low- wage, temporary
positions, including selling shoes at Lord & Taylor and making sales calls for a car company.
[J] The last few years have taken a toil not only on his family's finances, but also on his feelings of
self-worth.
their careers and going home. I just wish I was doing that. Some people don't like their jobs, or
they have problems with their jobs, but at least they're working. I just wish I was in their shoes.

He said he cannot afford to go back to school, as many younger people without jobs have done.
Even
if
he
could
afford
it,
economists
say
it
is
unclear
whether
older
workers
like
him
benefit
much from more education.
[K]

just
doesn't
make
sense
to
offer
retraining
for
people
55
and
older,
said
Daniel
Hamermesh,
an
economics
professor.
by
age,
long-term
unemployment,
and
the
fact that they're now at the end of the hiring queue just don't make it sensible to invest in them.
[L]Many
displaced
older
workers
are
taking
this
message
to
heart
and
leaving
the
labor
force
entirely.
The
share
of
older
people
applying
for
Social
Security
early
rose
quickly
during
the
recession
as
people
sought
whatever
income
they
could
find.
The
penalty
they
will
pay
is
permanent,
as
retirees
who
take
benefits
at
age
62
will
receive
as
much
as
30%
less
in
each
month's check for the rest of their lives than they would if they had waited until full retirement age
(66 for those born after 1942).
[M] Those not yet qualified for Social Security are increasingly applying for another, comparable
kind
of
income
support
that
often
goes
to
people
who
expect
never
to
work
again:
disability
benefits. More than one in eight people in their late 50s is now on some form of federal disability
insurance
program,
according
to
Professor
Mark
Duggan
at
the
University
of
Pennsylvania's
Wharton School.
[N]
The
very
oldest
Americans,
of
course,
were
battered
by
some
of
the
same
ill
winds
that
tormented(
折磨
) those now nearing retirement, but at least the most senior were cushioned by a
more
readily
available
social
safety
net.
More
important,
in
a
statistical
twist,
they
may
have
actually benefited from the financial crisis in the most fundamental way: longer lives.

[O]
Death
rates
for
people
over
65
have
historically
fallen
during
recessions,
according
to
a
November2011 study by economists at the University of California, Davis. Why? The researchers
argue
that
weak
job
markets
push
more
workers
into
accepting
relatively
undesirable
work
at
nursing homes, leading to better care for residents.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。

46. Greater mobility puts younger people at an advantage in seeking new jobs.
47. Many of the older workers laid off during the recession had to accept lower pay in their new
jobs.
48. Those who lose their jobs shortly before retirement age live a shorter-than-average life.
49. Seniors at nursing homes could benefit from the weak job market.
50. Age discrimination in employment makes it pointless retraining older workers.
51. According to recent reports and data analyses, boomers suffer most from the weak economy.
52.
Unemployed
boomers
are
at
a
disadvantage
in
job-hunting
because
employers
tend
to
hire
younger workers.
53. People in their fifties and early sixties bear the heaviest family burdens.
54. People who take benefits from Social Security before official retirement age will get much less
for the rest of their lives.
55. Older workers' choice of jobs can be limited because of disability.

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or
unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked'A
．
,B
．
, C
．

and D
．
.
You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a
single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.

New Yorkers are gradually getting used to more pedaling (
骑车的
) passengers on those shining
blue Citi Bikes. But what about local bike shops? Is Citi Bike rolling up riders at their expense?

At Gotham Bikes in Tribeca, manager W. Ben said the shop has seen an increase in its overall
sales due to the bike-share program.
employee at Danny's Cycles in Gramercy also said Citi Bike is a good option for people to ease
into
biking
in
a
city
famed
for
its
traffic
jams
and
aggressive
drivers.
can
try
out
a
bike
without committing to buying one,
Rentals
are
not
a
big
part
of
the
business
at
either
Gotham
Bikes
or
Danny's
Cycles.
But
for
Frank's
Bike
Shop,
a
small
business
on
Grand
St.,
the
bike-share
program
has
been
bad
news.
Owner Frank Arroyo said his rental business has decreased by 90
％

since Citi Bike was rolled out
last month.

Arroyo's main rental customers are European tourists, who have since been drawn away by Citi
Bikes.

However, Ben said the bike-share is good for bike sales at his shop.
share and realized how great it is to bike in the city, then decide that they want something nicer for
themselves,

Christian
Farrell
of
Waterfront
Bicycle
Shop,
on
West
St.
just
north
of
Christopher
St.,
said
initially he was concerned about bike-share, though, he admitted,
bikes.

Farrell's early concerns were echoed by Andrew Crooks, owner of NYC Velo, at 64 Second Ave.

Bike. He saidhe worried about inexperienced riders' lack of awareness of bildng rules and strong
negative reaction from non- cyclists. However, he said, it's still too early to tell ff his business has
been impacted.
While
it's
possible
bike-share
will
cause
a
drop
in
business,
Crooks
allowed
that
the
idea
is
a
positive step forward for New York City.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。

56. What is the author's chief concern about the increasing use of Citi Bikes in New York?
A
．

How non-cyclists will respond to it.
B
．

Whether local bike shops will suffer.
C
．

Whether local bike businesses will oppose it.
D
．

How the safety of bike riders can be ensured.
57. What happened to Gotham Bikes as a result of the bike-share program?
A
．

It found its bike sales unaffected.
B
．

It shifted its business to rentals.

C
．

It saw its bike sales on the rise.
D
．

It rented more bikes to tourists.
58. Why is the bike-share program bad news for Frank's Bike Shop?
A
．

It cannot meet the demand of the bike-share program.
B
．

Its customers have been drawn away by Citi Bikes.
C
．

Its bike prices have to be lowered again and again.
D
．

It has to compete with the city's bike rental shops.
59. Why did Andrew Crooks think that the bike-share program would be difficult to execute?
A
．

Inexperienced riders might break biking rules.
B
．

Conflicts might arise among bike rental shops.
C
．

Traffic conditions might worsen in the downtown area.
D
．

There are not enough lanes to accommodate the bikes.
60. What is the general attitude of local bike shops towards Citi Bike?
A
．

Wait-and-see.
B
．

Negative.
C
．

Indifferent.

D
．

Approving.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Various
studies
have
shown
that
increased
spending
on
education
has
not
led
to
measurable
improvements in learning. Between 1980 and 2008, staff and teachers at U.S. public schools grew
roughly twice as fast as students. Yet students showed no additional learning in achievement tests.
Universities show similar trends of increased administration personnel and costs without greater
learning, as documented in Richard Arum and Josipa Roksa's recent book Academically Adrift:
Limited Learning on College Campuses.
A survey shows that 63% of employers say that recent college graduates don't have the sldlls they
need to succeed and 25% of employers say that entry-level writing skills are lacking.
Some
simplistically
attribute
the
decline
in
our
public
education
system
to
the
drain
of
skilled
students by private schools, but far more significant events were at work.
Public schools worked well until about the 1970s. In fact, until that time, public schools provided
far better education than private ones. It was the underperforming students who were thrown out
of public schools and went to private ones.
A
prominent
reason
public
schools
did
well
was
that
many
highly
qualified
women
had
few
options
for
worldng
outside
the
house
other
than
being
teachers
or
nurses.
They
accepted
relatively low pay,difficult working conditions, and gave their very best.
Having such a large supply of talented women teachers meant that society could pay less for their
services. Women's liberation opened up new professional opportunities for women, and, over time,
some of the best left teaching as a career option, bringing about a gradual decline in the quality of
schooling.
Also
around
that
time,
regulations,
government,
and
unions
came
to
dictate
pay,
prevent
ac~ustments,and
introduce
bureaucratic
(
官僚的
)
standard
for
advancement.
Large
education
bureaucracies and unions came to dominate the landscape, confusing activity with achievement.
Bureaucrats regularly rewrite curriculums, talk nonsense about theories of education, and require
ever
more
admires
trators.
The
end
result
has
been
that,
after
all
the
spending,
students
have
worse math and reading skills than both their foreign peers and earlier generations spending far
less on education--as all the accumulating evidence now documents.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答

61. What do we learn from various studies on America's public education?
A
．

Achievement tests have failed to truly reflect the quality of teaching.
B
．

Public schools-lack the resources to compete with private schools.
C
．

Little improvement in education has resulted from increased spending.
D
．

The number of students has increased much faster than that of teachers.
62. How do some people explain the decline in public education?
A
．

Government investment does not meet schools' needs.
B
．

Skilled students are moving to private schools.
C
．

Qualified teachers are far from adequately paid.
D
．

Training of students' basic skills is neglected.
63. What was a significant contributor to the past glory of public schools?
A
．

Well-behaved students.
B
．

Efficient admirestration.

C
．

Talented women teachers.
D
．

Generous pay for teachers.
64. Why did some of the best women teachers leave teaching?
A
．

New career opportunities were made available to them by women's liberation.
B
．

Higher academic requirements made it difficult for them to stay in their jobs.
C
．

They were unhappy with the bureaucratic administration in their schools.
D
．

The heavy teaching loads left them little time and energy for family life.
65. What does the author think is one of the results of government involvement in education?
A
．

Increasing emphasis on theories of education.

B
．

Highly standardized teaching methods.
C
．

Students' improved academic performance.
D
．

An ever-growing number of administrators.
Part IVTranslation (30 minutes)
Directions:
For
this
part,
you
are
allowed
30
minutes
to
translate
a
passage
from
Chinese
into
English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国的互联网社区是全世界发展最 快的。
2010
年，中国约有
4
．
2
亿网民
(ne tizen)
，而且人
数还在迅速增长。
互联网的日渐流行带来了重大的社会变化。< br>中国网民往往不同于美国网民。
美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使。用互联网为工具发电子邮件 、买卖商品、做研究、规
划旅程或付款。中国网民更多是出于社交原因使用互联网，因而更广泛地使用论 坛、博客、
聊天室等。

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。

2014
年12
月四级真题答案详解
(
第
2
套
)
Part IWriting
The Most Impressive Course in My College Life
写作指南

本年度的作文文体比较自由，不 再局限于议论文。题目要求考生介绍自己
“
印象最深刻的一
门课
”
， 并阐述原因。

根据题目要求，文章的结构可安排如下：

第一段：引出话题 ，指出大学的课程各有各的作用，但是
“
我
”
个人印象最深刻的一门课程是< br>“
文学鉴赏
”
。

第二段：具体描述该门课，注意重点介绍其特别之处，如老师独特的阅读及讨论要求。

第三段：简要说明自己学习该门课程后的收获，如锻炼了分析能力和批判思维能力。

范文与译文

范文

译文

In coUege
，
we take a variety of courses to develop
在大学，我们学习不同的课程来发展

different
Sldlls
．
Some
courses
are
meant
to
broaden
our
不同的技能。
一些课程旨在拓展我们的视
horizon
；
others
are
designed
to
shape
our
thinking
野，
另一些课程则是要锻炼我们的思维能
abili
—
ties．
Among
all
those
courses
．
the
one
the
has
力。
在所有课程中，
令我印象最为深刻的
impressed me most is Literature Appreciation
．

是
“
文学鉴赏
”
。

This course is unique in that the teacher has his own way to
该课程的特别之处在于任课教师用其

encourage
students
to
become
better
readers
．
He
calls
it
特有的方法来鼓励学生成为聪明的读者。
all“ABC”approach
to
literature
．
“ABC”stands
他称之为文学的
“ABC”
之路。
“ABC”
指的
for“appreciative but critical”
．
Whenever we are assigned a < br>是
“
既要欣赏也要批判
”
。
当我们阅读一首
poem
，
or a short story
，
he first asks US to appreciate the
诗或一篇短篇小说时，
他首先要求我们欣
beauty of the literary works
，
in terms of diction
，
plots
，

