万圣节用英语怎么说地下水专业术语(英文)

2021年1月20日发(作者：vsync)
Ground water Term
absorption
coefficient
accumulation
(glacial)
吸附系数

堆积

A measure of the amount of radiant energy, incident normal to a planar
surface, that is absorbed per unit distance or unit mass of a substance.

All processes, which include snowfall, condensation, avalanching, snow
transport by wind, and freezing of liquid water, that add snow or ice to a
glacier, floating ice, or snow cover. The term also includes the amount of
snow or other solid precipitation added to a glacier or snowfield by
these processes.

the acidic rainfall which results when rain combines with sulfur oxides
emissions from combustion of fossil fuels.
The acid concentration in ice core layers as a function of depth as
determined from electrical measurements. The magnitudes of some
volcanic eruptions in the Northern Hemisphere have been estimated
from the acidity of annual layers in ice cores taken in Greenland. This
methodology is sometimes referred to as acidity signal or acidity record.

the molecular attraction asserted between the surfaces of bodies in
contact. Compare cohesion
the adhesion of a substance to the surface of a solid or liquid.
Adsorption is often used to extract pollutants by causing them to be
attached to such adsorbents as activated carbon or silica gel.
Hydrophobic, or water- repulsing adsorbents, are used to extract oil from
waterways in oil spills.

Time required for a given stream of irrigation water to move from the
upper end of a field to the lower end of the field.

The predominately horizontal large-scale movement of air that causes
changes in temperature or other physical properties. In oceanography,
advection is the horizontal or vertical flow of sea water as a current.

the mixing or turbulent exposure of water to air and oxgen to dissipate
volatile contaminants and other pollutants into the air.
(also known as the unsaturated zone):The zone above the water table is
known as the aeration zone.

Particulate material, other than water or ice, in the atmosphere ranging
in size from approximately 10x-3 to larger than 10x2
磎

in radius.
Aerosols are important in the atmosphere as nuclei for the condensation
of water droplets and ice crystals, as participants in various chemical
cycles, and as absorbers and scatterers of solar radiation, thereby
influencing the radiation budget of the earth- atmosphere system, which
in turn influences the climate on the surface of the Earth.

water which is soft and acidic and can corrode plumbing, piping, and
appliances.


Composed of livestock, animal specialty, and irrigation water use.

acid rain
acidity profile
酸
雨

酸度剖面

adhesion
adsorption

内聚力

吸附

advance time
[irrigation]
advection
aeration

行进时间

水平对流

曝气

aeration zone

包气带

aerosol
悬浮
质

aggressive
water

agriculture
water use
[water-use
category]
alkalinity

alluvium
altithermal
period

anisotropy
antecedent
moisture
aquaculture

aquaculture
侵蚀性水

农
业
用水

碱度

冲积物

高温期

the measurement of constituents in a water supply which determine
alkaline conditions. The alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to
neutralize acids. See pH.

Sediments deposited by flowing rivers. Depending upon the location in
the floodplain of the river, different-sized sediments are deposited.
A period of high temperature, particularly the one from 8000 to 4000 B.P
.
(before the present era), which was apparently warmer in summers, as
compared with the present, and with the precipitation zones shifted
poleward. Also called the hypsithermal period.

The condition under which one or more of the hydraulic properties of an
aquifer vary according to the direction of flow.
The soil moisture present before a particular precipitation event.
farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish, shellfish, and algae.

Water used for farming of organisms that live in water, such as fish,
各向
异
性

前期降水
量

水产
业

水产用水

water use
[water-use
category]
aquatic

aquiclude
aquifer

水生的

隔水层

含水层

aquifer
[hydrology]
含水层

aquifer
含水层疏
depletion
干

[management]
aquifer test
含水层试
验

aquifer,
承压含水
confined
层

aquifer, perched
上层
滞
水
含水层

aquifer,
半承压含
semi-confined
水层

aquifer,
unconfined
aquifuge
aquitard
excluding fish hatcheries (commercial water use), shrimp, and other
shellfish. Activities included in SIC code 0273. Subset of animal
specialties water use.

growing in, living in, or frequenting water.

A unit of low permeability but is located so that it forms an upper or
lower boundary to a groundwater flow system, now also called
confining layer or leaky confining layer.
a geologic formation that will yield water to a well in sufficient quantities
to make the production of water from this formation feasible for
beneficial use; permeable layers of underground rock or sand that hold
or transmit groundwater below the water table.


(1) A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation
that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield significant
quantities of water to wells and springs (USGS); (2) A geologic
formation, group of formations, or part of a formation having structures
that permit appreciable water to move through them under ordinary
field conditions (ASCE).


Condition of declining water levels within the aquifer's structure
because natural recharging from surface water and precipitation is
inadequate to maintain normal level. Can be caused by withdrawal rates
exceeding recharge rates.

See pumping test
An aquifer that is overlain by a confining bed. The Confining bed has a
significantly lower hydraulic conductivity than the aquifer.
A region in the unsaturated zone where the soil may be locally saturated
because it overlies a low-permeability unit.
An aquifer confined by a low-permeability layer that permits water to
slowly flow through it. During pumping of the aquifer, recharge to the
aquifer can occur across the confining layer. Also known as a leaky
artesian or leaky confined aquifer.
An aquifer in which there are no confining beds between the zone of
saturation and the surface. There will be a water table in an unconfined
aquifer. Water-table aquifer is a synonym.
An absolutely impermeable unit that will not transmit any water.
A layer of low permeability that can store groundwater and also transmit
it slowly from one aquifer to another. Also named as leaky confinging
layer.
An aquifer that contains water under pressure as a result of hydrostatic
head. For artesian conditions to exist, an aquifer must be overlain by a
confining material and receive a supply of water. The free water surface
stands at a higher elevation than the top of the confining layer thus if
the aquifer is tapped by a well, the water in the well will rise above the
level of the aquifer.

a water well drilled into a confined aquifer where enough hydraulic
pressure exists for the water to flow to the surface without pumping.

a zone where water is confined in an aquifer under pressure so that the
water will rise in the well casing or drilled hole above the bottom of the
confining layer overlying the aquifer.

The envelope of air surrounding the Earth and bound to it by the Earth's
gravitational attraction. Studies of the chemical properties, dynamic
motions, and physical processes of this system constitute the field of
meteorology.

The portion of water in a soil that can be readily absorbed by plant roots.
It is the amount of water released between in situ field capacity and the
permanent wilting point.

amount of water entering the aquifer on an average annual basis.
Averages mean very little for the Edwards because the climate of the
region and structure of the aquifer produce a situation in which the area
is usually water rich or water poor.

any artificial obstruction placed in water to increase water level or divert
it. Usually the idea is to control peak flow for later release.

2
非承压含
水层

不透水层

弱透水层

artesian aquifer
自流含水
层

artesian well

自流井

artesian zone

自流区

atmosphere
(the)

available soil
moisture
大气圈

可用土壤
含水量

average annual
年平均补
recharge

给量

barrage

拦河坝


barrier
boundary
basal sliding
(basal slip)

baseflow
隔水边界

基部滑动

基流

An aquifers stem boundary represented by a rock mass that is not a
source of water.
The movement or speed of movement of a glacier on its bed.

That part of stream discharge from ground water seeping into the
stream
The declining rate of discharge of a stream fed only by baseflow for an
extended period. Typically, a baseflow recession will be exponential.
A hydrograph that shows a baseflow-recession curve.
A general term for any consolidated rock.

Any of a number of water uses that are recognized by a political entity
as valuable to society and worthy of protection, are defined by statutes,
and may need to be protected against quality or quantity degradation.
These water uses include, but are not necessarily limited to, domestic,
municipal, agricultural, and industrial supply; cooling in thermoelectric
power generation; and instream uses that include hydroelectric power
generation; recreation; aesthetic enjoyment; navigation; and
preservation and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and other aquatic
resources or preserves.

a nutrient-rich organic material resulting from the treatment of
wastewater. Biosolids contain nitrogen and phosphorus along with other
supplementary nutrients in smaller doses, such as potassium, sulfur,
magnesium, calcium, copper and zinc. Soil that is lacking in these
substances can be reclaimed with biosolids use. The application of
biosolids to land improves soil properties and plant productivity, and
reduces dependence on inorganic fertilizers.

