succeeds英国文学简史 复习重点 12年

2021年1月20日发(作者：轰轰隆隆)
英国文学简史

复习重点

12
年

PART ONE: EARLY AND MEDIEVAL ENGLISH LITERATURE
Chapter 1: The Making of England
At
the
same
time
Britain
was
invaded
by
swarms
of
pirates.
They
were
three
tribes
from
Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.

Chapter 2: Beowulf
《贝奥武甫》

It is Beowulf, the national epic of English people
（民族史诗）

Features of Beowulf
1.

Most striking feature: the use of alliteration --- in alliterative verse, certain accented
（重读
的）

words in a line, begin with the same consonant sound.

(There are generally 4 accents in a line, three of which show alliteration, as can be seen
from the above quotation.)
2.

Other features: the use of metaphor and of understatements
（隐喻和委婉）


Chapter 3: Feudal England
Best
known
English
Romance
（英国骑士文学代表作）
:
Adventures
of
King
Arthur
and
his
Knights of the Round Table
《亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士》

The Class Nature of the Romance
1.

The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance, as loyalty
was
the
corner-stone
of
the
feudal
morality,
without
which
the
whole
structure
of
feudalism would collapse.
2.

They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized
（保护，赞助）

by the noble.

Chapter 5: The English Ballads
The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.

Best representative of English Ballads: The Geste of Robin Hood.
《绿林好汉罗宾汉》



Chapter 6: Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer
（拼写）

is the founder of English poetry.
Major work: The Canterbury Tales
《坎特伯雷故事集》

Chaucer
’
s contribution to English poetry lies in the fact that
1.

He
introduced
from
France
the
rhymed
stanza
（节）

of
various
types,
esp.
the
rhymed
couplets
（对句；两行诗
-
两行构成一节的诗体）

of 5 accents in iambic meter
（抑扬格五
音步）

[
the
“
heroic
couplet
”

（英雄诗双行体）
]
to
English
poetry,
instead
of
the
old
Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse
（头韵体）

2.

He did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech

PART TWO THE ENGLISH RENAISSANCE
Chapter 1: Old English in Translation
The Renaissance sprang first sprang in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over
Europe. Two features are striking of this movement:
1.

A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature
2.

The keen interest in the activities of humanity
Humanism is the key- note of Renaissance Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising
bourgeois class,
which
saw
the world
opening
before it.
According
the
humanists,
both man
and world are hindered only by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould
the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the
exercise of reason.
Thomas More
（摩尔）
: Utopia
《乌托邦》

Edmund Spenser
（斯宾塞）
: The Faerie Queene
（拼写）
《仙后》

The Faerie Queene is written in a special verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter
lines
followed
by
a
ninth
line
of
six
iambic
feet
(an
alexandrine),
with
the
rhyme
scheme
ababbcbcc.
This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.
（斯宾塞诗体）


Chapter 4: Drama
Four types of English plays during Renaissance: The Miracle Play
（奇迹剧）
, The Morality Play
（道德剧）
, The Interlude
（幕间剧）
, The Classical Drama
（古典剧）


Chapter 5: Marlowe
The most gifted of the
“
university wits
”
was Christopher Marlowe.
Marlowe's best includes Tamburlaine
《帖木耳》
, The Jew of Malta
《马耳他的犹太人》
, Doctor
Faustus
《浮士德博士》

Theme: in Tamburlaine it is ambition, in The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth, in Doctor Faustus,
desire for knowledge

Chapter 6: Shakespeare
Born on April 23, 1564,

died on April 23, in 1616
Four great tragedies: Hamlet
《哈姆雷特》
, Othello
《奥赛罗》
, King Lear
《李尔王》
, Macbeth
《麦克白》

The Mature Histories:
1.

The principal idea of plays of history is the necessity for national unity under one king.
2.

Shakespeare believed in a wise and humane king who would live to serve his country.
The hero of Henry IV is Henry V.
The Melancholy
（忧郁）

of Hamlet
1.

It
is
said
not
without
reason
that
the
keynote
of
Hamlet
’
s
character
is
melancholy,
and
there
can
be
no
Hamlet
without
melancholy.
But
his
melancholy
is
not
the
negative,
hair-splitting
and
fruitless
kind.
It
is
rather
the
result
of
his
penetrating
habit
of
mind.
(personality)
2.

He seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the
problem that trouble and upset him. Revenge is easy, but it is not merely personal revenge
that
Hamlet
seeks.
What
is
more
important
is
to
expose
the
root
of
the
evil
and
to
establish a reign of justice. His responsibility is thus enlarged into a radical transformation
of society. (sense of responsibility for transforming the society)
3.

Thus,
Hamlet
’
s
mental
world
has
gone
through
the
shock
of
a
personal
wrong
to
an
awakening of his great responsibility in reforming the world as a whole. But to realize his
ideal in his own time was beyond him. This and this only, is the cause of Hamlet
’
s profound
melancholy and his delay in revenge. So
Hamlet’s
profound beginning shows, in a way, the
crisis of humanism at the end of the 16
th
and the beginning of the 17
th
centuries. (crisis of
humanism)

PART THREE: THE PERIOD OF THE ENGLISH BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION
Chapter 2: Milton
John Milton: Paradise Lost
《失乐园》


Chapter 3: Bunyan
John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress
《天路历程》


Chapter 4: Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets
The
works
of
the
Metaphysicals
（玄学派）

are
characterized
by
mysticism
（神秘主义）

in
content and fantasticality
（空想，变化无常）

in form.

PART FOUR: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Chapter 1: The Enlightenment and Classism in English Literature
The Enlightenment
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the
Enlightenment.
It
was
an
expression
of
struggle
of
the
bourgeoisie
against
feudalism.
The
enlighteners
fought
against
class
inequity,
stagnation
（思想僵化）
,
prejudices
and
other
survivals
of
feudalism
（封建遗存）
.
They
attempted
to
place
all
branches
of
science
at
the
service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.

Chapter 2: Addison and Steele
Steele and Addison
’
s contribution to the English literature:
1.

Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.
2.

They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century
3.

In the bands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as
literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story- telling, they ushered in
the dawn of modern English novel.

Chapter 4: Swift --- Jonathan Swift
Jonathan Swift: Gulliver's Travels
《格列佛游记》
; A Modest Proposal
《一个温柔的建议》


Chapter 5: Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel
Daniel Defoe
（笛福）
: Robinson Crusoe
《鲁滨逊漂流记》


Chapter 6: Richardson
Samuel Richardson was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.
（道德说教者）

Pamela was a new thing in three ways:

1.

Firstly, it pictured the life and love of ordinary people.

2.

Secondly, its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.