赏作品之美，
如措辞、
情节、
韵律等方面
rhythm etc
．
Then he asks US to be cntical
，
trying to find
的美。
接着他会要求我们转向批判，
尽量
fault
with
the
literary
works
．
Everyone
in
class
must
找作品的
“
茬
”< br>。
班上每位同学都必须分别
contribute
one
appreciative
comment
and
one
cnfical
给出欣赏及批判的意见，
而且之前说过的
comment
；
and no one shall repeat what has been said
．

不能再重复。

I find this approach quite beneficiM as well as im-
我觉得这种教学方式不仅令我印象深

pressive
，
because
it
cultivates
my
analytical
thinking
and
刻，
同时还让我受益匪浅，
因为该方式能
critical thinking skills
．
Thanks to this course
，
I anl now an
锻炼我的分析能力和批判思维能力。
多亏
attentive and alert reader
．

这门课，
我现在阅读的时候，
既细心又敏
锐。



万能句型


1
．
Among…
．
the one that has impressed me mostis………
之中．令我印象最为深刻的是
……

2
．
Among…
，
the one that has left me the deepestimpression is
………
之中．令我印象最为深刻
的是
……

3
．
Among…,…has been very impressive onme
．
……
之中，
……
确实令我印象深刻。


1
．
I find…quite beneficial as well as i mpressive
，
because…
我觉得
……
不仅令我印象深 刻，同
时还让我受益匪浅．因为
……

2…
．
is not only very beneficial but also impres-sive in that< br>．
．
．
．
…
．
．
不仅令人印象深刻，
同时
还让人受益匪浅，原因在于
……

3
．
I anl very much impressed by…while at thesame time benefit a lot from it
．
because…
我对
……
印象深刻，并且从中受益匪浅，因为
……

写作模板

In college
，
we(
引出话题
)
．
Some(
某类事物
lare meant to(
发挥的作用
)
；
others are de-
signed to(
发挥的另一种作用
)
．
Among all those(
相关事物
)
，
the one that has impressed me most
is(
印象最深刻的事物
)
．

(
该事物
)is unique in thatf
概述该事物的独特之处< br>)
．
(
分点详述该事物的独特之处
)
．

I find(
该事物
)quite beneficial as well as impressive
，
because it(
阐述原因
l)
．
Thanks to(
该事物
)
，
I am now(
阐述原因
2)
．

Part HListening Comprehension

Section A
1. W: I ran into Sally the other day. I could hardly recognize her. Do you remember her fromhigh
school?

M: Yeah. She was a little out of shape back then. Well, has she lost a lot of weight?
Q: What does the man remember of Sally?
[C]
【解 析】男士说
Sally
当时体形有点不成样子，随后问
“
她是不是减肥了”
，说明她当时体
重超重，即
C
。

【点睛】①
she
选项题，一般问对话中的女士，可本题问对话中谈到的
Sally
，需区分。 ②选
项关键词位于表语
(
或谓语
)
部分，
poor
health,popular,overweight
和
(do)well
等修饰 词提供依
据。③听到
out of shape
．
a lot of weight
，即可迅速解题。

2. W: We don't seem to have a reservation for you, sir. I'm sorry.
M: But my secretary said that she had reserved a room for me here. I phoned her from the airport
this morning just before I got on board the plane.
Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?
[D]
【解析】根据
reserved a room
可知对话发生在宾馆前台。

【点睛】①介词选项，要求判断对话发生的 地点。
②要根据对话关键词解题，比如本对话中
的
reserved
a < br>room
。需要注意的是。录音中也出现了
airport
和
plan e
，但要听清楚在这个场
景下发生的动作是过去发生的，前面的
here
才能 表明对话所在地。

3. W: What would you do if you were in my place?
M: If Paul were my son, I'd just not worry. Now that his teacher is giving him extra help and he is
working harder himself, he's sure to do well in the next exam.
O: What's the man's suggestion to the woman?
[B]< br>【解析】女士问男士有什么建议，男士说
“
不用担心
”
，她儿子下次会 考好的。即建议女
士要对自己的儿子声信心，故选
B
。

【点睛】①动词的现在分词选项，涉及
her son
，应当问
“
女 士如何做
”
。②
C
、
D
分别利用单
词
ex tra help
，
not worry
混淆视听。

4. M: You've had your hands full and have been overworked during the last two weeks. I think you
really need to go out and get some fresh air and sunshine.
W: You are right. That's iust what I'm thinking about.
Q: What is the woman most probably going to do?
[A]
【解析】男士建议女士“
出去呼吸一下新鲜空气，晒晒太阳
”
，即
A“
稍微休息一下< br>”
。

【点睛】①动词原形选项，多问建议、将来的打算，重点是听懂对话中的 建议句型。②不可
根据对话中的片言只语
two weeks
，
go out
选
B
、
C
。

5. W: Hello, John. How are you feeling now? I hear you've been ill.
M: They must have confused me with my twin brother Rod. He's been sick an week, but I've never
felt better in my life.
Q: What do we learn about the man?
[D]
【解析】男士明确说：
“
我一辈子从来没有感觉到比现在更好的
”
，意即他身体状况很好，
故
D
正确。

【点睛】①
He
选项，
ill
，
health
，
perfect condition
表明对话涉及健康状况，需关 注有关男士
的描述。②本题若问男士的孪生兄弟
Rod
的健康状况，则应选
B
。③否定词
never
和比较级
better
连用，表达最高级含义 ，与选项
D
中的
perfect
一致。
@but
之后的内容 往往是考点。

6. M: Did you really give away all your furniture when you moved into the new house last month?
W: Just the useless pieces, as I'm planning to purchase a new set from Italy for the sitting room
only.

O: What does the woman mean?
[B]
【解析】男士问女士是否把全部旧家具都扔了，女士用了just
，
only
说明没有全部扔掉，
因此答案为
B
。

【点睛】①选项均提及
She
如何处理
furniture，听对话时可预期相应内容。②
A
、
C
选项中
的
all
具有绝对化的含义，一般不会是答案。
B
含
some
，极可能是正确 答案。③
D
具有一定
的迷惑性，但时态不对。

7. M: I've brought back your Oxford Companion to Literature. I thought you might use it
for your paper. Sorry not to have returned it earlier.

W: I was wondering where the book was.
Q: What can we infer from the conversation? [D]
【解析】男士还女士书时，女士说
“
我还在纳闷书到哪里去了呢
”
，说明她忘了曾把书借
给男士，即
D
。

【点睛】
①以
The woman
开头的选项，
都带否定含义，核心词是
book
，
相关词有
return,about
，useful
，
lend
，可猜测对话内容。②听懂女士的回答，不难作出正确推 理。

8. W: To tell the truth, Tony, it never occurred to me that you are an athlete.
M: Oh, really?. Most people who meet me, including some friends of mine, don't think so either.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
[C]
【解析】女士及大多数认识男士的人都不觉得男士是运动员，说明
C
正确。

【点睛】
①各选项主语均不一致，
在听力题中比较少见，
可以看作是
“哪个选项正确
”
的问题。
②关键词是
athletes
，
sportsman
，另外涉及到
friends
，
few people
。辨明这些词之间的关系，
就能解题。
③对话中的关键句型值得学习：
it never occurred to me that…
虽然是否定句，
表达
的却是 肯定含义；
not
．
。
either(
也不
)
表示
“
观点相同
”
，故
B
、
D
均错误。

Now you'll hear the two long conversations.
Conversation One
M: Mary, [12]I hope you are packed and ready to leave.
W: Yes, I'm packed, but not quite ready. [9]I can't find my passport.
M: Your passport? That's the one thing you mustn't leave behind.
W: I know. I haven't lost it. [9]I've packed it, but I can't remember which bag it's in.
M: Well, you'll have to find it at the aJ_rport. [11]Come on, the taxi is waiting.
W: [12]Did you say taxi? I thought we were going in your car.
M: Yes, well, I have planned to, but I'll explain later. You've got to be there in an hour.
W: The plane doesn't leave for two hours. Anyway, I'm ready to go now.
M: Now, you are taking just one case, is that right?
W: No, [12]there is one in the hall as well.
M: Gosh, what a lot of stuffl [10]You are taking enough for a month instead of a week.
W: Well, you can't depend on the weather. It might be cold.
M: It's never cold in Rome. Certainly not in May. Come on, we really must go.
W: Right, we are ready. We've got the bags. I'm sure there is no need to rush.
M: There is. [11]I asked the taxi driver to wait two minutes, not twenty.
W: Look, I'm supposed to be going away to relax. You are making me nervous.
M: Well, I want you to relax on holiday, but you can't relax yet.
W: OK. I promise not to relax, at least not until we get to the airport and I find my passport.
9. What does the woman say about her passport?
[A]
【解析】对话开头，女士说找不到护照，并说
“
我拿了的。只是不记得放在哪一个袋子里
了
”
，故
A
正确。

【点睛】①选项均讨论
She
把
it
怎么样了。由动词
pa cked
，
get
，
left,lost
不难对各选项予以
区别。②对话开头的
passport
由男士重复反问过，是信息重点，猜测即是选项中的it
。女士
否认
“
遗失
(lost)”
，排除
D
。③由原文中的
pack
即可选定答案。

10
．
What do we know about the woman’s trip?

[C]
【解析】根据男士的讽刺
“
你带的东西都够一个 月而不是一周用了
”
，可见女士计划外出
一周。

【点睛】
①难点是判断选项主语
it
的含义，
必须根据对话来理解。
②选项关键词是< br>winter,cost
a lot,one week
。
weather
。录音提到
a week
和
we ather
，但说到
weather
时用的是否定句。故
可排除
D< br>，选
C
。
A
、
B
均未提及。

11
．
Why does the man urge the woman to hurry?
[B]
【解析】男士两次提及
taxi
在等，故答案为
B
。

【点睛】①由
plane
，
taxi
，
traffic < br>jam
猜测，本题可能与交通有关。②离飞机起飞还有两个
小时，时间充裕，
A
不对；
C
未提及；尽管东西多，但都已经打好包了，
D
也不准确。< br>B
是
对话中重复出现的信息，是正确答案。③可以根据听到的提问方式确认答案。

12
．
Where does the conversation most probably take place?
[A]
【解析】根据
“
离开< br>”
、
“
厅里
(
还有一个箱子
)”
、
“
你的车
”
等关键词可知二人准备离开家外
出旅游。

【点 睛】显然问
“
对话发生在何处
”
。根据对话中的关键词
(
信 息
)
推理判断。

Conversation Two
W: Oh, [13]I'm fed up with my job.
M: Hey, there is a perfect job for you in the paper today. You might be interested.
W: Oh? What is it? What do they want?
M: Walt a minute. Eh, here it is. [14]The European Space Agency is recruiting translators.
W: The European Space Agency?
M: Well, that's what it says. They need an English translator to work from French or German.
W: So they need a degree in French or German, I suppose. Well, I've got that. What's more, I have
plenty of experience. What else are they asking for?
M:
Just
that.
A
university
degree
and
three
or
four
years
of
experience
as
[14]a
translator
in
a
profes-
sional
environment.
They
also
say
the
person
should
have
a
lively
and
inquiring
mind,
effective com- munication skills and the ability to work individually or as a part of the team.
W:
Well,
if
I
stay
at
my
present
job
much
longer,
I
won't
have
any
mind
or
skills
left.
By
the
way,[15]what about salary? just hope it isn't lower than what I get now.
M:
It's
said
to
'be
negotiable.
[15]It
depends
on
the
applicant's
education
and
experience.
In
addition to basic salary, there is a list of extra benefits. Have a look yourself.
W: Hmm, travel and social security plus relocation expenses are paid. Hey, this isn't bad. I really
want the job.
13
．
Why is the woman trying to find a new job?
[C]
【解析】对话第
1
句女士就说自己厌倦了自己的工 作，故答案为
C
。