The portion of Earth and its atmosphere that can support life. The part
(reservoir) of the global carbon cycle that includes living organisms
(plants and animals) and life- derived organic matter (litter, detritus). The
terrestrial biosphere includes the living biota (plants and animals) and
the litter and soil organic matter on land, and the marine biosphere
includes the biota and detritus in the oceans.

All processes, which include melting, evaporation (sublimation), wind
erosion, and calving (breaking off of ice masses), that remove snow or
ice from a glacier or snowfield. The term also refers to the amount of
snow or ice removed by these processes.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand. A measure of the amount of oxygen
required to neutralize organic wastes.

a type of wetland that accumulates appreciable peat deposits. They
depend primarily on precipitation for their water source, and are usually
acidic and rich in plant matter with a conspicuous mat or living green
moss.

the temperature at which a liquid boils. It is the temperature at which
the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure on its surface. If the
pressure of the liquid varies, the actual boiling point varies. For water it is
212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees Celsius.

A well drilled with a large truck-mounted boring auger, usually 12 inches
or more in diameter and seldom deeper than 100 feet.

A hole advanced into the ground by means of a drilling rig.
The general equation for two- dimensional unconfined transient flow.
highly salty and heavily mineralized water containing heavy metal and
organic contaminants.

CACO
3
- a white precipitate that forms in water lines, water heaters and
boilers in hard water areas; also known as scale.

A surficial gravel and sand conglomerate cemented by calcium
carbonate.

Also called hardpan; an opaque, reddish-brown-to-white calcareous
material, which occurs in layers near the surface of stony soils in arid and
semiarid areas.

A borehole log of the diameter of an uncased well
3
baseflow
基流衰减

recession
baseflow- recessi
基流衰减
on hydrograph
水文图

bedrock
基岩

beneficial
use[manageme
有效用水

nt]
biosolids

生物体

biosphere

生物圈

blation (glacial)
冰川消融

bod

bog

生化需氧
量

沼泽

boiling point

沸点

bored well
boring
Boussinesq
equation
brine

calcium
carbonate

calcrete

caliche

caliper log

钻
井

钻
孔

布捷涅斯
克方程

卤水

碳酸钙

钙
质
胶结
砾岩

硝酸钠

测径器测
井

capillary forces
毛细力

capillary fringe
毛细带

capillary water
毛细水

capillary zone

毛细带

carbon isotope
碳同位素
ratio

比

carbon source

碳
源

carbonates

carbon-based
resources

casing

碳酸盐

碳资
源

套管

cation excbange
阳离子交
capacity
换能力

cavern

溶洞

cement grout

水泥灰浆

cementation
cesspool
[wastewater]
check dam

chlorination

chlorine
demand

胶结
作
用

The forces acting on soil moisture in the unsaturated zone, attributable
to molecular attraction between soil particles and water
The zone immediately above the water table, where water is drawn
upward by capillary attraction.

Just above the water table, in the aeration zone, is capillary water that
moves upward from the water table by capillary action. This water can
move slowly and in any direction. While most plants rely upon moisture
from precipitation that is present in the unsaturated zone, their roots
may also tap into capillary water or the underlying saturated zone.

soil area above the water table where water can rise up slightly through
the cohesive force of capillary action. See phreatophytes.

Ratio of carbon-12 to either of the other, less common, carbon isotopes,
carbon- 13 or carbon-14.

A pool (reservoir) that releases carbon to another part of the carbon
cycle.

the collective term for the natural inorganic chemical compounds
related to carbon dioxide that exist in natural waterways.

The recoverable fossil fuel (coal, gas, crude oils, oil shale, and tar sands)
and biomass that can be used in fuel production and consumption.

a tubular structure intended to be watertight installed in the excavated
or drilled hole to maintain the well opening and, along with cementing,
to confine the ground waters to their zones of origin and prevent the
entrance of surface pollutants.

The ability of a particular rock or soil to absorb cations.
a large underground opening in rock (usually limestone) which occurred
when some of the rock was dissolved by water. In some igneous rocks,
caverns can be formed by large gas bubbles.

a mixture of water and cement in the ratio of not more than 5-6 gallons
of water to a 94 pound sack of portland cement which is fluid enough to
be pumped through a small diameter pipe.

The process by which some of the voids in a sediment are filled with
precipitated materials, such as silica, calcite, and iron oxide, and which is
a part of diagenesis.

An underground catch basin for liquid waste, such as household waste.
Also called a septic tank.

a small dam constructed in a gully or other small water course to
decrease the streamflow velocity, minimize channel erosion, promote
deposition of sediment and to divert water from a channel.

the adding of chlorine to water or sewage for the purpose of
disinfection or other biological or chemical results.

the difference between the amount of chlorine added to water, sewage,
or industrial wastes and the amount of residual chlorine remaining at
the end of a specific contact period. Compare residual chlorine (
残余氯
).
the overall structure which allows water to drop rapidly through an open
channel without causing erosion. Usually constructed near the edge of
dams.

to move in a circle, circuit or orbit; to flow without obstruction; to follow
a course that returns to the starting point.

a tank used to collect rainwater runoff from the roof of a house or
building.


A reservoir, tank, or vessel for storing or holding water or other liquid.


A reservoir for the storage of filtered water of sufficient capacity to
prevent the need to vary the filtration rate with variations in demand.
Also used to provide chlorine-contact time for disinfection.

The statistical collection and representation of the weather conditions
for a specified area during a specified time interval, usually decades,
together with a description of the state of the external system or
boundary conditions.

The long-term fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, wind, and all
4
化粪池

检查坝

氯化

需氯量

chute spillway

溢
洪道

circulate

cistern

cistern [water
supply]
循环

蓄水池

水塔
(
蓄水
池
)
clear well [water
洁水井

supply]
climate

气候

climate change

气候变化


climate
sensitivity

气候敏感

climate system

气候系统

climate variation
气候变化


climatic
气候
异
常

anomaly

climatic cycle

气候循环

climatic
optimum

气候适宜

climatic year

cloud

cloudburst

coagulation

coastal zone

cohesion

cold vapor

coliform
bacteria
collection site
collector well

colloids

commercial
water use

common-ion
effect
completion

气候年

云

暴
雨

凝结

海岸带

凝聚力

冷气

大肠菌

集水区

集水井

胶体

商
业
用水

常规离子
效应

完成

concentration

浓度

condensation
conduit

cone of

浓缩

渠道

下降漏斗

other aspects of the Earth's climate. External processes, such as
solar-irradiance variations, variations of the Earth's orbital parameters
(eccentricity, precession, and inclination), lithosphere motions, and
volcanic activity, are factors in climatic variation.

The magnitude of a climatic response to a perturbing influence. In
mathematical modeling of the climate, the difference between
simulations as a function of change in a given parameter.

The five physical components (atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere,
lithosphere, and biosphere) that are responsible for the climate and its
variations.

The change in one or more climatic variables over a specified time.

The deviation of a particular climatic variable from the mean or normal
over a specified time.

the periodic changes climate displays, such as a series of dry years
following a series of years with heavy rainfall.

The period in history from about 5000 to about 2500 B.C. during which
surface air temperatures were warmer than at present in nearly all
regions of the world. In the Arctic region, the temperature rose many
degrees, and in temperate regions, the increase was 1.0 degrees - 1.7
degrees C. In this period, glaciers and ice sheets receded greatly, and the
melt-water raised sea level by about 3 meters.

a period used in meteorological measurements. The climatic year in the
U.S. begins on October 1.

