阿城一中直接引语和间接引语用法讲解

2021年1月20日发(作者：范钧宏)
直接引语和间接引语用法讲解

一、概述

引述或转述别人的话称为
“
引语
”
。有两种方式：

直接引述别人的原话，两边用引号“”标出，这叫做直接引语
(direct speech)
。

用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语
(indirect speech)
。

Mr. Black said,
“I'm busy.”

Mr. Black said
that he was busy
.
转换为间接引语时，句子的结构，人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有
变化。

二、直接引语

1
、句式的变化

直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化


1
）陈述句。用连词< br>that
引导，
that
在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用
接引 语中的
said,
也可用
told
来代替，
注意，可以说
said that, said to sb. that, told
sb. that
，不可直接说
told that,
如：


He said, “I have been to the Great Wall.” ——
>He said to us that he had been
to the Great Wall.

He said, “I'll give you an examination next Monday.”——
>

He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.
（不可说
told
that
）


此外主句中的谓语还常有：


repeat, whisper, answer, reply, explain, announce, declare, think
等，又如：


He said
，
“
I'm late because of the heavy traffic.
”
——
> He explained to us that
he was late because of the heavy traffic.





如果间接引语是由
that
引导的两个或 两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可
以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。


The doctor sai
d, “You are not seriously ill, You will be better soon.”——
>

The doctor said
（
that
）
I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

2
）
一般疑问句（也称是否疑问句）。间接引语用连词
wheth er
或
if
引导，原
主句中谓语动词
said
要改为
asked
（
me/him/us
等），语序是陈述句的语序，这一
点非常 重要。


He said, “Do you have any difficulty with pronunciation?”——
>

He asked
（
me
）
whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

He said, “You are interested in English, aren't you?”——
>

He asked whether I was interested in English.

3
）选择疑问句。间接引语用< br>whether
…
or
…表达，
而不用
if
…
or
…，也不用
either
…
or
…
.
如：


He asked, “Do you speak English or French?”——
>




He asked me
whether I spoke English or French..

I asked, “Will you take bus or take train?”——
>






I asked him whether he
would take bus or take train.

4
）特殊疑问句。改成间接引语时，原来的疑问词作为间 接引语的连词，主句的
谓语动词用
ask
（
sb.
）来表达，语序改 为陈述句语序。
如：


He asked
，
“
What's your name?
”——
> He asked
（
me
）
what my name was.

He asked us, “How many car factories have been built in your country?”

——
> He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

注意：

直接引语里是：
What's wrong
with……?/What's the matter? /What's the
trouble?/What has happened?/
等特殊疑问句时
,
间接引语的语序不变。

He said to her“
What’s the matter with you?”
他问她
“
你怎么了？
”

He asked her
what was the matter with her
.
他问她怎么了。

5
）
祈使句。
改为间接引语，
用 带
to
的不定式表达，
谓语动词常是
ask, advise,
tell, warn, order, request
等。
如
ask sb. to do
，（由肯定祈使句变成）
ask sb. not
to do< br>（由否定祈使句转变），
并且在不定式短语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及
时态都作相 应的变化。
如：


He said
，“
Be seated, please.
”

——
>


He asked us to be seated.

The teacher
said,
“Don’t
talk

in class! ” ——
>

The teacher
told us not to
talk
in class!
“
Do be careful with your
handwriting.” He said. ——
>




He told me to be
careful with my handwriting.

“
Never come here
again!” said the officer nearby. ——
>



The officer
ordered the villagers never to go there again.

“
Don't touch
anything in the lab without permission,” the teacher said. ——
>

The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without
permission.

另：
有些含有
“建议”
——
>
、
“劝告 ”
——
>
的祈使句，
可用
ask sb. to do sth.
/suggest doing/advise sb. to do sth .
等形式转述。
如：


He said, “Let's have a rest.”——
> He suggested our having a rest.

“Would you mind opening the door?” he asked. ——
>He asked me to open the
door.

“Why not going out for a walk?” he asked us. ——
>

He advised us to go out for a walk.
或
He suggested we go out for a walk.

7
）感叹句，变间接引语可用
what
或
how
引导，也可用
that
引导。
如：


She said,
“
What a lovely day it is!
”

——
> She said what a lovely day it was.
或
She said that it was a lovely day.

2
、

人称的变化

直接引语

间接引语

I
he / she
we
they
you
I
me
him / her
us
them
He said , “
I

like

it

very much.”

→He said

that

he

liked

it
very much. (I
改为
he, it
不变
)
He said, “
You
told

me

this story.”

→He said that

I

had told

him
that story.(You
改为
I, me
改为
him, told
改为
had
told)
He said to me, “
She’s
left
her
book in
your

room”.

→
He told me that
she had
left
her
book in
my
room.
（
She’s→she had
，

her
不变，
your→my
）

直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，

把直接引语中的
第一人称
(
如：
I
，
me
，
my
，
mine，
we
，
us
，
our
，
ours)
变为
与
主句的主语相一致
的人称。

把直接引语中的
第二人 称
(you
，
your
，
yours)
变为
和主句 的间接宾语
(
即听话人，
如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称
)
相一致
的人称。

直接引语中的
第三人称
(he
，
him
，
his
，
she
，
her
，< br>hers,it
，
its,they,their
，
theirs，
them)
变为间接引语时，
人称不变
。

3
、

时态的变化

（
1
）主句的谓 语动词是
过去时，
宾语从句的时态可能下相应发生变化。

往后推一个时态








过去完成时


一般将来
时


一般
将来进行时


一般
将来完成时

He
usually
watch

TV on Sunday.”

→He said that he usually
watched
TV on Sunday.
He said, “I'
m using

the knife.”

→He said that he

was using
the knife.
She said, “I

have not heard

from him since May.”

过去
将来完成时

said, “I
过去
将来进行时

过去将来
时

过去完成时
(
不变
)
直接引语

一般
现在
时

现在
进行时

现在
完成时

一般
过去
时

过去进行时态

间接引语

一般
过去
时

过去
进行时

过去
完成时

过去完成时

过去进行时态（不变）

→She said that she

had not
heard from him since May.

He said
，
“I

came

to help you.”

→He said that

he had come
to help me.
He said, “I

had finished

my homework before supper.”

→He said that he
had finished
his homework before supper.
Zhou Lan said, “I'
ll do

it after class.”

→Zhou La
n said that she
would do
it after class.
He said,“I

shall be doing

my homework then.”

→He said that he

should be doing
his homework then.
He said, “We

shall have finished

the work by that time.”

→He said that they

should have finished
the work by that time.
注意：直接引语如果是 客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明
客观事实时，变为间接引语时，
时态不变
。

The teacher said, “The earth

is

round. ”

→The teacher said that the earth

is
round.
He said, “I

was

born in Shangdong in 1965.”

与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实

客观真理

→He said that he

was
born in Shangdong in 1965.

（
2
）主句的谓语动词是
现在时或将来时，
变为间接引语时，
时态一律不变。

He says, “I

finished
the work.
He says that he
finished
the work.

He will say, “I
have watered

the flowers.”

He will say he
has watered
the flowers.