【点睛】
①选项涉及
She
对 工作的态度、
期望。
②对话首尾处是出题重点。
③答案中的
be tired
of
是原文
be fed up with
的同义表达。

14
．
What position is being advertised in the paper?
[A]
【解析】对话多次提到所招聘职位是
“
翻译
”
，故选
A
。

【点睛】①表示职业、职务的名词选项 ，只需听到原文相关信息
“
对号入座
”
即可。②关键信
息是考点，往 往在对话中多次出现。

15. What are the key factors that determine the salary of the new position?
[D]D
【解析】对话中男士说，工资待遇
“
取决于求职者的教育背景和工作经历< br>”
，
D
是原文再
现，正确。

【点睛】①名词选项。 不仅需理解各选项的含义，
还需在录音中听到有关信息，并做相应记
录。②
A
、
B
的内容在对话中同时出现，作并列成分，故可同时排除。
C
未提及。
SectionB
．

Passage One
When
couples
get
married,
they
usually
plan
to
have
children.
Sometimes
however,
a
couple
cannot have a child of their own. In this case, they may decide to adopt a child. In fact, adoption is
very common today. There are about 60,000 adoptions each year in the United States alone. Some
people
prefer
to
adopt
infants.
Others
adopt
older
children.
Some
couples
adopt
children
from
their
own
countries.
Others
adopt
children
from
foreign
countries.
In
any
case,
they
all
adopt
children for the same reason: [16]they care about children and want to give their adopted child a
happy life. Most adopted children know that they are adopted. Psychologists and childcare experts
generally think this is a good idea. However, many adopted children or adoptees have very little
information
about
their
biological
parents.
[17]As
a
matter
of
fact,
it
is
often
very
difficult
for
adoptees
to
find
out
about
their
birth
parents,
because
the
birth
records
of
most
adoptees
are
usually sealed. The information is secret, so no one can see it. Naturally, adopted children have
different feelings about their birth parents. Many adoptees want to search for them, but others do
not. The decision to search for birth parents is a difficult one to make. [18]Most adoptees have
mixed feelings about finding their biological parents. Even though adoptees do not know about
their natural parents, [19]they do know that their adoptive parents want them, love them and will
care for them.
16. Accordingtothespeaker,whydosome couples adopt children?
[A]
【解析】短文先介绍了种种收养孩子的行为，然后总结说：不管是 什么样的情形，人们
收养孩子都出于同一个理由：他们喜欢孩子。故
A
正确。

【点睛】
①由选项中的
need
，
want
可知，
本题问
“
他们
”
的目的、
打算。
内容上涉及
chi ldren
，
old age
和
life experience
，
可重点关注有关内容。
(
室
)care about children
是原词再现。③说明
理由的内容常是考点。

17. Why is it difficult for adoptees to find out about their birth parents?
[B]
【解析】短文说到 ：大多数被收养者的出生记录往往不对外公开。相关资料是保密的，
因此没有人能看到。
B与此相符。

【点睛】
①四个选项主语均不相同，
但都涉及
“< br>收养
”
关系；
distant
，
secret
，conceal
等都有
“
遮
蔽信息
”
的含义。②考点内 容由
because
引导出来，也是语义重心所在，应不难作答。

18. Why do many adoptees find it hard to make the decision to search for the birth parents?
[C]< br>【解析】短文提到：被收养者很难作出要寻找生身父母的决定：大多数人对寻找自己的
生身父母感 情复杂。
mixed feelings
是解题关键词。答案选
C
。

【点睛】①
A
、
B
、
C
中均提到
feel ings
，只是各自的修饰语不同：听到录音中相应的修饰语
mixed
，即可作答。 ②不可仅凭常识自以为是地选
B
。实际上，
A
与短文内容不符。
B< br>、
D
则
未提及。

19. What can we infer from the passage?
[D]
【解析】短文开头提到，人们收养孩子是因为他们喜欢
(care
a bout)
孩子；最后又说，被
收养者知道，其养父母需要他们，爱
(10ve)他们，会照顾他们。因此．
D
正确。

【点睛】①各选项均讨论
“
收养
”
关系，只是各有侧重。
A
、
B
显然不符合 文章内容；
C
貌似
正确，但短文没有讨论
understandin9
的问题。②推理题要依据文章的主旨、多次重复的信
息解答。

Passage Two
Katharine
Graham
graduated
from
the
University
of
Chicago
in
1938
and
got
a
job
as
a
news
reporter
in
San
Francisco.
[20]Katharine's
father
used
to
be
a
successful
investment
banker.
In
1933
he
bought
a
failing
newspaper--The
Washington
Post.
Then
Kathaxine
returned
to
Washington and got a job,editing letters in her father's newspaper. She married Philip Graham who
took over his father-in-law's position, shortly after and became publisher of The Washington Post.
But for many years her husband suffered from mental illness and he killed himself in 1963. After
her
husband's
death,
Katharine
operated
the
newspaper.
In
the
1970s,
the
newspaper
became
famous around the world. And Katharine was also recognized as an important leader in newspaper
publishing.
[21]She
was
the
first
woman
to
head
a
major
American
publishing
company --The
Washington
Post
Company.
In'
a
few
years,
she
successfully
expanded
the
company
to
include
newspaper, magazine, broadcast and cable companies. She died of head injuries after a fall when
she was 84. More than 3,000 people attended her funeral including many government and business
leaders.
[22]Her
friends
said
she
would
be
remembered
as
a
woman
who
had
an
important
influence on events in the United States and the world. Katharine once wrote:
newspapers
would
not
be
the
same
kind
of
world.
After
her
death,
the
employees
of
The

Washington Post wrote: [22]
20. What do we learn from the passage about Katharine's father?
[B]
【解析】短 文说，
Katharine
的父亲于
l933
年买下了陷入困境的《华盛顿邮 报》
。故
8
正
确。

【点睛】①选项主语是
He< br>，要注意区分短文中听到的不同人物及其所作所为。有精神疾病
的是
Katharine
的丈夫；做过记者的是
Katharine
；邮报是
20
世纪
70
年代闻名天下的．当时
由
Katharine
负责。②要根据问题选择 答案。

21. What does the speaker tell US about Katharine Graham?
[A]
【解析】
原文提到：Katharine
是担任美国主要出版公司领导人的第一位女性。
故
A
正确。

【点睛】①考点含
the first woman
这种强调性字眼 ．是文章的语义重心所在，应能听到、记
住。②选项
A
用
to lead a bi9…company
解释原文中的
tohead a major…c
ompan y
．是典型的
同义替换选项。③其他选项，要么文章未提及，要么人物和事件弄混。

22. What does the comment by employees of The Washington Post suggest?
[D]
【解析】文章结尾的几句都是对
Katharine
的评价。
“
她将作为一个对美国以及全世界的
事 件产生过重要影响的女性为世人所怀念
……
没有
Katharine
的世界将 是一个完全不同的世
界。
”
这些表述含义相同，
D
与此一致。

【点睛】
①各选项均谈到
Katharine
的影响，
分析各选 项的区别．
主要是影响的范围不一致。
A
说
business world< br>．
C
说
media
，范围都太窄。
B
在短文中未提及 。

若能记住
world
一词，即可准确无误答题。②文章结尾句若是对前文 的重复强调，是明白无
误的语义重心，则往往是出题考点。

Passage Three
Obtaining
[23]good
health
insurance
is
a
real
necessity
while
you
are
studying
overseas.
It
protects you from minor and major medical expenses that can wipe out not only your savings but
your dreams of an education abroad. There are often two different types of health insurance you
can consider buying:international travel insurance and student insurance in the country where you
will be going. An interna-tional travel insurance policy is usually purchased in your home country
before you go abroad. It gener-ally covers a wide variety of medical services and you are often
given a list of doctors in the area where you will travel who may even speak your native language.
[24]The drawback might be that you may not get your money back immediately. In other words,
you
may
have
to
pay
all
your
medical
ex-penses
and
then
later
submit
your
receipts
to
the
insurance company. On the other hand, [25]gettiug stu-dent health insurance in the country where
you will study might allow you to only pay a certain percent-age of the medical cost at the time of
service and thus you don't have to have sufficient cash to pay the entire bill at once. Whatever you
decide, obtaining some form of health insurance is something you should consider before you go
overseas. You shouldn't wait until you are sick with major medical bills to pay off.
23. Why does the speaker advise overseas students to buy health insurance?
[C]
【解析】短文开头说，好的健康保险可 以使你免受大大小小的医疗费用的困扰：这些费
用不仅会耗尽你的积蓄，而且还会让你的留学梦破灭。< br>C
正确。

【点睛】①选项中的关键信息是
“
就医
”(medical care
／

treatment)
、
“
钱
”(f ree
，
financial crises,over-charge).
可据此听 取有关信息
.
②考点是第
2
句．它
是对第
1
句(
主题句
)
的解释说明
.
24
．
What is the drawback of students’buying in
．
ternationai travel insurance?
［
A
］
［解析］短文
提到，购买国际旅行保险的缺点是你不能马上拿回你支付的钱
.A
与此完全一致
.
是答案
.
［点
睛］①各选项要么是否定 句，要么有
mplicated
等修饰语，都具有负面含义，涉
及返款、
申请 程序、
就医限制等
.
②可一边听录音一边对相关选项作正误判断，
不难推知，
B
、
C
、
D
均不正确
.
25
．
Wllat does the speaker say about students'get
．
ting health insurance in the country where they
will study
．
［
B］
［解析］短文说，在留学国购买健康保险可以在就医时只支付部分医疗费，
而不必一下子 支付所有费用
.
选项
B
与原文一致
.
［点睛］①
A
、
B
是好处，
C
、
D
说局限
(“
不
得不
……”)
其中，
A
是全盘的否定，
B
是部分 否定
.
注意这些细微差别，
便于在听到相应信息
时判断、辨别
.②短文先概述两种健康险
(
对应第
23
题
)
，然后分别 介绍两种保险的特点
(
对应
第
24
题和第
25
题< br>)
，出题点和文章结构一一对应
.
Section C
ng
［解析］空格所在句的主干是
The speed is
空格位于系动词
is
后，与
is
共同构成
句子的谓语
.alarming< br>在句中为形容词，意为
‘‘
令人担忧的
”.

27
．
sheer
［解析］空格前是定冠词
The
，空格后是名词词组
si ze of growth“
增长的规模
”
，故
空格处应填人
size of g rowth
的修饰成分
.sheer
在句中意为
“
纯粹的
” .

28
．
comparison
［解析］空格前是定冠词
the
，空格后是
of
引导的介宾短语，故空格处应填
人用名词
(< br>词组
).
名词
comparison
为动词
compare“
比较，对比
”
的派生词，意为
“
比较
”.

29
．
as a result of
［解析］空格前的句意为
“< br>城市发展
”
，空格后为名词词组
“
工业的发展
”
，填
入
as a result of
作为
……
的结果
”
，表现城市的发展是由业的发展造成的
.
30
．
reverse
［解析］空格位于定冠词
the
后面，故应填入名词
(
词组
)
，作句子的主语
.reverse
在句中作名词．意为
“
相反的情况
”.