A visible mass of condensed water vapor particles or ice suspended
above the Earth's surface. Clouds may be classified on their visible
appearance, height, or form.

a torrential downpour of rain, which by it spottiness and relatively high
intensity suggests the bursting and discharge of water from a cloud all
at once.

in water treatment, the use of chemicals to make suspended solids
gather or group together into small flocs.

Lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the
uses of the sea and its ecology or whose uses and ecology are affected
by the sea.

a molecular attraction by which the particles of a body are united
throughout the mass whether like or unlike. Compare adhesion.

method to test water for the presence of mercury.

A group of bacteria that mostly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans
and animals, but also found in soil. While harmless in themselves,
coliform bacteria are used as indicators of the possible presence of
pathogenic organisms.

A stream, lake, reservoir, or other body of water fed by water drained
from a watershed.

a well located near a surface water supply used to lower the water table
and thereby induce infiltration of surface water through the bed of the
water body to the well..

finely divided solids which will not settle but which may be removed by
coagulation or biochemical action.

water for motels, hotels, restaurants, office buildings, other commercial
facilities, and institutions. The water may be obtained from a public
supply or may be self supplied.
See also
public supply and self- supplied
water.
The decrease in the solubility of a salt dissolved in water already
containing some of the ions of the salt.
sealing off access of undesireable water to the well bore by proper
casing and/or cementing procedures.

amount of a chemical or pollutant in a particular volume or weight of air,
water, soil, or other medium.

The process that Occurs when an air mass is saturated and water
droplets form around nuclei or on surfaces.
a natural or artificial channel through which fluids may be conveyed.

natural depression in the water table around a well during pumping.

5
depression

confined aquifer
承压含水

层

confining bed
承压层

confining layer
承压层

conjunctive
联合管理

management

conjunctive
water use
联合用水

[management]
connate growth

原
生生长

connate water
conservation
consumption
consumptive
use
原
生水

保护

消耗

消耗用水

an aquifer that lies between two relatively impermeable rock layers.

A body of material of low hydraulic conductivity that is stratigraphic ally
adjacent to one or more aquifers. It may lie above or below the aquifer.

Geological material through which significant quantities of water can
not move; located below unconfined aquifers, above and below
confined aquifers. Also known as a confining bed.

integrated management and use of two or more water resources, such
as an aquifer and a surface water body.


A practice whereby two or more independent sources of water are used
in combination or alternately, for meeting one or more objectives, such
as, improved reliability of supply, long- term cost effectiveness, and
environmental protection.

water trapped in the pore spaces of a sedimentary rock at the time it was
deposited. It is usually highly mineralized.

Interstitial water that was not buried with a rock but which has been out
of contact with the atmosphere for an appreciable part of a geologic
period.

The use of water- saving methods to reduce the amount of water needed
for homes, lawns, farming, and industry, thus increasing water supplies
for optimum long-term economic and social benefits.

Water that is actually consumed, transpired, or incorporated into new
products as it is used.

The use of a resource that reduces the supply (removing water from a
source like a river or lake without returning an equal amount). Examples
include the intake of water by plants, humans, and other animals and the
incorporation of water into the products of industrial or food
processing.

that part of water withdrawn that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated
into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise
removed from the immediate water environment. Also referred to as
water consumed.
A spring that forms at a lithologic contact where a more permeable unit
overlies a less permeable unit.
Any substance that when added to water (or another substance) makes
it impure and unfit for consumption or use.

the introduction into water of sewage or other foreign matter that will
render the water unfit for its intended use.

The layer of the Earth that lies under continents and the continental
shelves. It ranges in thickness from 35 to 60 km. Its upper layer has a
density of 2.7 g/cm3 and is composed of rocks that are rich in silica and
alumina.

A thick continental crust.

Atmospheric or oceanic motions that are predominately vertical and
that result in vertical transport and mixing of atmospheric or oceanic
properties. Because the most striking meteorological features result if
atmospheric convective motion occurs in conjunction with the rising
current of air (i.e., updrafts), convection is sometimes used to imply only
upward vertical motion.

A numerical procedure applied in many atmospheric models to
approximate the vertical nonradiative heat transport. This procedure
adjusts the lapse rate whenever necessary so that some prescribed
critical lapse rate is never exceeded.

The quasi-horizontal flow of a fluid toward a common destination from
different directions. When waters of different origins come together at a
point or along a line (convergence line), the denser water from one side
sinks under the lighter water from other side. The ocean convergence
lines are the polar, subtropical, tropical, and equatorial. Also see
divergence.


The systematic and intentional flow or transfer of water from one point
6
consumptive
use

耗水

contact spring
接触泉

contaminant
污染物

contamination

污染

continental
crust

continental
plate

convection

大陆壳

大陆板块

对流

convective
adjustment

convergence

对流调节

汇流

conveyance

输水

[general]
conveyance loss
输水损失

[general]
creek

crest

小溪

顶部

critical low flow

临界低速
水流

crop
作
物需水
requirement
量

[irrigation]
crop water-use
作
物用水

efficiency

to another. Conveyance types include water instream conveyance, water
distribution, and wastewater collection.


Water that is lost in transit from a pipe, canal, conduit, or ditch by
leakage or evaporation. If the water is lost due to leakage, it may be
considered return flow if it percolates to an aquifer and is available for
reuse. If the water evaporates, it is considered consumptive use.

a small stream of water which serves as the natural drainage course for a
drainage basin. The term is relative according to size. Some creeks in a
humid region would be called rivers if they occurred in an arid area.

the top of a dam, dike, or spillway, which water must reach before
passing over the structure; the summit or highest point of a wave; the
highest elevation reached by flood waters flowing in a channel.

low flow conditions below which some standards do not apply. The
impacts of permitted discharges are analyzed at critical low- flow.


The volume of water required by the crop to maintain optimum growth.

A measure at the ecosystem level of how well plants use available water
in growth. The grams of dry weight gained by plants during the growing
season per unit land area are divided by the millimeters of water lost
(including evaporation directly from the soil).

cryosphere

永冻圈

The portion of the climate system consisting of the world's ice masses
and snow deposits, which includes the continental ice sheets, mountain
glaciers, sea ice, surface snow cover, and lake and river ice. Changes in
snow cover on the land surfaces are by and large seasonal and closely
tied to the mechanics of atmospheric circulation.

cubic foot per
立方英尺
/
the rate of discharge representing a volume of one cubic foot passing a
second (cfs)

秒

given point during 1 second. This rate is equivalent to approximately
7.48 gallons per second, or 1.98 acre-feet per day.

current

水流

the portion of a stream or body of water which is moving with a velocity
much greater than the average of the rest of the water. The progress of
the water is principally concentrated in the current. See thalweg.

current meter
流速仪

A device that is lowered into a stream in order to record the rate at
which the current is moving
dam

大坝

a structure of earth, rock, or concrete designed to form a basin and hold
water back to make a pond, lake, or reservoir.

Darcian velocity
达西速度

See specific discharge
Darcy's law
达西定律

An equation that can be used to compute the quantity of water flowing
through an aquifer
data collection

Implementation of appropriate procedures for obtaining necessary
数据采集

[method]
information to monitor status of water quantity, quality, use or flow.


Procedures used to develop necessary information products about
data
water, including but not limited to, quality assurance, statistical analysis,
compilation
数据编辑

mathematical manipulations, integration of data from several sources,
[method]
and formatting for archiving.

Debye-Hiickel
德拜
—
海
A means of computing the activity coefficient for an ionic species.
equation
克尔公式

decomposers

分解体

Heterotrophic organisms that break down dead protoplasm and use
some of the products and release others for use by consumer
organisms.

decomposition

分解

The breakdown of matter by bacteria and fungi. It changes the chemical
makeup and physical appearance of materials.

deep

Water that moves downward through the soil profile below the root
percolation
深层下渗

zone and cannot be used by plants.

[irrigation]
deep water

深层海水

That part of the ocean below the main thermocline.

deforestation

森林采伐

The removal of forest stands by cutting and burning to provide land for
agricultural purposes, residential or industrial building sites, roads, etc.
or by harvesting the trees for building materials or fuel. Oxidation of
organic matter releases CO2 to the atmosphere, and regional and global
impacts may result.

degradation
退化

To wear down or reduce to lower quality by erosion or reduce the

7
deionized water

去
离子水

delivery/release

引
水

delta

demand

三角
洲

需求量

dendrochronolo
树木年代
gy

学

density
密度

dental fluorosis

氟斑牙

depletion
deposit

depression
spring
depression
storage
desalination

损耗

堆积物

洼地泉

洼地蓄水

脱盐
作
用
(
淡化
)
complexity of a chemical compound.

water free of inorganic chemicals.

the amount of water delivered to the point of use and the amount
released after use; the difference between these amounts is usually the
same as the consumptive use.
See also
consumptive use.
an alluvial deposit made of rock particles (sediment, and debris)
dropped by a stream as it enters a body of water.

the number of units of something that will be purchased at various
prices at a point in time. Compare supply.

The dating of past events and variations in the environment and the
climate by studying the annual growth rings of trees. The approximate
age of a temperate forest tree can be determined by counting the
annual growth rings in the lower part of the trunk. The width of these
annual rings is indicative of the climatic conditions during the period of
growth; wide annual rings signify favorable growing conditions, absence
of diseases and pests, and favorable climatic conditions, while narrow
rings indicate unfavorable growing conditions or climate.

The mass or quantity of a substance per unit volume. Units are kilograms
per cubic meter or grams per cubic centimeter.
disorder caused by excessive absorption of fluorine and characterized by
brown staining of teeth.

The loss of water from surface water reservoirs or groundwater aquifers
at a rate greater than that of recharge.

something dropped or left behind by moving water, as sand or mud.

A spring formed when the water table reaches a land surface because of
a change in topography.
Water from precipitation that collects in puddles at the land surface.
the process of salt removal from sea or brackish water.


Refers to the removal of salts from water. Desalination is primarily used
to produce public-supply water that meets drinking-water standards.
The primary types of desalination are (1) distillation, (2) electrodialysis,
and (3) reverse osmosis. Additionally, many public water suppliers also
dilute or blend saltwater with fresher water to produce potable water.
Also see

The progressive destruction or degradation of vegetative cover
especially in arid or semiarid regions bordering existing deserts.
Overgrazing of rangelands, large- scale cutting of forests and
woodlands, drought, and burning of extensive areas all serve to destroy
or degrade the land cover. The climatic impacts of this destruction
include increased albedo leading to decreased precipitation, which in
turn leads to less vegetative cover; increased atmospheric dust loading
could lead to decreased monsoon rainfall and greater wind erosion
and/or atmospheric pollution.

The temperature to which air must be cooled to cause condensation of
the water vapor it contains. The higher the dew point, the higher the
moisture content of the air.


(1) The draining, pumping, or removal of water that is affecting
construction or mining site, or to lower the water table for agriculture.
(2) The removal of water from a substance (sewage or waste screenings,
for example).

The process by which both ionic and molecular species dissolved in
water move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower
concentration.

A model of ground-water flow in which the aquifer is described by
numerical equations with specified values for boundary conditions that
are solved on a digital computer.
distilled water that has been stabilized, buffered, and aerated. Used in
the BOD test.

Water that falls directly into a lake or stream without passing through
any land phase of the runoff cycle.
8
desalination
[water
treatment]
淡化

desertification

荒漠化

dew point
露点

dewatering
[hydrology]
diffusion
排水沟
(
水
位降低
)
扩散

digital computer
数字计算
model
机模型

diluting water

冲淡的水

direct
precipitation

直
接降水

Dirichlet
condition
discharge
discharge

狄里克利
条件

排泄

流量
,
排泄
量

discharge
流量

discharge area
排泄区

discharge point
排水口

[wastewater]
discharge
渗透速度

velocity
dispersion
弥散

A boundary condition for a ground-water computer model where the
head is known at the boundary of the flow field.
The flow of surface water in a stream or canal or the outflow of
groundwater from a well, ditch, or spring.

the volume of water that passes a given point within a given period of
time. It is an all-inclusive outflow term, describing a variety of flows such
as from a pipe to a stream, or from a stream to a lake or ocean.


[Hydraulics] Measurement of the output from a water source such as a
well, spring, pump, stream, or a storm or flood event. An area designed
to receive the output flow from pumps or structures without
erosion/cavitation.

An area in which there are upward components of hydraulic head in the
aquifer. Ground water is flowing toward the surface in a discharge area
and may escape as a spring, seep, or base flow or by evaporation and
transpiration.

A location at which effluent is released after use into a receiving stream
or infiltration bed. Also referred to as an outfall.

See specific discharge.
The phenomenon by which a solute in flowing ground water is mixed
with uncontaminated water and becomes reduced in concentration.
Dispersion is caused by both differences in the velocity that the water
travels at the pore level and differences in the rate at which water travels
through different strata in the flow path.
distance by which portions of the same geological layer are offset from
each other by a fault.

the process by which solid particles mix molecule by molecule with a
liquid and appear to become part of the liquid.

amount of oxygen gas dissolved in a given quantity of water at a given
temperature and atmospheric pressure. It is usually expressed as a
concentration in parts per million or as a percentage of saturation.

inorganic material contained in water or wastes. Excessive dissolved
solids make water unsuitable for drinking or industrial uses. See TDS.

water treatment method where water is boiled to steam and condensd
in a separate reservoir. Contaminants with higher boiling points than
water do not vaporize and remain in the boiling flask.

water that has been treated by boiling and condensation to remove
solids, inorganics, and some organic chemicals.

The slope of a linear Freundlich isotherm.
to remove water from a water body. Diversions may be used to protect
bottomland from hillside runoff, divert water away from active gullies, or
protect buildings from runoff.


Point of withdrawal from surface water.

water for household purposes, such as drinking, food preparation,
bathing, washing clothes and dishes, flushing toilets, and watering lawns
and gardens. Also called residential water use. The water may be
obtained from a public supply or may be self supplied.
See also
public
supply and self-supplied water.
The process of accumulation and sinking of warm surface waters along a
coastline. A change of air flow of the atmosphere can result in the
sinking or downwelling of warm surface water. The resulting reduced
nutrient supply near the surface affects the ocean productivity and
meteorological conditions of the coastal regions in the downwelling
area.

of a stream at a specified location is that area, measured in a horizontal
plane, enclosed by a topographic divide from which direct surface runoff
from precipitation normally drains by gravity into the stream above the
specified location.

The land area from which surface runoff drains into a stream system.
A boundary line along a topographically high area that separates two
9
displacement

位移

dissolve

dissolved
oxygen (do)

溶解

溶解氧

dissolved solids

溶解固体

distillation

蒸
溜

distilled water

蒸
溜水

distribution
coefficient
diversion

diversion
[general]
分布系数

引水

提水

domestic water
家庭用水

use

downwelling

下降

drainage area

排泄区

drainage basin
流域

drainage divide
流域分水

drainage well
岭

排水井

drainfield
[wastewater
disposal]
drawdown
drilled well
排水区

降深

钻
井

driller's well log

钻
井编录

drip [process]
drought

水滴

干旱

dug well
Dupuit
assumptions
大口井

裘布
依
假
设

Dupuit equation
裘布
依
公
式

duration curve
历时曲线

dynamic
equilibrium
ecosystem

动态平衡

生态系统

Edwards aquifer
E

dwards
含水层

Edwards
outcrop

effective grain
size
effective pore
fraction
effective
porosity

effective
precipitation

Edwards
露头

有效粒径

有效孔隙
比

有效孔隙
度

有效降水

effluent
effluent

El Nino


流出

流出物

厄尔尼诺

adjacent drainage basins.
(1) A well pumped in order to lower the water table; (2) vertical shaft to a
permeable substratum into which surface and subsurface drainage is
channeled (now illegal).