31
．
pay for
［解析］
空格位于情态动词
cannot
后面
.
故应填入动词
(
词组
)
的原形，
pay for
表示
“
负担
……
的费用，偿还< br>”
，在句中意为
“
这些城市无法承担城市人口发展所带来的代价
”.< br>
32
．
let alone
［解析］
let alone< br>意为
“
更不用说，不必考虑
”.
空格所在句意为
“
尚 且没有足够财
力为当地人建造足够的房屋，更不用说为新移民建房屋了
.”

33
．
facilities
［解析］由空格前的
or
可知，空格所 在的
other
与前面的
water supplies
并列，
都是 一些基本设施、设备
.facility
意为
“
设施，设备
”
，常用复数形式
.
34
．
represent
［解析］空格所在 句缺少谓语成分，故空格处应填入动词
(
词组
0 represent
意为
“
代表
”.

35
．despaifing
［解析］
由空格前的
and
可知，
空格填 入的成分与
hopeless“
失去希望的
”
并列，
都应该是含负面 意义的修饰语
.despairing
意为
“
绝望的
”.

Part
Ⅲ
Reading Comprehension
Section A
全又翻译

五十四岁的阿拉斯加渔民蒂莫西
·
朱恩曾经以为他住在家乡海恩斯就可以免受工业污染的危
害
.
海恩斯是个拥有
2400
人、
4000
只鹰的小镇，附近还有
800
万英亩 的自然保护区
.
但是在
2007
年初，
朱恩参加了一项针对美国7
个州
35
人的调查
.
这是一个生物监测的项目，
通过 检
测人体血液和尿液来追踪化学物质
.
该调查在面霜、锡罐和浴帘等日常家居用品中发 现了三
类具有潜在危险的化学物
.
调查结果非常令人担忧
.11
月，
一个环保组织将该结果发表在一份
名为
“
是否存在于我们体内
?”< br>的报告中
.
每个参与调查的人，从伊利诺斯州的参议员到马萨诸
塞州的部长.
上述三类污染物的检测结果都呈阳性
.
尽管人体内存在这些化学物质并不一定 表明有健康隐
患，但普通美国人携带这些化学物质的事实的确让朱恩和其他参与者深感震惊
.< br>显而易见
,
我
们体内有一些本不属于我们自身的化学物质
.
美 国疾病控制与预防中心正在进行的一项大型
研究在各年龄段的美国人体内共发现了
148
种化学物质
.
而在
2005
年，环境工作小组在
10
个新 生儿的血液中发现平均有
200
种化学物质
《公益》
.
杂志
(
该杂志是
.
是否存在于我们体内
?”
报告赞助方之一
)< br>的莎瑞尔
·
帕顿说：
“
我们的孩子在出生之前就已经被污染了，这将是 自气
候变化之后的又一大环境问题
.”

词性分析

名


词：
analyses
分析；分析报告［复数］average
平均数，平均
excess
过量，过度；超过
produ cts
产品；乘积［复数］
survey
调查；测量；全面审视
traces
痕迹，踪迹；微量［复数］

动


词：
anal yses
分析［第三人称单数］
average
平均，求平均数
belon9
属于；应归入；适
应
demonstrated
论证；演示；举例说明；举行 示威游行［过去式或过去分词］
extending
延
伸，扩展；提供，给予；达到［ 现在分词或动名词］
ranging(
在某范围内
)
变动；
(ove r)
涉及；
使排列成行
f
现在分词或动名词］
released释放，解除；发布，发表［过去式或过去分词］
shocked(
使
)
震 惊［过去式或过去分词］
survey
调查；测量；全面审视
traces
查 出；追溯；描
摹［第三人称单数］

形容词：
average
平均的 ；平常的
excess
过量的，额外的
shocked
震惊的
sim ple
简单的

副


词：
habitually
习惯地
necessarily
必要地：必然地

解题思路

36
．
［
N
］空格前的不定冠词
a
表明此处应填入 可数名词单数形式，作
take part in“
参加
”
的宾
语< br>.
下一句的主语
It
指代该词，
根据该句的表语
a biomonitoring project“
一个生物监测的项目
”
可知填入的词 与
project
语义相关，因此选
N
项
survey“
调 查
”.

37
．
［
O
］空格前是介词
fo r“
为了
”
，空格后是
of
属格，故此处应填入名词或动名词
.
本句是
in
which
引导的定语从句，
which
指代
project“
项目
”
，句子提到这个项目对人体的血液和尿
液进行了测试，目的当然是找到化学物质，
O
项
traces“
痕迹，踪迹< br>”
符合逻辑
.
38
．田空格前是形容词
household “
家庭的
”
，故此处应填入名词，意义上能概括空格后列举
的
fac e creani“
面霜
”
、
tin cans“
锡罐
”
和
shower curtains“
浴帘
”
等家用的东西
.
词库的名词中，
l
项
products “
产品
”
符合要求
.coInInon household products
表示
“
普通居家用品
”.

39
．
［
K
］空格位于句子主语
The results“(
调查
)
结果
”
和谓语
were rather worryin9“
相当令人担
忧
”
之间的插入语的开头，下文
by an environmental group
表示某个动作的施动者，故此处应
填入表被动 的过去分词，动词的逻辑宾语是
The results.
由下文的
in a rep ort
可推测这里表示
该调查结果
“
被发表
”
在一项报告上 ，故选
K
项
released“
发表
”.D
项
de monstrated
表示
“
论证；
举例说明
”
，
但
“
论证
”
的内容通常是某种观点、
说法的正确性，
而不是 已经确定的
“
研究结果
”.

40
．
［
J
］空格位于句子主语
Every
one
of
the
participants“
每个参与者< br>”
和谓语
tested
：
“
检测
”
之间的插 入语部分，
空格后为介词
from…to…
结构，
故应填入动词的分词形式，
补充说明主
语
.
词
库
中
常
与
fr om…to…
搭
配
的
分
词
有
ranging“(< br>在
范
围
内
)
变
动
”
和
ex tending“
延
伸
”.extending
通常形容河流、土地、森林的 延伸
.
而此处指参与者的范围，
J
项
rangh
唱更合适，表示参与者包括伊利诺斯州参议员
,
马萨诸塞州部长
.
41
．
［
M
］空格位于定冠词
the
和名词
presence
之间，因此空格处的词应为可以作定语的名
词、
形容词或分词
.
上文 提到参与者都检测出有三类污染物，
本句中用
while
引导的从句意为
“< br>尽管这些化学物质的
……
存在不表示有健康风险
”
，因此空格处的词应 具有
“
不会导致严重
后果
”
的含义，词库中
M
项< br>simple“
简单的
”
符合要求
.
42
．
［
H
］空格在助动词
does not
和谓 语动词
indicate
之间，故应填入副词
.
本句指
“
这 些化学
物质的存在不
……
代表有健康风险
”
，
词库中的副词
necessarily“
必要地
”
代入，
与
not
连用表
示
“
不一定
”
，句意通顺
.G
项
habit
ually“
习惯性地
”
代入，表示
“
这些化学 物质的存在不习惯性
地代表有健康风险
”
，句意不通，故排除
.
4 3
．
［
L
］
分析句子结构，
空格所在句的主语是
t he fact
，
空格后是名词结构
June and his fellow participants.
故此处应填入谓语动词
.
空格所在的主句与
while
所引导的从句之间构成让步转
折的关系，
从句提到体内有这些化学物质不表 示有健康风险，
故推断主句提到的这个事实让
June
和其他人都感到意外，
L
项
shocked“
使
(
某人
)
震惊
”
符合要求
.
44
．
［
C
］空格前是助动词
don’t
，空格后是副词
there
，故此处应填入不及物动词的原形，充
当
that
引导的定语从句的





谓语
.that
指代
chemicals
in
our
bodies“
我们体内的化学物质
”
，
there
指代< br>in
Our
bodies.
上文提到那些





化学物质是家居用品中的，因此推断不应存在于我们体内，故选
C
项
belon9“
属于
”.

45
．
［
8
］空格前的不定冠词
an
表明此处应填入元音开头的可数名词单数形式，词库中初步
符合要求的名词只有
B
项




average“
平均数
”
和
E
项
excess“过量
”.an exces
s of
．
一可表
“
过量的 某种事物
”
，
但其后不
接具体数量，空格





后是具体数值
“200
种化学物质
”
，我们可 以说
“
过量的化学物质
”
，但不会说
“
过量的
20 0
种化学物质
”
，
E
项不





合适．因此只能选
8
项
average“
平均数
”.
本句意为
“
在
2005
年，环境工作小组发现
l0个
新生儿的血液中平





均有
200
种化学物质
”.

Section B
全文翻译划线点评

经济困难，人人自危

越老越糟，
……
现实很残酷

［
A
］年轻的毕业生 们债务缠身，没有工作，不得不啃老
.
三四十岁的人，买不起房子，养不
起孩子
.
退休人员的存款利息接近为零
.
［
B
］当前经济如一潭死水， 每个年龄段的人都称自己是最受伤的一群
.
［
51
］但是美国劳工
部 的最新就业报告和其他近期的数据提出有力证据，将二战后生育高峰期出生的人
“
加冕
”
为受此次经济衰退及其可怕后果影响最大的受害者
.
［
C
］数据 分析公司森提尔的研究表明，
［
53
］这些
50
多岁和
60
岁出头的美国人，他们接
近退休年龄但还没有获得医疗保险和社会保障收入
(
译注：
美国的
Medicare
和
Social Security
相当于退休医疗金和退休金．
达到美国法定退休年龄
65
岁的人群才可获得
)
是所有年龄段中
丧失挣钱能力最厉害的人群，
跟三年前经济刚复苏的时候相比，
他们的家庭收入降低了
10
％
.
他们的退休储蓄和房产价值在最不应该的时 候，
也就是恰恰在他们需要支取出来之前大幅下
跌
.
［
53
］他们不仅需要赡养年迈的父母
.
而且还需要供养失业的成年孩子，这使他们得到了
一 个不幸的绰号：
“
被榨干的一代
”.

［
D
］新研 究表明，他们的寿命会变短，因为他们的身体健康、收入保障和精神健康在其生
命中的关键时刻遭受经济 衰退带来的重创
L0
［
48
］韦尔斯利学院的经济学家最近的一项研
究发现，
那些在获得社会保障资格前几年失业的人，
其麦金往往要比预期寿命短三年，
很大
原因在于他们不能再享用低价医疗保健
.
［
E
］接近退休年龄 的美国人的失业率，远远低于那些刚走出校门、技能较少并且没有多少
工作经历的年轻人
.但是一旦失业，年龄大的人就很难再找到工作了
.
根据美国劳工部周五公
布的就业 报告，在过去的一年里，年龄大的人的平均失业持续时间是
53
周，而青少年则是
19
周
.
［
F
］失业持续时间长在一定程度上是由于年长工人更可能因 为企业裁员而下岗，就像制造
业
.
［
46
]
较其他人群而 言，年龄大的人也更可能拥有自己的房子
.
流动性不如那些可以轻松
转到新劳力市场的 租房族
.
［
G
］
［
55
］年长工人更可能有某种 形式的缺陷．这也许会限制他们可以选择的工作范围
.
他
们也可能更不情愿，至少在最 初的时候，接受那些薪酬远远低于他们之前薪酬的工作
.
［
H
］
［
52
］那些由于工作岗位被取消而失业的婴儿潮一代还相信他们是年龄歧视的受害者，
因为雇主可以很容易地找到一个年轻、
充满活力同时可以接受更低工资，
并且还可以坚持几十年而不是几年的员工
.
［
I
］
［
47
］一 项关于经济衰退期间被解雇的年长员工的调查表明，只有
l
／
6
的人找到了新
工作
.
并且那些人中有一半人接受了减薪
.14
％的再就业者说，他 们新工作的薪酬不及他们上
一份工作收入的一半
.“
我只是对自己说：
‘为什么是我
?
我做了什么，
应该受到这样的惩罚
?”56
岁的约 翰
·
阿格迪这样说
.
他之前的全职工作是做产品开发，
四年前因老板 破产而失业
.
那个职
位的工资是
9
万美元，
他简历上列的工 作单位包括美国运通、
迪斯尼以及美国网络之类的公
司
.
自被解雇以来，他做 过一系列的兼职、低薪工作、临时工作，还曾在罗德与泰勒百货卖
过鞋子，在汽车公司做过电话销售.
［
J
］过去几年不仅严重影响了他的家庭经济情况，也影响了他的自我价值感
.“
你总是感到
悲伤难过，
”
阿格迪先生说
.“
我 看到人们早上起床，出门为他们的事业拼搏，然后回家
.
我只
希望我也能这样
.
有些人不喜欢他们的工作，或者他们在工作上有问题，但至少他们是在工
作
.
而我只希望我能够像他们那样
.”
他说他不能像很多失业的年轻人那样重返学校，
他 负担不
起
.
即使他负担得起学费，但是经济学家们说．目前还不清楚像他这样的年长员 工到底能从
再教育中受益多少
.
［
K
］
［
50< br>］
“
为年龄在
55
岁及以上的人提供培训是没有意义的
.”< br>经济学教授丹尼尔
·
哈默麦
什说，
“
［
50
］年龄歧视，长期失业
.
招聘方现在最不愿意聘用他们
.
在这样的情况下.
投资培
训并不明智
.”

［
L
］许多因工作 消失而失业的年长员工对此耿耿于怀，便彻底离开了职场。老年人在未达
到法定退休年龄就申请社会保障 的比例在经济衰退时期迅速上升，
人们本该这个时期想尽一
切办法争取收入的。
然而。 他们为此承受的损失会是永久性的，
［
54
］因为在
62
岁开始享受
福利的退休人员。未来每个月的收入都比那些等到完全退休年龄
1942
年之后出生的 人要达
到
66
岁开始享受福利的人尘
30
％。

［
M
］那些不符合社会保障条件的正在申请另一个类似的收入支持保障，即残疾福利。
这 种
福利常常适用于那些不打算再工作的人。
宾夕法尼亚大学沃顿商学院的马克
·
达根教授认为，
超过八分之一的人，在他们接近
60
岁时，都加入了某种形式上的联 邦残疾保险项目。

［
N
］最老的美国人，当然，也会受到那些接近退休的人 所遭受的一些冲击，但至少最年长
的人更容易获得社会保障体系的保护。
更重要的是。
峰回路转的统计数据显示，
实际上他们
已在根本上从金融危机中获益：更长寿。
［
O
］加州大学戴维斯分校的经济学家在
2011
年
ll
月做的一项研究显示，
65
岁以上的人的
死亡率在经济萧条时期历史性地下降了。为 什么呢
?
研究人员认为，
［
49]
疲软的就业市场促
使更多 人接受了相对不受欢迎的疗养院工作，使疗养院居民得到更好的照顾。

46
．
［
F
］
［译文］拥有更大的流动性使得年轻人在寻找新工作时处于有利地位。
［定位解析］
根据题目中的
Greater mobility
可定位到
F
段第
2
句。
该句提到，
相对于其他年龄段的人．
年
龄大的人更可能拥有自己的房子，
流动性也不如那些可以轻松转到新劳力市场的租房族。
本题是从年轻人的角度来阐述，
上了年纪的人流动性不强因而吃亏，
而年轻人流动性强就占优
势了，故本题内容与原文
F
段的内容是对应的。

47
．< br>［
I
］
［译文］许多在经济萧条期被解雇的年长员工不得不接受薪资更低的新工 作。
［定位
解析］根据题目中的关键信息
laid off during the recession
，
lower pay
可定位到
l
段第
l
句。
该句引用了一项调查，提到在经济萧条期被解雇的年长工人中，有
1
／
6
再就业了，而就业
的人群中，
一半接受了减薪。
原文的
h alf of that group
对应题目中的
Many
，
而原文的
Pay cuts
对应
lower Pay
。据此可判断，本题信息来自
1
段。

［干扰排除］
G
段最后一句也提到了薪水减少，
但该句指的是年长的员工不太愿意从事比旧
职位薪资 少的工作，
原文中的
be less inclined to take“
不太愿意从事
”
与题目的
had to accept“
不
得不接受
”
语义上存在差异，故排除。

48
．
［
D
］
［译文］那些接近退休的人失业后，寿命会比一般人短 。
［定位解析］文章提及寿
命的只有
D
段和
N
段。再结合题 目中的
shortly before retirement age
定位到
D段第
2
句。该
句引用调查，说明
“
接近退休的人失业后，其寿命 会比预期寿命
(
即平均寿命
)
少三年。
”
原文
的< br>in the fewyears before
．
。
Social Security
对应题目中的
shortly bdfore retirement age
：
而原文
的
lost up to threeyears from their life expectancy
则对应
shorter-than- average life
。据此可判断
本题信息来自于
D
段。
［干 扰排除］
N
段末的
longer Hves“
更长寿
”
是指 超过退休年龄的人的
情况，不能由此推断出
“
接近退休的人
”
的寿命 情况，故排除
N
。

49
．
［
O
］
［译文］疗养院的老年人可以从疲软的就业市场中获利。
［定位解析］由题目中的
关键信息< br>nursing homes
可定位到
O
段最后一句。
该句提及
“
疲软的就业市场将促使更多人去
疗养院工作，最终使疗养院的居民得到更好的照顾
”
。
“
疗养院的居民
”(residents)
即为题目中
的
Seniors at nursing homes“
疗养院的老年人
”
，
原文中的
better care
对应
benefit
。
据此可判断
本题选
O
。
50
．
［
K
］
［译文］就业中的年龄歧视使得年长员 工的再培训毫无意义。
［定位解析］根据题
目的
pointless
，
retrainin9
可定位到
K
段。该段引用经济学教授的话说明了对老人再培训 不
明智，首句中出现了题目中的关键词
retainin9
．该段中的
doe sn’t make sense
及
don't make it
sensible
与题目中的
pointless
对应；第
2
句讲述的原因包括
Discrimination by age
，与题目中
的
Age discriminatlon
对应。据此判断本题信息来自
K
段。

51
．
［
B
］
［译文］根据近期报告和数据分析，二战后生育高峰 期出生的人受疲软经济的影响
最大。
［定位解析］根据题干中的
recent reports and data analysis
和
suffer most
可 定位到
8
段
第
2
句。该旬用
crowning baby boomers…as the greatest victims of
．
。句型说明二战 后生育高
峰期出生的人成为此次经济衰退的最大受害者，
crown
一词原义为
“
为
……
加冕
”
，可引申为
“
使
……< br>成为
……”
。本题所述与
B
段的文意相符。

52< br>．
［
H
］
［译文］失业后的婴儿潮一代在寻找新工作时处于劣势，因为 雇主更倾向于雇佣更
年轻的工人。
［定位解析］文章提及
baby boomers< br>与
“
年轻人
”
寻找新工作时情况的段落主要
是
E至
H
段．因此答案在这

几段找
.
结合题目中的
tend
to
hire
younger
workers“
倾向于雇佣年轻人
”
可定位到< br>H
段
.
该段
because
后提到了年轻人的几点优势，包括
youn9
，
energetic
，
accept lower pay
以及
can…stick
around
for decades.
从而使得
boomers
受歧视，题目是对原文的正话反说，年 轻人有优势，
boomers
就是处于不利地位了
(at a disadvantage).
故确定本题出处是
H
段
.
【干扰排 除】本题易误选
E
段
.
但
E
段最后一句对比的对象是
older people
和
teenager
，范围
上与题目中的
boomers
及
young
workers
有所区别，且该段并没有明 确提到其中一方的优势
所在，故排除
E
段
.
53
【
C
】
【译文】
50
多岁或
60
岁出头的人背负的家庭负担 最重
.
【定位解析】
根据题目的
in their fifties and early sixties
可定位到
C
段
.
该段首句就提到了
50s
and early 60s“50
多岁或
60
岁出头的人
”.结合最后一句的
“
他们需要赡养年迈的父母，而且还
需要供养失业的成年孩子”
以及他们的绰号
“
被榨干的一代
”
可看出他们的家庭负担重< br>.
本题
意思与此相符，故选
C.
54.
【
L
】
【译文】在未达到官方退休年龄就享受社保的人在余生获得的社保金会少很多
.
【定位解析】根据题目中的
much less
，
for the rest of their lives
可定位到
L
段最后一句
.
该句
提到
“62
岁时就开始领的社保金会比正常退休的少
30
％
”.< br>原文中的
at
age
62
对应题目的
before official retirement age
：而
receive as much as 30
％
less
对应题目中的
9et much less
，故
选
L.
55.
【
G
】
【译 文】由于某些缺陷，年长工人可选的工作有限
.
【定位解析】根据题干的
limit ed
，
disability
等关键信息可定位到
G
段第
l
句
.
该句提到
“
年长
的工人更可能有某种形式的缺陷
(have a disability of some sort)
，这也许会限制他们可以选择
的工作范围
(limiting the range of jobs)”.
题目的信息与此相符，故选
G
.
Section C
Passage
One