A network of buried piping or tubing where the liquid is discharged to
the ground through the drain field. Most commonly used with septic
tanks, but some are used for domestic or industrial wastewater disposal
after treatment.

A lowering of the water table of an unconfined aquifer or the
potentiometric surface of a confined aquifer caused by pumping of
ground water from wells.
A well usually 10 inches or less in diameter, drilled with a drilling rig and
cased with steel or plastic pipe. Drilled wells can be of varying depth.

a log kept at the time of drilling showing the depth, thickness, character
of the different strata penetrated, location of water-bearing strata,
depth, size, and character of casing installed.


Procedure that regulates an altering substance into a stream of water;
for example, chlorination for drinking water, or the addition of fertilizer,
pesticides, and herbicides into irrigation water.

although there is no universally accepted definition of drought, it is
generally the term applied to periods of less than average precipitation
over a certain period of time. In south Texas ranchers say drought begins
as soon as it stops raining.

A large diameter well dug by hand, usually old and often cased by
concrete or hand-laid bricks. Such wells typically reach less than 50 feet
in depth and are easily and frequently contaminated.

Assumptions for flow in an unconfined aquifer that (1) the hydraulic
gradient is equal to the slope of the water table, (2) the streamlines are
horizon- and (3) the equipotential lines are vertical.
An equation for the volume of water flowing in an unconfined aquifer;
based upon the Dupuit assumptions.
A graph showing the percentage of time that the given flows of a stream
will be equaled or exceeded. It is based upon a statistical study of
historic streamflow records.
A condition in which the amount of recharge to an aquifer equals the
amount of natural discharge.
The interacting system of a biological community and its nonliving
environmental surroundings.

an arch-shaped belt of porous, water bearing limestones composed of
the Comanche Peak, Edwards, and Georgetown formations trending
from west to east to northeast through Kinney, Uvalde, Medina, Bexar,
Comal, Hays, Travis, and Williamson counties.

where the Edwards and associated limestone formations are found at
the surface. This area is also referred to as the Recharge Zone.

The grain size corresponding to the 10 percent finer by weight line on
the grain- size distribution curve.
The ratio of the porosity available for fluid flow to the total porosity of a
rock or sediment.
the portion of pore space in saturated permeable material where the
movement of water takes place. See porosity, effective.
(1) the part of precipitation which produces runoff; a weighted average
of current and antecedent precipitation
runoff. It is also that part of the precipitation falling on an irrigated area
which is effective in meeting the requirements of consumptive use. (2)
That portion of total precipitation that becomes available for plant
growth [irrigation].
The discharge of a pollutant in a liquid form, often from a pipe into a
stream or river.

any substance, particularly a liquid, that enters the environment from a
point source. Generally refers to wastewater from a sewage treatment or
industrial plant.

An irregular variation of ocean current that from January to March flows
10
electrical
resistance
model
electrical
sounding
电
阻
模型

off the west coast of South America, carrying warm, low-salinity,
nutrient-poor water to the south. It does not usually extend farther than
a few degrees south of the equator, but occasionally it does penetrate
beyond 12 degrees S, displacing the relatively cold Peru Current. The
effects of this phenomenon are generally short-lived, and fishing is only
slightly disrupted. Occasionally (in 1891, 1925, 1941, 1957 - 58, 1965,
1972 - 73, 1976, and 1982 - 83), the effects are major and prolonged.
Under these conditions, sea surface temperatures rise along the coast of
Peru and in the equatorial eastern Pacific

An analog model of ground-water flow based upon the flow of
electricity through a circuit containing resistors and capacitors.
An earth-resistivity survey made at the same location by putting the
electrodes progressively farther apart. It shows the change of apparent
resistivity with depth.
A method of measuring the induced electrical fieid in the earth to
determine the ability of the earth to conduct electricity. Electromagnetic
conductivity is the inverse of electrical resistivity. Also known as electric
conductivity and terrain conductivity.
The sum of all external conditions affecting the life, development, and
survival of an organism.

Environmental Protection Agency

The study of diseases as they affect populations, including the
distribution of disease or other health-related states and events in
human populations, the factors (e.g., age, sex, occupation, and
economic status) that influence this distribution, and the application of
this study to control health problems.

The number defining the conditions of equilibrium for a particular
reversible chemical reaction.
The level on a glacier where accumulation equals ablation and the net
balance equals zero.

A line in a two- dimensional ground-water flow field such that the total
hydraulic head is the same for all points along the line.
A surface in a three- dimensional ground-water flow field such that the
total hydraulic head is the same everywhere on the surface.
The formula weight of a dissolved ionic species divided by the electrical
charge. Also known as combining weight.
The wearing away of the land surface by running water, wind, ice, or
other geological agents including such processes as gravitational creep.
Geological erosion is natural occurring erosion over long periods of
time. Accelerated erosion is more rapid than normal erosion and results
primarily from man's activities. Erosion is further classified by the
amount and pattern of soil removal and transport as gully, interrill, rill,
sheet, and splash or raindrop erosion.

the topographic expression of a fault.

deepwater tidal habitats and tidal wetlands that are usually enclosed by
land but have access to the ocean and are at least occasionally diluted
by freshwater runoff from the land (such as bays, mouths of rivers, salt
marshes, lagoons).

area near the coastline that consists of estuaries and coastal saltwater
wetlands.

thin zone along a coastline where freshwater system(s) and river(s) meet
and mix with a salty ocean (such as a bay, mouth of a river, salt marsh,
lagoon).

an excess of plant nutrients from natural erosion and runoff from the
land in an aquatic ecosystem supporting a large amount of aquatic life
that can deplete the oxygen supply.

The conversion of a liquid (water) into a vapor (a gaseous state) usually
through the application of heat energy during the hydrologic cycle; the
opposite of condensation.


Process by which water is changed from a liquid into a vapor. See also
11
电测深

electromagnetic
电磁传导
conductivity
率

environment

EPA

环境

环境保护
法规

epidemiology

流行病学

equilibrium
平衡常数

constant
equilibrium line

平衡线

equipotential
line
equipotential
surface
equivalent
weight
erosion
等势线

等势面

当量
重

侵蚀

escarpment

断层崖

estuarine waters
河口水体


estuarine zone

河口区

estuary

河口

eutrophication
富营养化

(natural)

evaporation
evaporation

蒸
发

蒸
发

[hydrology]
evapotranspirati
on

evapotranspirati
on, actual
evapotranspirati
on, potential
exfiltration
[general]
fault spring
feedback
mechanisms

field capacity

field capacity
filter

filtration

蒸
散发

实际
蒸
散
发

潜
在蒸
散
发

渗漏损失

断层泉

反馈机
制

田间含水
量

田间持水
量

过滤器

入渗

evapotranspiration and transpiration.

a collective term that includes water discharged to the atmosphere as a
result of evaporation from the soil and surface-water bodies and as a
result of plant transpiration.
See
also evaporation and transpiration.
The evapotranspiration that actually occurs under given climatic and
soil-moisture conditions.
The evapotranspiration that would occur under given climatic
conditions if there were unlimited soil moisture.

Leakage from a conveyance system or storage area into the
surrounding and underlying materials. This process will occur if the
ambient ground-water pressure is less than the internal pressure of the
conveyance system or storage area at a breach.

A spring created by the movement of two rock units on a fault.
A sequence of interactions in which the final interaction influences the
original one. Also see positive feedback and negative feedback.

the amount of water held in soil against the pull of gravity.

The maximum amount of water that the unsaturated zone of a soil can
hold against the pull of gravity. The field capacity is dependent on the
length of time the soil has been undergoing gravity drainage.
a device used to remove solids from a mixture or to separate materials.
Materials are frequently separated from water using filters.

the mechanical process which removes particulate matter by separating
water from solid material, usually by passing it through sand.