56.
［
B
］
［定位］根据题干中的
Citi Bikes in New York
定位至第
l
段
.
［解析］
本题问针对越来越多人使用
Citi Bikes
，
作者首要担心的问题是什么
.
题干所说的
the
increasing use of Citi Bikes
与第
l
段首句的
more pedaling passenge rs“
更多骑车的人
”
对应
.
作者
在提出该现象后，
紧接着就使用了两个问句，
表示关心当地自行车店对此的反应，
并提问城
市自行车项 目是否会让当地自行车店利益受损
(at their expense).B
项中的
suffer
是对最后一句
at their expense
的同义转换，选项意为
“
当地自行车店是否会受害
”
，与原文意思一致
.
［点睛］
A
项
“
非骑行者会如何反应
”
与两个问题涉及的
local
shop
无关，文中只在倒数第< br>2
段提到有店主担心非骑车者会反对
(strong negative reaction from non-cyclists).C
项
“
本地的自
行车店是否会反对
”
偏离重点，原文只提到了本地的自行车店会如何反应，但是不是反对并< br>没有提及
.D
项
“
如何保证自行车骑行者的安全
”
在 第
l
段乃至整篇文章都并未涉及
.
57.
［
C
］
［定位］根据题干中的
Gotham Bikes
定位至第
2
段
.
［解析］
题目问的是公共自行 车项目导致
Gotham
自行车店产生了怎样的结果
.
第
2
段首句出
现表原因的
due to“
由于
”
，
与题干中表结果的
as a result
相对，
故
due to
前面的
the shop has seen
an increase in its overall sales“
店里总体销售额有所增长
”
即为本题答案
.C
项中的
on the rise
是
原文
all increase
的同义转换
.
选 项意为
“
自行车的销售在增加
”
，跟原文意思一致
.
［点 睛］
A
项
“
自行车销售未受影响
”
，
其中的
unaffected
与原文的
an increase“
增长
”
相矛盾
.B
项
“
该店把业务转向出租
”.
其中的
r entals“
出租
”
在第
3
段第
l
句提到，但原文明确指出租赁业
务并非
Gotham
自行车店的主要业务
(not a big part of the business).
因此该店不会把生意转向
出租< br>.D
项
“
向游客出租更多的自行车
”
未出现在原文中
.
58.
［
8
］
［定位］根据题干中的
Prank’_B ike Shop
定位至第
3
段
.
［解析］
题目问的是为 什么对
Frallk’s
自行车店而言，
公共自行车项目是个坏消息
.
题干所述
与第
3
段第
2
句的
the bike
—
share program has been bad news
对应，紧跟着第
3
句指出，自
上个月推出
Citi
Bike
后，该店的出租业务下降了
90
％，而最后一句指出业务下降的原因，即曾经是该店的主要客源的欧洲游客都被
Citi Bike
抢走了
(main rental customers…have since
been drawn away by Citi Bikes).B
项
“
顾客被
Citi Bikes
抢走了
”
与该句意思一致
.
［点睛］
A
项
“
无法满足公共自行车项目的需求
”
，
Flank's
自行车店与公共自行车项目原则上
是竞争的关系而非供需关系
.C
项
“
不得不一再降低自行车售价
”
，原文中并未提及自行车的
售价
.D
项
“
必须与市内其他自行车出租店竞争
”.
原文提到抢走了
Pran k’s
自行车店顾客的是
Citi Bike
，而没有提到该店与纽约市内其他店的竞争关系，
D
项无中生有
.
59.[A
］
［定位］根据题干中的
Andrew Crooks
定位至第
6
段
.
［解析］题目询问为什么
Andrew
Crooks
认为公共自行车项目很 难执行
.
题干所述与第
6
段
第
2
句对应，其中的< br>execute
与原文的
implement
同义，都是
“
实 施，执行
”
的意思
.
第
6
段第
3
句解释了 原因：其一，没经验的骑行者对骑车规则认识不够
(1ack
of
awareness
of
biking
rules)
；其二，非骑车人的强烈反对
(strong negative reaction from non-cyclists).A
项
“
缺乏经验
的骑手可能会违反骑行规则
”
是原文中列举的第一个原因
.
为正确答案.
［点睛］
8
项
“
自行车出租店之间可能发生冲突
”
、
C
项
“
市中心的交通状况可能变得更差
”
、D
项
“
没有足够的自行车道供自行车出行
”
都不属于文章中提到 的两点原因，
都只是根据常识
制造的干扰
.
60.
［
D
］
［定位］全文转折对比处
.
［解析］题目询问当地自行车店对
Citi
Bike
的普遍态度
.
文中提到了不同的自行车店及其发
言人的态度，其态度往往体现在原文的转折对比处
.
第
2
段的
Gotham
Bikes
销量增长
(all
increase in its overal sales)
，
Citi Bike
对其有利，此外
Danny’s Cycles
的詹姆士也认为公共自
行车项目不错
(a
good
option)
；第
4
段提到
Gotham
自行车店的
Be n
认为
Citi
Bike
实际上能
让更多人购买自行车，故他的态 度是支持的
.
第
3
段提到
Frank’s
Bike Shop
的租赁业务受打
击较大，
故其态度应该是反对的
.
第< br>5
段及第
7
段末的
happy to see
和
a positive step
表明两家
店的店主都是支持
Citi
Bike
的
.
纵观以上观点，大部分当地自行车店都是持支持态度的
(4
v s.1)
，故答案为
D
项
“
赞同，认可
”.
［点睛］
A
项
“
观望的
”
、
B
项“
否定的
”
和
C
项
“
漠不关心的
”< br>都表消极否定，与原文对比转折
处所暗含的肯定态度相违背
.
难句归纳

Yorkers are gradually getting used to more pedaling passengers oil those shining blue Citi
Bikes.
(
第
l
段第
l
句
)
【分析】本句是简单句，句子的主干是：
New
Yorkers
are
getting
used
to
more
pedaling
passengers
，表示纽约人逐渐习惯越来越多的人骑自行车
.
介词结 构
0il those shining blue Citi
Bikes
是修饰
pedaling passengers
的后置定语，< br>说明这些人骑的都是崭新的蓝色
“
城市自行车
”.

Ryan
，
an employee at Danny’S Cycles in Gramercy also said Citi Bike is a good option
for people to ease into biking in a city famed for its traffic jams and aggressive drivers.(
第
2
段第
3
句
)
【分析】本句的宾语由省略了引导词
that
的从句充当
.an
employee
at
Danny’S
Cycles
in
Gramercy
是插入语，作同位语修饰句子主语
.James Ryan
，表明其身份
.
宾语从句中，主干是
Citi Bike is a good option
，后面跟的
for sb to do sth.
结构补充说明
a good option
；介词结构
in
a city
是地点状语，过去分词短语
famed for its traffic jams and aggressive drivers
是修饰
city
的后置定语，说明该城市以什么出名
.

it’s
possible
bike
-share
will
cause
a
drop
in

allowed
that
the
idea
is
a
positive step forward for New York City.(
最后一段
)
【分析】句首的
While“
尽管
”
引导让步状语从句，其中
it
是形式主语，真实主语是从句
bike—
share
will
cause
a
drop
in
business.
主句的宾语由
that
引导的从句
the
idea
is
a
positive
step forward for New York city
充当
.
具体说明
Cr ooks
认同的内容，即这个构想是纽约城市发
展积极的一步
.
Passage Two

61.
【
C
】
【定位】根据题干中的
various studies
定位至第
l
段
.
【解析】
本题询问从关于 美国公立教育的大量研究中，
我们可以得知什么
.
文章首句的
Various
studies have shown
后面所跟的宾语从句就是答案：
教育投入的增 加并未促使教育有显著改善
(not led to measurable improvements in learning).C
项中的
has resulted from“
由
……
产生
”
替换
了原文中的
has led to“
导致
”
，区别在于
lead to
后面是结果；选项中的
little improvements
和
原文 中的
not.
一
measurable
improvements
属同义转换
.
所以正确答案是
C“
花费增加并未促使
教育得到大改善
”.

【点睛】文中第
1
段最后一句话有谈到
achievement tests
，提及
“
学生并未在能力考试中展现
出学识有所增长
”.
这 是为了说明
“
教育没有得到改善
”
，即教学质量不高，由此可看出能力测试一定程度上反映了教学质量
.
故排除
A“
能力测试未能真实地反映教学 质量
”.
第
4
段提到了
公立学校和私立学校之争，
但未明确 指出公立学校是因为资源短缺而流失优等生，
且该内容
也不属于
various st udies
的研究结果，
B“
公立学校因资源短缺无法与私立学校竞争
”不对
.
第
l
段
第
2
句
提
到< br>美
国
公
立
学
校
教
职
工
数< br>量
的
增
长
速
度
约
是
学
生< br>的
两
倍
(staff
and
teachers…grow…twice as far as students)
，D“
学生人数的增长速度远高于老师的增长速度
”
与
原文的结论相反
62.
【
B
】
【定位】根据题干中的
decline in public education
定位至第
4
段
.
【解析 】
题目问一些人认为公立教育衰落的原因是什么
.
第
4
段中的
attributed…to…
意为
……
把
……
归因于
… …”
，表原因，
t0
后的内容就是答案，原因是高素质生源流失到了私立学校
(the drain of skilled

students by private schools)
，
B“
高素质的学生都去了私立学校
”
与原文一< br>致
.
【点睛】最后一段首句提到了政府开始控制工资，阻碍调整，并在晋升方面引入官 僚标准
.
但没有提到
A
项所说的
Government inves tment“
政府投资
”
，故
“
政府投资不能满足学校的需
求
”
无法推断
.
虽然
C“
合格的老师们拿不到合理的工资< br>”
与第
6
段末句的
“
高素质的女老师接
受较低的工资
”(accepted relatively low pay)
相符，
但该内容并 非题干所问，
属于答非所问
.D“
忽
视了学生的基本技能的训练
”< br>，虽然文中有几处提到大学毕业生的基本功不足
(
如：第
3
段末
提到最基本的写作技巧都没掌握；
全文最后一句提到数学和阅读能力不如国外的同龄学生和
以 前的学生
)
，但这并非由于教育系统有意忽略这方面，且这也只是教育质量下降的具体体
现，并非原因
.
63.
【
C
】
【定位】根据题干中的< br>significant contributor
和
past glory of public schools
定位至第
6
段
.
【解析】本题问公立学校过去成功的重要原因是什么
.
题干中的
a significant contributor
与第
6
段第
l
句中的
a prominent reason
为同义转换
.
原文该句提到，
公立学校曾 经很成功
(did well)
的首要原因是
.
当时许多高素质的女性
(highly qualified women)
除了当老师或者护士之外，没
有其他职业可以从事
.
而第
7
段也重申了这些有才干的女教
(talented
women
teachers)
的重要
性，
C“
有才干的 女教师
”
复现了这一内容
.
为正确答案
.
【点睛】
A“
行为良好的学生
”
，第
5
段第
3
句提到表现 不佳的学生会被公立学校开除，这说
明当时公立学校的教学要求高、质量好，是公立学校辉煌过去的具体 体现，而非原因
.
最后
一段虽然暗示了现在公立学校的官僚管理制度无效，
但 并未明确指出过去的管理制度就是高
效的，
故
B“
有效的管理
”无法推断
.D“
教师的高薪水
”
与第
6
段最后一句提到 的女教师工资不
高
(relatively low pay)
相矛盾
.
64.
【
A
】
【定位】根据题于中的
best women teachers leave teachin9
定位至第
7
段第
2
句
.
【解析 】题目问为什么一些优秀的女教师要放弃教书
.
第
7
段第
2
句的大意是妇女解放运动
为这些女性开辟了新的职业领域
(opened up new professional opportunities for women)
，
一些优< br>秀的女教师因为有了更好的选择，就放弃了教书
.A
项
“
妇女解放运动 给她们带来了新的职业
机会
”
符合原文
.
其中的
New career opportunities
是原文
new professional opportunities
的同义
表达；
made available
同义替换了
opened up
，都是
“
开辟了新的职业领域
”
的意思
.
【 点睛】
B“
更高的学术要求使她们想保住这份工作变得很难
”
，学术要求并未 出现在文章
中
.C“
她们不满学校里的官僚化管理
”
，
最后 一段出现了官僚机构，
而且谈及了官僚机构管理
对教学工作产生的负面影响
.
但是这些均不是优秀女教师离职的原因
.D“
过重的教学负担使
她们没有时间和精力过 家庭生活
”
，教学负担和家庭生活的关系不在本文讨论的范围里
.
65.
【
D
】
【定位】根据题干中的
government involvement in education
定位至最后一段
.
【解析】题 目问作者认为政府参与教育所导致的结果是什么
.
题干所说的
government
involvement in education
指代最后一段前两句提到的内容，包括引 入官僚晋升标准、支配整
个教育系统等
.
第
3
句讲述了一些具体的措 施：定期修改课表、吹嘘荒谬的教育理论、要求
不断增加管理人员
(require
ever
more
administrators).D“
不断增长的管 理人员
”
是原文中要求
增加管理人员的必然结果，所以为正确答案
.
【点睛】
A“
越来越重视教育理论
”
，最后一段第
3
句提 到了教育理论，指出这些官员不懂教
育理论却还对此胡说八道，
但这并非说明他们重视教育理论 ，
只是不懂装懂的官僚作风的体
现
.B“
高度标准化的教学方法
”< br>，文章没有涉及教学方法
.
全文最后一句提到学生的表现，说
他们明显不如国外 同龄学生，也比不上以前的学生，故
C“
学生成绩进步
”
与原文相反
.
难句归纳

simplistically attribute the decline in our public education system to the drain of skilled
students
by private schools
，
but far more significant events were at work.(
第
62
题解题句
)
【分析】本句是
but
连接的并列句
.
第一个分句的主干是：
Some…attri bute the decline…to the
drain
，意为
“
有 些人把衰落的原因归结为流失
”.simplistically
是副词，在这里作状语表程度 ；
谓语部分的
attribute A to B
意为
“
把
B
归咎为
A
的原因
”
；
in our public education system
作后
置定语修饰
the decline.
表明是哪方面的衰落；
of skilled students
是
the drain
的后置定语，说
明流失的主体是优秀学生：
by
private
schools
说明这些学生的去向
.
第二个分句中，主语是
mor e significant events“
更重要的事件
”
：
at wo rk
作表语，表示
“
起作用
”
；这个分句表示衰落
的原因远 远不止优秀生源的流失
.
2.A
prominent
reason
public
schools
did
well
was
that
many
highly
qualified
women
had
few
options for working outside the house other than being teachers or nurses.(
第
63
题解题句
)
【分析】本句的主句是主系表结构：
A…reason…was
that….
主语
A
prominent
reason
后的
public schools did well
为省略 引导词的定语从句；
主句的表语由
that
引导的从句充当
.
该表语
从句的主干是
many
highly
qualified
women
had
few
options“
许多高素质的女性别无选
择
”.other than
表示
“
除了
”.