A particular kind of a digital computer model based upon a rectangular
grid that sets the boundaries of the model and the nodes where the
model will be solved.
A digital ground- water-flow model where the aquifer is divided into a
mesh formed of a number of polygonal cells.
water held in saturated material that it is not available as a source of
water for pumping.

large scale treatment process involving gentle stirring whereby small
particles in flocs are collected into larger particles so their weight causes
them to settle to the bottom of the treatment tank.

an overflow or inundation that comes from a river or other body of
water and causes or threatens damage. It can be any relatively high
streamflow overtopping the natural or artificial banks in any reach of a
stream. It is also a relatively high flow as measured by either gage height
or discharge quantity.

land next to a river that becomes covered by water when the river
overflows its banks .

plant population of a region.

the rate of water discharged from a source expressed in volume with
respect to time.

the addition of water to meet flow needs.

In glaciology, a constitutive relation for the analysis of
three-dimensional deformation states of ice subjected to stress.

The set of intersecting equipotential lines and flowlines representing
two-dimensional steady flow through porous media.
The flow that occurs when, at any point in the flow field, the magnitude,
and direction of the specific discharge are constant in time.
The flow that occurs when, at any point in the flow field, the magnitude
or direction of the specific discharge changes with time. Also called
transient flow or nonsteady flow.
The mechanical energy per unit mass of fluid at any given point in space
and time.
Liquid particles less than 40 microns in diameter that are formed by
condensation of vapor in air.

A sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next lower member of
the sequence as a food source.

Interstitial water that was buried at the same time as the Original
12
finite-difference
有限差分
model
模型

finite-element
model
fixed ground
water

flocculation

flood

有限单元
模型

固定的地
下水

凝絮

洪水

floodplain

flora

flow

洪泛平
原

植
物群落

水流

flow
水流
增
加

augmentation

flow law

流动定律

flow net
flow, steady
流网

稳定流

flow, unsteady
非稳定流

fluid potential
fog

food chain

fossil water

流体势能

雾

食物链

同生水

fracture spring
断裂泉

fracture trace
断裂追
踪

free energy
free ground
water

freezing

fresh water

自由能

自由地下
水

冻结

淡水

fresh: salt water
淡
:
盐水界
interface

面

freshwater
[hydrology]
淡水

frost

霜

gaging station

水文
站

gallon

加仑

gamma log
伽
玛测井

gamma-gamma
伽
玛
伽
玛
radiation log
发射性测
井

gas (gaseous)
气体

Gauss-Seidel
高斯
—
塞
德尔法

general
一
般循环
circulation
模型

models

geohydrology

地下水文
学

geologic
地
质
侵蚀

erosion

geomorphology
地形学


geopressured
reservoir

geosphere

geostrophic
flow

geyser

glacial till
地压水库

岩石圈

地转风流

间歇泉

冰碛物

glacial- lacustrin
冰川湖泊
e sediments
堆积物

glacier

冰川


sediment.
A spring created by fracturing or jointing of the rock.
The surface representation of a fracture zone. It may be a characteristic
line of vegetation or linear soil-moisture pattern or a topographic sag.
A measure of the thermodynamic driving energy of a chemical reaction.

Also known as Gibbs free energy or Gibbs function.
water in interconnected pore spaces in the zone of saturation down to
the first impervious barrier, moving under the control of the water table
slope.

the change of a liquid into a solid as temperature decreases. For water,
the freezing point is 32 F or 0 C.

water containing less than 1,000 parts per million (ppm) of dissolved
solids of any type. Compare saline water.

the region where fresh water and salt water meet. In the Edwards region,
it is commonly referred to as the
not a line.


Water that contains less than 1,000 milligrams per liter (mg/L) of
dissolved solids. Water that contains more than 500 mg/L of dissolved
solids may be undesirable for drinking and many industrial uses. Water
that contains more than 1,000 mg/L is sometimes used for irrigation.

a covering of minute ice crystals on a cold surface.

the site on a stream, lake or canal where hydrologic data is collected.

A unit of volume. A U.S. gallon contains 231 cubic inches, 0.133 cubic
feet, or 3.785 liters. One U.S. gallon of water weighs 8.3 lbs.

See natural gamma radiation log.
A borehole log in which a source of gamma radiation as well as a
detector are lowered into the borehole. This log measures bulk density
of the formation and fluids.
See vapor
A particular type of method for solving for the head in a finite-difference
ground-water model.
Hydrodynamic models of the atmosphere on a grid or spectral
resolution that determine the surface pressure and the vertical
distributions of velocity, temperature, density, and water vapor as
functions of time from the mass conservation and hydrostatic laws, the
first law of thermodynamics, Newton's second law of motion, the
equation of state, and the conservation law for water vapor. Abbreviated
as GCM. Atmospheric general circulation models are abbreviated AGCM,
while oceanic general circulation models are abbreviated OGCM.

a term which denotes the branch of hydrology relating to subsurface or
subterranean waters; that is, to all waters below the surface.

normal or natural erosion caused by geological processes acting over
long geologic periods and resulting in the wearing away of mountains,
the building up of floodplains, coastal plains, etc.

The study of present-day landforms, including their classification,
description, nature, origin, development, and relationships to underlying
structures. Also the his- tory of geologic changes as recorded by these
surface features. The term is sometimes restricted to features produced
only by erosion and deposition.

a geothermal reservoir consisting of porous sands containing water or
brine at high temperature or pressure.

The solid mass (lithosphere) of the Earth as distinct from the atmosphere
and hydrosphere or all three of these layers combined.

A type of movement where the Coriolis force balances exactly the
horizontal pressure force.

a periodic thermal spring that results from the expansive force of super
heated steam..

A glacial deposit composed of mostly unsorted sand, silt, clay, and
boulders and laid down directly by the melting ice.
Silt and clay deposits formed in the quiet waters of lakes that received
meltwater from glaciers.
A mass of land ice that is formed by the cumulative recrystallization of
13
glacier flow (ice
冰川流

flow).

grab sample

采取样品

granular
粒状活性
activated carbon
碳


greenhouse
effect

温室效应

greenhouse
gases

Greenland ice
sheet

greywater

温室气体

格陵兰岛
冰盖

生活污水

firn. A glacier flows slowly (at present or in the past) from an
accumulation area to an ablation area. Some well-known glaciers are:
the Zermatt, Stechelberg, Grindelwald, Trient, Les Diablerets, and Rhone
in Switzerland; the Nigards, Gaupne, Fanarak, Lom, and Bover in Norway;
the Wright, T
aylor, and Wilson Piedmont glaciers in Antarctica; the
Bossons Glacier in France; the Emmons and Nisqually glaciers on Mt.
Ranier, Washington; Grinnell glacier in Glacier National Park, Montana;
the Dinwoody glacier in the Wind River Mountains and the Teton glacier
in Teton National Park, both in Wyoming; and many glaciers in the
Canadian Rockies.

The slow downward or outward movement of ice in a glacier caused by
gravity.

a sample taken at a given place and time. Compare composite sample.

pure carbon heated to promote
pollutants. Used in some home water treatment systems to remove
certain organic chemicals and radon.

A popular term used to describe the roles of water vapor, carbon
dioxide, and other trace gases in keeping the Earth's surface warmer
than it would be otherwise. These
relatively transparent to incoming shortwave radiation, but are relatively
opaque to outgoing longwave radiation. The latter radiation, which
would otherwise escape to space, is trapped by these gases within the
lower levels of the atmosphere. The subsequent reradiation of some of
the energy back to the surface maintains surface temperatures higher
than they would be if the gases were absent. There is concern that
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, including carbon
dioxide, methane, and manmade chlorofluorocarbons, may enhance the
greenhouse effect and cause global warming.

Those gases, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone,
nitrous oxide, and methane, that are transparent to solar radiation but
opaque to longwave radiation. Their action is similar to that of glass in a
greenhouse. Also see greenhouse effect and trace gas.

See ice sheet.

wastewater from clothes washing machines, showers, bathtubs,
handwashing, lavatories and sinks that are not used for disposal of
chemical or chemical-biological ingredients.


The difference between the upstream water surface (forebay elevation)
and the downstream water surface (afterbay elevation) after the water
has passed through the hydroelectric plant.
Plants grown to keep soil from eroding.

The water contained in interconnected pores located below the water
table in an unconfined aquifer or located in a confined aquifer.

Generally all subsurface water as distinct from surface water;
specifically, that part of the subsurface water in the saturated zone (a
zone in which all voids are filled with water).
Refers to wastewater that is disposed of through the ground either by
seepage or injection. This includes the following discharge methods,
injection well, drain fields, percolation ponds, and spray fields (land
application/spreading). Reuse systems and land disposal systems are
considered a ground water disposal method, such as the wastewater
used to irrigate turf or crops is generally intended to filter through the
soil.
The water contained in a confined aquifer. Pore-water pressure is greater
than atmospheric at the top of the confined aquifer.
The water in an isolated, saturated zone located in the zone of aeration.
It is the result of the presence of a layer of material of low hydraulic
conductivity, called a perching bed. Perched ground water will have a
perched water table.
water within the earth that supplies wells and springs; water in the zone
of saturation where all openings in rocks and soil are filled, the upper
surface of which forms the water table.

14
gross head
[power]

总
水头

ground cover

植
被

ground water
地下水

ground water
[hydrology]

地下水

ground water
disposal
[wastewater]
ground water,
confined
ground water,
perched
groundwater

地下水处
理

承压地下
水

上层
滞
水

地下水


ground- water
basin
ground-water
flow
groundwater
hydrology

groundwater
law

ground-water
mining
groundwater
recharge

groundwater
reservoir

groundwater
runoff

groundwater
storage

grout curtain
growth
water-use
efficiency

gully

gully
reclamation

gyres

地下水盆
地

地下水流

地下水水
文学

地下水法

地下水开
采

地下水补
给

地下水库

地下水径
流

地下水储
存

灌浆帷幕

A rather vague designation pertaining to a ground-water reservoir that
is more or less separate from neighboring ground-water reservoirs. A
ground-water basin could be separated from adjacent basins by
geologic boundaries or by hydrologic boundaries.
The movement of water through openings in sediment and rock; occurs
in the zone of saturation.
the branch of hydrology that deals with groundwater; its occurrence and
movements, its replenishment and depletion, the properties of rocks
that control groundwater movement and storage, and the methods of
investigation and utilization of ground water.

the common law doctrine of riparian rights and the doctrine of prior
appropriation as applied to ground water.

The practice of withdrawing ground water at rates in excess of the
natural recharge.
the inflow to a ground water reservoir.

an aquifer or aquifer system in which ground water is stored. The water
may be placed in the aquifer by artificial or natural means.

the portion of runoff which has passed into the ground, has become
ground water, and has been discharged into a stream channel as spring
or seepage water.

the storage of water in groundwater reservoirs.

An underground wall designed to stop ground-water flow; can be
created by injecting grout into the ground, which subsequently hardens
to become impermeable.
A measure at the individual plant level of how well plants use available
water in growth. The units of dry matter synthesized are divided by the
units of water lost.

a deeply eroded channel caused by the concentrated flow of water.

use of small dams of manure and straw; earth, stone,or concrete to
collect silt and gradually fill in channels of eroded soil.

Major circular flow patterns in the oceans. The wind- driven eastward-
and westward- flowing equatorial currents are blocked by the continents
and rotate slowly in a clockwise direction in the North Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans and in a counter- clockwise direction in the South
Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian Oceans.

a form of precipitation which forms into balls or lumps of ice over 0.2
inch in diameter. Hail is formed by alternate freezing and melting as
precipitation is carried up and down in highly turbulent air currents.

The time it takes certain materials such as persistent pesticides to
become chemically altered.

An equation to describe the change in hydraulic head with time during
pumping of a leaky confined aquifer

water containing a high level of calcium, magnesium, and other
minerals. Hard water reduces the cleansing power of soap and produces
scale in hot water lines and appliances.

A characteristic of water caused by various salts, calcium, magnesium
and iron (e.g., bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides and nitrates); hazardous
waste which because of it quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical,
or infectious characteristics may cause mortality (death), injury, or
serious illness.

a shallow layer of earth material which has become relatively hard and
impermeable, usually through the deposition of minerals. In the
Edwards region hardpans of clay are common.

the pressure of a fluid owing to its elevation, usually expressed in feet of
head or in pounds per square inch, since a measure of fluid pressure is
the height of a fluid column above a given or known point.

The sum of the elevation head, the pressure head, and the velocity head
at a given point in an aquifer.
the gate that controls water flow into irrigation canals and ditches. A
15
生长用水
效率

冲沟

冲沟改良

涡流

hail

half life
冰雹

半衰期

Hantush-Jacob
汉图什
—
formula
雅克布公
式

hard water

硬水

hardness
硬度

hardpan

head

head, total
headgate


硬土层

水头

总
热

引水
闸
门

heat flux
(thermal flux)

heat island
effect

heat of
vaporization

heavy water

热通量

热岛效应

汽化热

重
水

watermaster regulates the headgates during water distribution and
posts headgate notices declaring official regulations.

The amount of heat that is transferred across a surface of unit area in a
unit of time.

A dome of elevated temperatures over an urban area caused by the heat
absorbed by structures and pavement.

the amount of heat necessary to convert a liquid (water) into vapor.

water in which all the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by
deuterium.

Chemicals used to kill undesirable vegetation.
An animal that feeds on plants.

Pertaining to a substance having different characteristics in different
locations. A synonym is nonuniform.
A particular kind of a drilling device whereby a hole is rapidly advanced
into sediments. Sampling and installation of the equipment can take
place through the hollow
The most recent epoch of the Quaternary period , covering
approximately the last 10,000 years.

Pertaining to a substance having identical characteristics everywhere. A
synonym is uniform.
A method of making an earth-resistivity survey by measuring the
apparent resistivity using the same electrode spacings at different grid
points around an area.
The amount of moisture in the air as expressed by the number of grams
o water per cubic meter of air.
Percent ratio of the absolute humidity to the saturation humidity for an
air mass.
The maximum amount of moisture that can be contained by an air mass
at a given temperature.
Decomposed organic material.

A coefficient of proportionality describing the rate at which water can
move through a permeable medium. The density and kinematic viscosity
of the water must be considered in determining hydraulic conductivity.
A property of an aquifer or confining bed defined as the ratio of the
transmissivity to the storativity.
The change in total head with a change in distance in a given direction.
The direction is that which yields a maximum rate of decrease in head.
Hydraulic head See head, total.
Bodies of water with separate but distinct chemical compositions
contained in an aquifer.
The process by which ground water containing a solute is diluted with
uncontaminated ground water as it moves through an aquifer
electric power plant in which the energy of falling water is used to spin a
turbine generator to produce electricity.

Maximum power generation that can be produced under normal head
and full flow conditions.
the use of water in the generation of electricity at plants where the
turbine generators are driven by falling water. Hydroelectric water use is
classified as an instream use in this report.

Water used in generating electricity at plants where the turbine
generators are driven by falling water. Activities included in Standard
Industrial Classification code 4911.

The study of the interrelationships of geologic materials and processes
with water, especially ground water.
A graph which illustrates hydrologic measurements over a period of
time, such as water level, discharge or velocity.

a chart that measures the amount of water flowing past a point as a
function of time.