’S liberation opened up new professional
opportunities for women and
，
over time
，
some
of
the
best
left
teaching
as
a
career
option
，
bringing
about
a
gradual
decline
in
the
quality
of
schooling.(
第
64
题解题句
)
【分析】本句是
and
连接的并列句，主干是：
liberation
opened
up…opportunities…and
some…left
teaching“
解放运动创造了机会并且一些人放弃了教书
”.
第二个分 句中，
over
time
作插入语
.
表示
“
随着 时间的推移
”
；现在分词短语
bringing
about…
作结果状语，表示离职产
生的后果
.
end result has been that
，
after all the spending
，
students have worse math and reading skills
than
both
their
foreign
peers
and
earlier
generations
spending
far
less
on
education--as
all
the
accumulating evidence now documents.(
全文最后一句
)
【分析】
本句为主从复合句，主句的表语由
that
引导的从句充当
.
该表语从句的主干为
s tudents
have worse math and reading skills
；
从句中的
after all the spending
为 时间状语；
从句主干后有
than
引导的比较状语，
将学生的数学和阅读能力 与外国学生和以前的学生相比；
spending far
less on education
是修饰
earlier generations
的后置定语，说 明以前在教育投入并不多
.
破折号
后为
as
引导的定语从句，修饰的 内容是整个表语从句；注意句末的
documents
为动词，作
定语从句的谓语，意 为
“
用文件证明，证实
”.

答案速查

36.N 37.O38.I39.K40.J41.M42.H43.L44.C45.B46.F47.I48.D49 .O50.K51.B52.H53.C54.L55.G
56.B57.C58.B59.A60.D61.C62.B63.C64.A65.D

Part
Ⅳ
Translation
词汇难点

互联网社区：
Internet community
增长
(v.)
：
grow
；
increase
；
be on the rise
日渐流行：
growing
popularity
重大的：
great
；
significant
；
profound
往往不 同于：
be generally different from
；
usually
differ from
受
……
驱使：
be driven by
；
be motivated by
买卖商品：
buy and sell goods
；
trade goods
规划旅程：
plan trips
／
tours
；
make travel plans
付款：
pay
；
make payments
社交原因：
social reason
／
purpose
广泛地：
widely
；
broadly
论坛：
forum
博客：
blog
聊天室：
chat room
表达难点

1.
第
l
句中的
“
发展最快的
”
可译成< br>develop fastest
，副词最高级
fastest
放在动词
develop
后面
.
也可适当变换，译为
develop
at
the
fastest
speed.”
发展最快的
”
还可以译为
enjoy
the
fastest
growth
，把
“
发展
”
转译成名词
growth.
用形容词最高级
fastest
修饰
.
这个译法比较贴近英文表
达，更加地道
.“
全世界
”可译为
around the world.
也可译成
in the world.
2.
第
5
句
“
美国网民更多的是受实际需要 的驱使，用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、
做研究、规划旅程或付款
”
包含两个 分句，前一分句是后一分句的原因，可译成带原因状语
从旬的主从复合句，
译作
Bec ause American netizens are more driven by…
，
they use the Intenet
as a tool to… .
由于两个分句共用主语，
故可用过去分词
.
短语作原因状语，
代替 原因状语从句，
使句子更加精简，
即可译为
More driven by…
，
American netizens use the Internet as a tool to….
这个译法也更能突出句子主干
“
用互联网
……
付款
”.

3.
最后一句
“
中国网民更多是出于社交原因 使用互联网，因而更广泛地使用论坛、博客、聊
天室等
”
也包含两个分句，且内容均较 长，故可考虑将第二个分句译成独立的句子
.
该句子可
译为被动句
There fore
，
forums
，
blogs and chat rooms and so on are more widely used.
如果译成
主动句，则前一句
American netizens use the Intenet…
和本句
Chinese netizens
，
in most cases
，
nlake use of the Intenet…
句式重复，过于单调，而用被动语态则可使句型更富于变化
.
参考译文


The Internet community in China enjoys the fastest growth around the world. There were about
420 million netizens across China in 2010 and the number is still increasing rapidly. The growing
popularity
of
the
Internet
has
brought
about
great
social
changes.
Internet
users
in
China
are
generally different from those of America More driven by practical needs, American netizens use
the
Internet
as
a
tool
to
send
e-mails,
buy
and
sell
goods,
do
research,
plan
tours
or
make
payments. Chinese netizens, however,in most cases, make use of the Internet for social reasons.
Therefore, forums, blogs and chat rooms and so on are more widely used.
答案速查

1.C2.D3.B
4.A5.D6.B7.D
0.C
9.D20.B
21.A22.D23.C24.A25.B

ng

ison
a result of
e

for
32.1et alone
ties
ent
ring





2015
年
6
月大学英语四级真题及答案



Part 1 Writing (30 minutes)



(
请于正式开考后半小时内完成该部分，之后将进行听力考试
)


Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay based
on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the
picture and them comment on this kind of modern life. You should write at least
120 words but no more than 180 words.


THIS MODERN LIFE:



WORK HOME PLAY SLEEP



请用黑色签字笔 在答题卡
1
指定区域作答作文题，在试题册上的作答无
效。





Part II Listening Comprehension (30minutes)



Section A



Directions: In this section, you will bear 8 short conversations and 2 long
conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be
asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken
only once. After each questions there will be a pause. During the pause, you must
read the four choices marked A), B),C) and D), and decide which is the best
answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 1 with a single line
through the center.


注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答



1. A) He is pleased to sit on the committee C) He will tell the woman his
decision later


B) He is willing to offer the woman a hand D) He would like to become a
club member


2. A) Their planned trip to Vancouver is obviously overpriced


B) They should borrow a guide book instead of buying one


C ) The guide books in the library have the latest information


D) The library can help order guide books about Vancouver


3. A) He regrets having taken the history course


B) He finds little interests in history books


C) He has trouble finishing his reading assignments


D) He has difficulty in writing the weekly book report


4. A) The man had better choose another restaurant


B) The new restaurant is a perfect place for dating


C) The new restaurant caught her fancy immediately


D) The man has good taste in choosing the restaurant


5. A) He has been looking forward to sping C)

He will c
lean the woman’s
boots for spring


C) He has been waiting for the winter sale D) He will help the woman put
things away


6. A) At a tailor’s C) In a cloth store



B) At Bob’s home D) In a theatre



7. A) His guests favors Tibetan drinks C) Mineral water is good for health


B) His water is quite extraordinary D) Plain water will serve the purpose


8. A) Report the result of a discussion C) Submit an important documentation


B) Raise some environmental issues D) Revise an environmental report


Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you just heard


9. A) They pollute the soil used to cover them


B) They are harmful to nearby neighborhoods


C) The rubbish in them takes long to dissolve


D) The gas they emit is extremely poisonous


10. A) Growing populations C) Changed eating habits


B) Packaging materials D) Lower production cost


11. A) By saving energy C) By reducing poisonous wastes


B) By using less aluminum D) By making the most of materials


12. A) We are running out of natural resources soon


B) Only combined efforts can make a difference


C) The waste problem will eventually hurt all of us


D) All of us can actually benefit from recycling


Questions 13 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.


13. A) Miami C) Bellingham


B) Vancouver D) Boston


14. A) To get information on one-way tickets to Canada


B) To inquire about the price of “Super saver ” seats



C) To get advice on how to fly as cheaply as possible


D) To inquire about the shortest route to drive home


15. A) Join a tourist group C) Avoid trips in public holidays


B) Choose a major airline D) Book tickets as early as possible


Section B



Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each
passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be
spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer
from the four choices marketed A), B),C) and D). Then marked the correspond
letter on Answer sheet I with a single line through the centre.


注意：

此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。



Passage one



Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.


16. A) There are mysterious stories behind his works


B) There are many misunderstandings about him


C) His works have no match worldwide


d) His personal history is little known


17. A) He moved to Stratford-on-Avon in his childhood


B) He failed to go beyond grammar school


C) He was a member of the town council


D) He once worked in a well-know acting company


18. A) Writers of his time had no means to protect their works


B) Possible sources of clues about him were lost in a fire


C) His works were adapted beyond recognition


D) People of his time had little interest in him


Passage Two



Questions 19-21 are based on the passage you have just heard


19. A) It shows you have been ignoring your health


B) It can seriously affect your thinking process


C) It is an early warning of some illness


D) It is a symptom of two much pressure


20. A) Reduce our workload C) Use painkillers for relief


B) Control our temper D) Avoid masking symptom


21. A) Lying down and having some sleep C) Going out for a walk


B) Rubbing and pressing one’s back D) Listening to light music



Passage Three



Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.


22. A) Depending heavily on loans C). Spending beyond one’s means



B) Having no budget plans at all D). Leaving no room for large bills


23. A) Many of them can be cut C) Their payment cannot be delayed


B) All of them have to be covered D) They eat up most of the family income


24. A) Rent a house instead of buying one C) Make a conversation plan


B) Discuss the problem in the family D) Move to a cheaper place


25. A) Financial issues plaguing a family C) Family budget problems and
solutions


B) Difficulty in making both ends meet D) New ways to boost family income


Section C



Directions: in this section,you will hear a paasage three times. When the
passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea.
When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks
with the exact words you have just heard. Finally, when the passage is reaf for the
third time, you should check what you have written.


注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
1
上作答。



Perhaps because going to college is so much a part of the American dream,
many people go for no(26)_____reason. Some go because their parents ecpect it,
others because it’s what their friends are , there’s the belief that a
college degree will(27)____ensure a good job and high pay.


Some students (28)____ through for years ,attending classes, or skipping(
逃
课
) them as the case may be, reading only what can’t be avoided, looking for
less(29)_____courses,and never being touched or changed in any important way.
For a few of these people, college provides no(30)____
，
yet because of parental or
peer pressure, they cannot voluntarily leave. They stop trying in the hope that their
teachers will make the decision for them by(31)____ them.


To put it bluntly(
直截了当地
)
，
unless you’re willing to make your college
years count, you might be(32)_____ doing something else. Not everyone should
attend college, nor should everyone who does attend begin right after high school.
Many college students(33)_____ taking a year or so off. A year out in the world
helps some people to(34)_____their priorities and goals. If you’re really going to
get something out of going to college, you have to make it mean something, and to
do that you must have some idea why you’re there, what you
hope to get out of it,
and (35)_____even what you hope to become.