A quantitative accounting of all water volumes and their changes with
16
herbicide
除草剂

herbivore

草食动物

heterogeneous
非均
质
的

hollow-stem
auger
Holocene

冲击螺旋
钻

全新世

homogeneous
均
质
的

horizontal
profiling
humidity,
absolute
humidity,
relative
humidity,
saturation
humus

hydraulic
conductivity
hydraulic
diffusivity
hydraulic
gradient
hydrochemical
facies
hydrodynamic
dispersion
hydroelectric
plant

hydroelectric
plant capacity
[power]
水平剖面

绝对湿度

相对湿度

饱和湿度

腐
殖质

水力传导
系数

水力扩散
率

水力梯度

水文化学
项

水动力弥
散

水电
站

水力发电
能力

hydroelectric
水力发电
power water use
用水

hydroelectric
power water use
水力发电
[water use
用水

category]
hydrogeology
水文地
质
学

hydrograph
水文过程
线

hydrograph

水位图

hydrologic

水量收
支

budget

hydrologic cycle
水文循环


hydrologic cycle
水文循环


hydrologic
equation
水文学方
程

hydrologic unit

水文单元

hydrology
hydrometer

hydrophyte
hydropower

hydrosphere

hydrostatic
equation

水文学

液
体比
重
计

水生
植
物

水能

水圈

time for a basin or area.

The process of evaporation, vertical and horizontal transport of vapor,
condensation, precipitation, and the flow of water from continents to
oceans. It is a major factor in determining climate through its influence
on surface vegetation, the clouds, snow and ice, and soil moisture. The
hydrologic cycle is responsible for 25 to 30 percent of the mid-latitudes'
heat transport from the equatorial to polar regions.

natural pathway water follows as it changes between liquid, solid, and
gaseous states; biogeochemical cycle that moves and recycles water in
various forms through the ecosphere. Also called the water cycle.

An expression of the law of mass conservation for purposes of water
budgets. It may be stated as inflow equals outflow plus or minus
changes in storage.
is a geographic area representing part or all of a surface drainage basin
or distinct hydrologic feature.

The study of the occurrence, distribution, and chemistry of all waters of
the earth.
an instrument used to measure the density of a liquid.

A type of plant that grows with the root system submerged in standing
water.
electrical energy produced by falling water.

The aqueous envelope of the Earth, including the oceans, freshwater
lakes, rivers, saline lakes and inland seas, soil moisture and vadose water,
groundwaters, and atmospheric vapor.

In the vector equation of motion, the form assumed by the vertical
component when all Coriolis, earth-curvature, frictional, and
vertical-acceleration terms are considered negligible compared with
those involving the vertical pressure force and the force of gravity. The
error in applying the hydrostatic equation to the atmosphere for
cyclonic-scale motions is less than 0.01%. In extreme situations, the
strong vertical accelerations in thunderstorms and mountain waves can
be 1% of gravity.

a measure of pressure at a given point in a liquid in terms of the vertical
height of a column of the same liquid which would produce the same
pressure.

pressure exerted by or existing within a liquid at rest with respect to
adjacent bodies.

A formation, part of a formation, or group of formations in which there
are similar hydrologic characteristics allowing for grouping into aquifers
or confining layers.
piece of dust or other particle around which water condenses in the
atmophere. These tiny droplets then collide and coalesce, with as many
as 10,000 nuclei contributing to formation of a raindrop.

Water that clings to the surfaces of mineral particles in the zone of
aeration.
bottom layer of cold water in a lake. Compare epilimnion.

The period about 4000 to 8000 years ago when the Earth was apparently
several degrees warmer than it is now. More rainfall occurred in most of
the subtropical desert regions and less in the central midwest United
States and Scandinavia. It is also called the altithermal period and can
serve as a past climate analog for predicting the regional pattern of
climate change should the mean Earth surface temperature increase
from an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration.

a solid form of water.

A glacial epoch or time of extensive glacial activity. Also, as Ice Age,
which refers to the latest glacial epoch, the Pleistocene Epoch.

During the present time, the extent, especially the thickness, of glacier
ice on a land surface. Also the same as ice concentration, which is the
ratio of an area of sea ice to the total area of sea surface within some
large geographic area.

See glacier flow.

17
静水方程

hydrostatic
head

静水头

hydrostatic
静水压力

pressure

hydrostratigrap
水文地
质
hic unit
单元

hygroscopic
nuclei

hygroscopic
water
hypolimnion

hypsithermal
period

吸湿性核

吸湿水

下冷水层

温暖时期

ice

ice age

ice cover

冰

冰期

冰盖

ice flow


冰流

ice front

ice sheet
(continental
glacier)

冰壁

冰盖

ice shelf

冰架

ideal gas
image well
理想气体

镜像井

impermeable
不透水层

layer
impoundment

蓄水

in channel use
inchoate water
right

indicator
organisms

indicator tests

河道用水

早
期水权

指
示剂

示
踪
试验

The floating vertical cliff that forms the seaward face or edge of a glacier
or an ice shelf that enters water. It can vary from 2 to 50 m in height.

A glacier of considerable thickness and more than 50,000 sq km in area.
It forms a continuous cover of ice and snow over a land surface. An ice
sheet is not confined by the underlying topography but spreads
outward in all directions. During the Pleistocene Epoch, ice sheets
covered large parts of North America and northern Europe but they are
now confined to polar regions (e.g., Greenland and Antarctica).

A sheet of very thick ice with a level or gently undulating surface. It is
attached to the land on one side, but most of it is floating. On the
seaward side, it is bounded by a steep cliff (ice front) 2 to 50 m or more
above sea level. Ice shelves have formed along polar coasts (e.g.,
Antarctica and Greenland); they are very wide with some extending
several hundreds of kilometers toward the sea from the coastline. They
increase in size from annual snow accumulation and seaward extension
of land glaciers. They decrease in size from warming, melting, and
calving.

A gas having a volume that varies inversely with pressure at a constant
temperature and that also expands by 1/273 of its volume at 00 C for
each degree- rise in temperature at constant pressure.
An imaginary well that can be used to simulate the effect of a hydrologic
barrier, such as a recharge boundary or a barrier boundary, on the
hydraulics of a pumping or recharge well.

A layer of material (clay) in an aquifer through which water does not
pass.

a body of water such as a pond, confined by a dam, dike, floodgate or
other barrier. It is used to collect and store water for future use.

see
instream use.

an unperfected water right.

microorganisms, such as coliforms, whose presence is indicative of
pollution or of more harmful microorganism.

tests for a specific contaminant, group of contaminants, or constituent
which signals the presence of something else (ex., coliforms indicate the
presence of pathogenic bacteria).

water used for industrial purposes such as fabrication, processing,
washing, and cooling, and includes such industries as steel, chemical
and allied products, paper and allied products, mining, and petroleum
refining. The water may be obtained from a public supply or may be self
supplied.
See also
public supply and self supplied water.
The downward entry of water through the soil surface into the soil.

The flow of water downward from the land surface into and through the
upper soil layers.
The maximum rate at which infiltration can occur under specific
conditions of soil moisture. For a given soil, the infiltration capacity is a
function of the water content.
The quantity of water that enters the soil surface in a specified time
interval. Often expressed in volume of water per unit of soil surface area
per unit of time (in/hr, cm/hr).

A well drilled and constructed in such a manner that water can be
pumped into an aquifer in order to recharge it.
swamps, marshes, and bogs found inland beyond the coastal saltwater
wetlands.

Chemicals used to control undesirable insects.
water that is used, but not withdrawn, from a ground or surface water
source for such purposes as hydroelectric power generation, navigation,
water quality improvement, fish propagation, and recreation.
Sometimes called nonwithdrawal use or in channel use.
the physical transfer of water from one watershed to another; regulated
by the Texas Water Code.

The process by which precipitation is captured on the surfaces of
18
industrial water
工
业
用水

use
infiltration
infiltration
infiltration
capacity
下渗

入渗

入渗能力

infiltration rate
入渗率

injection well
inland
freshwater
wetlands

insecticide
instream use
interbasin
transfer

interception

注射井

内地淡水
湿地

杀虫剂

河内用水

跨流域引
水

截留