Part III Reading Comprehension (40minutes)



Section A



Direction: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required
to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank
follwing the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making choices.
Each choie in the bank is identificated by a letter. Please mark the corresponding
letter for each item on Answere Sheet2 with a single line through the centre. You
may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.


Question 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.



It’s our guilty pleasure: Watching TV is the most common everyday
activity,after work and sleep, in many parts of the world. Americans view five
hours of TV each day, and while we know that spending so much time sitting
___36___ can lead to obesity(
肥胖症
) and other diseases, researchers have now
quantified just how___37___being a couch potato can be.


In an analysis of data from eight large ___38___published studies, a
Harvard-led group reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association
that for every two hours per day spent channel ___39___,the risk of developing
Type 2 diabetes(
糖尿病
)rose 20% over 8.5 years, the risk of heart disease
increased 15% over a ___40___, and the odds of dying permaturely___41___ 13%
during a seven-year follow-up .All of these___42____are linked to a lack of
physical exercise. But compared with other sedentary(
久坐的
)activities, like
knitting ,viewing TV may be especially__43___at promoting unhealthy habits. For
one, the sheer number of hours we pass watching TV dwarfs the time we spend on
anything else. And other studies have found that watching ads for beer and
popcorn may make you more likely to ___44___them.


Even so, the authors admit that they didn’t compare different sedentary
activities to ___45___whether TV watching was linked to a greater risk of
diabetes,heart disease or clearly death compared with, say, reading.


注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。



A)climbed I)previously


B)conseme J)resume


C)decade K)suffered


D)determine L)suffering


E)effectIve M)term


F)harmful N)terminals


G)outcomes O)twisting


H)passively



Section B



Directions: In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements
attavched to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.
Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a
paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the
question by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2


Essay -granding Software Officers Professors a Break


[A] Imagine taking a college exam, and instead of handing in a blue book and
getting a grade from a professoer a few weeks later, clicking
the “send” button
when you are done and receiving a grade back instantly, your essay scored by a
software program. And then, instead of being done with the exam, imagine that the
system would immediately let you rewrite the test to try to improve your grade.


[B] Edx,the nonprofit enterprise founded by Harvard and the Massachusetts
Institute of Thnology(MIT) to offer courses on the Internet ,has just introduced
such a system and will make its automated(
自动的
)software available free on the
Web to any institutioons that wants to use it. The software uses artificial
intelligence to grade student essays and short written answers, freeing professors
for other tasks.


[C] The new service will bring the educational consortium(
联盟
)into a
growing conflict over the role of the automation education. Altough automated
grading systems for multiple-choice and true-false tests are now widespread, the
use of artificial intelligence technology to grade essay answers has not yet
provided widespread acceptance by educations and has many critics.


[D] Anant Agarwal, an electrical engineer who is president of Edx, predicted
that the instant grading software would be a useful teaching tool,enabling students
to take tests and write essays over and over and improve the quality of their
answers . He said the technology would offer distinct advantages over the
traditional classroom system, where students often wait days or weeks for
grades.“Thers is a huge value in learning with instant feedback,” l said,
“Students are telling

us they learn much better with instant feedback.”



[E] But skeptics(
怀疑者
)say the automated system is no matter for live
teachers. One longtime critic, Les Perelman
，
has drawn national attention several
times for putting together nonsense essays that have fooled software grading
programs into giving high marks. He has also been highly critical of studies
claiming that the software compares well to human grades.


[F] He is among a group of educators who last month began circulating a
petition(
呼吁
) opposing automated assessment software. The group, which calls
itself Professionals Against Machine Scoring of Student Essays in High-Stakes
Assessment, has collected nearly 2,000 signatures, including some from famous
people like Noam Chomsky.


[G] “Let’s face the realities of automatic essay scoring,” the group’s
statement reads in part. “Computers cannot ‘read’. They cannot measure the
essentials of effective written communication: accuracy, reasoning, adequacy of
evidence, good sense, ethical (
伦理
)position, convincing argument, meaningful
organization, and clarity, among others.”



[H] But EdX experts its software to be widely by schools and universities. It
offers free online classes from Harvard, MIT and the University of
California-Berkeley; this fall, it will add classes from Wellesley, Geogetown and
the University of Texas. In all, 12 universities participate in EdX, which offers
certificates for course completion and has said that it plans to continue to expand
next year, including adding international schools.


[I] The EdX assessment tool requires human teachers, or graders 100 essay or
essay questions. The system then uses a variety of machine-learning techniques to
train itself to be able to grade any number of essays or answers automatically and
almost instantly. The software will assign a grade depending on the scoring system
created by the teacher, whether it is a letter grade or numerical (
数字的
) rank.


[J] Edx is not the first to use the automated assessment technology, which
dates to early computers in the 1960s. there is now a range of companies offering
commercial programs to grade written test answers, and four states
—
Louisiana,
North Dakota, Utah and West Virginia
—
are using some form of the technology
in second schools. A fifth, Indiana, has experimented with it. In some cases the
software is used as a “second reader”, to check the reliability of the human
graders.


[K] But the growing influence of the Edx consortium to set standards is likely
to give the technology a boost. On Tuesday, Stanford announced that it would
work with EdX to develop a joint educational system that will make use of the
automated assessment technology.


[L] Two start-ups, Coursera and Udacity, recently founded by
Stanford
faculty members to create “massive open online courses,” or MOOCs,
are also committed to automated assessment systems because of the value of
instant feedback. “it allows students to get immediate feedback on their work, so
that learning turns into a game, with students naturally gravitating (
吸引
) to ward
resubmitting the work until they get it right, ” said Daphne Koller, a computer
scientist and a founder of Coursera.


[M] Last year the Hewlett Foundation, a grant-making organization set up by
one of the Hewlett- Packard founders and his wife, sponsored two $$100,000 Prizes
aimed at improving software that grades essay and short answers. More than 150
teams entered each category. A winner of one of the Hewlett contents, Vik
Paruchurt was hired by EdX to help design its assessment software.


[N] “One of our focus is to help kids learn how to think critically,” said
Vuchic, a program officer at the Hewlett Foundation. “It’s probably impossible to
do that with multiple-
choice tests”. The challenge is that this requires human
graders, and so they cost a lot more and they take a lot of more time.


[O] Mark s, a professor at the University of Akron in Ohio,
supervised the Hewlett Foundation’s contest on automated essay scoring and
wrote a paper about the experiment. In his view, the technology
—
though
imperfect
—
has a place in educational settings.


[P] With increasing large class, it is impossible for most teachers to give
students meaningful feedback on writing assignments, he said Plus, he noted,
critics of the technology have tended to come from t
he nation’s best universities,
where the level of teaching is much better than at most schools.


[Q] “Often they come from very famous institutions where, in fact, they do a
much better job of providing feedback than a machine over could,” Dr. Shermis
sai
d. “There seems to be a lack of appreciation of what is actually going on in the
real world.”



注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。



46 Some professors in education are collecting signatures to voice their
opposition to automated essay grading.


47 using software to grad
e students’ essay saves teachers time for other work.



48 the Hewlett contests aim at improving essay grading software.


49 Though the automated grading system is widely used in multiple-choice
tests, automated essay grading is still criticized by many educators.


50 Some people don’t believe the software grading system can do as good a
job as human graders.


51 Critics of automated essay scoring do not seem to know the true realities
in leses famous university.


52 Critics argue many important aspects of effective writing cannot measured
by computer rating programs.


53 As class size grows, most teachers are unable to give student valuable
comments as to how to improve their writing.


54 The automated assessment technology is sometimes used to double check
the work of human graders.


55 Students find instant feedback helps their learning considerably.



Section C



Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by
some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices
marked A), B),C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.


Passage One


Question 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.


Across the rich world, well-educated people increasingly work longer than
the less-skilled. Some 65% of American men aged 62-74 with a professional
degree are in the workforce, compared with 32% of men with only a high-school
certificate. This gap is part of a deepening divide between the well-education well
off and the unskilled poor. Rapid technological advance has raised the incomes of
the highly skilled while squeezing those of the unskilled. The consequences, for
individual and society, are profound.


The world is facing as astonishing rise in the number of old people, and they
will live longer than ever before. Over the next 20 years the global population of
those aged 65 or more will almost double, from 600 million to 1.1 billion. The
experience of the 20th century, when greater longevity (
长寿
)translated into more
years in retirement rather than more years at work, has persuaded many observers
that this shift will lead to slower economic growth, while the swelling ranks of
pensioners will create government budget problems.


But the notion of a sharp division between the working young and the idle old
misses a new trend, the growing gap between the skilled and the unskilled.
Employment rates are falling among younger unskilled people, whereas older
skilled folk are working longer. The divide is most extreme in America, where
well-educated baby-boomers (
二战后生育高峰期出生的美国人
) are putting off
retirement while many less-skilled younger people have dropped out of the
workforce.


That even the better-off must work longer to have a comfortable retirement.
But the changing nature of work also plays a big role. Pay has risen sharply for the
highly educated, and those people continue to reap rich rewards into old age
because these days the educated elderly are more productive than the preceding
generation. Technological change may well reinforce that shift: the skills that
complement computers, from management knowhow to creativity. Do not
necessarily decline with age.


注意：此部分试题请在答题卡
2
上作答。



56
、
what is happening in the workforce in rich countries?


A. younger people are replacing the elderly


B. well-educated people tend to work longer


C. unemployment rates are rising year after year


D. people with no college degree do not easily find work


57
、
what has helped deepen the divide between the well-off and poor?


A. Longer life expectancies


B. Profound changes in the workforce


C. rapid technological advance.


D. A growing number of well-graduated.


58
、
what do many observers predict in view of the experience of the 20th
century?


A. Economic growth will slow down.


B. Government budgets will increase.


C. More people will try to pursue higher education


D. There will be more competition in the job market.


59
、
What is the result of policy changes in European countries?


A. Unskilled workers may choose to retire early.


B. more people have to receive in-service training.


C. Even wealthy people must work longer to live comfortably in retirement.


D. People may be able to enjoy generous defined-benefits from
pension
plans.


60
、
What is characteristic of work in the 21st century?


A. Computers will do more complicated work.


B. More will be taken by the educated young.


C. Most jobs to be done will be creative ones.


D. Skills are highly valued regardless of age.



Passage Two



Questions 61-65 are based on the following passage.


Some of the world’s most significant problems never hit
example comes from agriculture. Food riots and hunger make news. But the trend
lying behind these matters is rarely talked about. This is the decline in the growth
in yields of some of the world’s major crops.A new study by the University of
Minnesota and McGill University in Montreal looks at where, and how far, this
decline is occurring.


The authors take a vast number of data points for the four most important
crops: rice, wheat corn and soybeans(
大豆
). They find that on between 24% and
39% of all harvested areas, the improvement in yields that tood place before the
1980s slowed down in the 1990s and 2000s.


There are two worrying features of the slowdown. One is that it has been
particularly sharp in the world’s most populous(
人口多的
) countries, India and
China. Their ability to feed themselves has been an important source of relative
stability both within the countries and on world food markets. That
self- sufficiency cannot be taken for granted if yields continue to slow down or
reverse.


Second, yield growth has been lower in wheat and rice than in corn and
soyabeans. This is problematic because wheat and rice are more important as
foods, accounting for around half of all calories consumed. Corn and soyabeans
are more important as feed grains. The authors note that “we have preferentially
focused our crop improvement efforts on feeding animals and cars rather than on
cro
ps that feed people and are the basis of food security in much of the world.”



The report qualifies the more optimistic findings of another new paper which
suggests that the world will not have to dig up a lot more land for farming in order
to feed 9 billion people in 2050, as the Food and Agriculture Organisation has
argued.