相伴而生水利水电专业英语论文英文对照及翻译

2021年1月20日发(作者：primatte)
Earth and rock dam
Summary
Earth
and
rock
dam,
with
another
name
as
with earth and rock materials near the
site. It can be classified based on the
materials
it
used,
earth
dam
mainly
with
earth, sand, grit, and gravel, and rock
dam
mainly
with
rock
ballast,
gravel,
and
exploded rocks.


概述

土石坝又称 “当地材料
坝”，主要由坝址附近的土
石料填筑而成，根据坝体所
用材料不同又可分为 土坝和
堆石坝。坝体材料以当地土
料和砂、砂砾、卵砾为主的
称土坝，以石渣、卵石、 爆
破石料为主的称堆石坝。

土石坝的特点

Features of earth and rock dam
Strong points
With
convenient
supply
of
materials,
many building materials such as steel,
cement, and timbers can be
granular
structure
more
suitable
to
foundation deformation, it demands less
on
the

flexible
from
simple
artificial
filling
to
highly
mechanized construction, the procedure
become simple, the construction become
efficient,
and
the
quality
guarantee
become

structured,
the?cost
is
low,
the
operation
is
convenient,
works?is reliable, and maintenance and
height adding is convient.
Weak points
Overflow not allowed, spillway has
to be ion?less convenient,
cost n larger, earth to
be
filled
is
easy
to
be
affected
by
climate. This kind of difficult means
possible
extention
of
time
limit
and
cost
increase
Earth and rock dam types
Based
on
constructing
ways,
earth
and
rock
dams
can
be
classified
into
rolled
ones
of
earth
&
rock,
thrown
rock- filled
ones,?rock-filled
ones
with?directional detonation, ones with
earth thrown into the water, and ones
filled by hydraulic forces.?Among them,
rolled ones are most popular.
Based
on
the
earth
proportion
and
the
location
of
anti-seepage?parts,
there
优点

筑坝材料就地取材。可
节省大量钢材、水泥、木 材
等建筑材料。适应地基变形
能力强。土石坝散粒体结构
具有适应地基变形的良好条< br>件，对地基的要求比混凝土
坝低。施工方法选择灵活性
大
。
能
适
应
不
同
的
施
工
方
法，从简单的人工填筑 到高
度机械化施工都可以；且工
序简单、施工速度快，质量
也易保证。结构简单。造价
低廉、运行管理方便、工作
可靠，便于维修加高。

缺点

坝顶不能溢流，常须另
开溢洪道施工。导流不如混
凝土坝方便，因而相应增加
了工程造 价坝体断面大，土
料
填
筑
的
质
量
易
受气
候
影
响。这给施工带来困难，甚
至延长工期、增加造价。

土石坝的类型

土石坝按施工方法的不
同可分为：碾压式土石坝，
抛 填式堆石坝，定向爆破堆
石坝，水中倒土坝和水力冲
填坝等。其中尤以碾压式土
石坝应 用最广。

按土料在坝体中配置和
防渗体的位置不同，又可分
为均质坝，分区 坝，人工防
渗材料坝。均质坝优点：材
料单一、工序简单；缺点：
are
homogeneous
(even-granular)
dams, ?zoned earth dams, and dams with
artificial
anti-seepage
materials.
Strong points of homogeneous dams: one
fold
materials,
simple
process
weak
points:
flat
gradient,
large
section,
weather-limited, strong water pressure
in
holes.
Zoned
dams
are
classified
into
ones
with
core
anti-seepage
and
ones
with
front
anti-seepage.
Less
amount
of
earth,
less
affect
of
season.
interfering with the filling of the dam
body.
Less
interference
with
the
construction
of
the
dam
body.
weaker
anti-earthquake and uneven sinking. The
anti-seepage
parts
of
dams
with
artificial
anti- seepage
materials
use
asphalt
concrete,
reinforced
concrete
or
other
artifical
materials.
Sometimes,
the anti-seepage parts are in the dam
front
facing
the
upstream,
sometimes,
they are at the core of the dam.
Working conditions
Trapeziform section
Earth-rock dam is a water retaining
structure built with loose granules of
earth
and
rocks?filled
and
roller
compacted. With weaker strength between
these
granules,
both
upsteam
and
downsteam
slopes
have
to
be
kept
at
a?certain degree to avoid landslide. So
the
dam
section
is
usually?trapeziform.?It
can
be
destablized in two ways, simple slope
sliding
and
sametime
sliding
of
slope
and
foundation caused by
shear damage.?It's
a difference from other structures
Seepage effects
With
a
large
section,
the
dam
is
generally
kept
from
entire
sliding
unless
caused
by
weak
interlayers.
Effected by water levels at the upsteam
and
downsteam,
seepage
is
easy
to
happen
with
streams
passing
the
?faying
surfaces
between
the
dam
and
foundation,
坝坡较缓、剖面大，受气候
限制，坝体孔隙水压力大，高坝很少采用。分区坝分心
墙
坝
、
斜
墙
坝
等< br>，
前
者
优
点
：
土
料
占
总< br>方
量
比
重
不
大，施工受季节影响小。缺
点：心墙与坝 体大体要同时
填
筑
，
相
互
干
扰
。
后
者
优
点：与坝体施工干扰小。缺
点：抗震性能和适应不均匀
沉陷的 能力不如前者。人工
防渗材料坝的防渗体由沥青
混凝土、钢筋混凝土或其他
人工材料组 成，其余部分由
土石料筑成。其中防渗体在
上
游
的
称
为斜
墙
坝
（
面
板
坝）
，在坝体中央的称为心墙< br>坝。

工作条件

梯形剖面

土石坝是由松散颗粒土
石料填筑碾压而成的挡水建
筑物。由于土粒间的抗剪强
度小，上下游坡如不维持一定的坡度，就可能发生坍塌
现象。所以，土石坝的剖面
一般呈梯形。失稳的形式则
是坝坡滑动或坝坡连同地基
一起滑动的剪切破坏，这是
与其他建筑物的不同之处
.
渗流影响

土坝挡水后，由于坝体
断面较大，除坝基有水平软
弱夹层 外，产生整体滑动的
可能性较小。但在上下游水
位的作用下，水流经过坝身
及坝基（包括两岸）
的结合面
和坝体土与混凝土等建筑物
的结合面易产生渗漏。渗流在坝体内形成自由水面，浸
润线以下的土体全部处于饱
和状态。饱和区的土体受水
的浸泡而使土的有效重量减
轻，并使土的内摩擦角和粘
结力减小。同时，渗透水流
an d
between
dam
earth
and
concrete
buildings.
The
seeping
streams?form
a
free
water
surface
inside
the
dam.
Under
the
surface,
all
the
earth
body
is
saturated.
?Dipped
in
the
water,
the
earth become lighter in effect. And its
angle of internal friction is narrowed,
and ?cohesive force weakened. With the
hydrodynamic pressure from the seeping
steams, more sliding of dam slopes is
possible.
When
seeping
steams?move
in?soil,?the
dam
body
and
foundation
will
be
deformed
from
too
steep
hydraulic
gradient.??Sometimes
the
dam
even
crashes.
Scour effect
Its
anti-scour
ability
is
weak
because
the
cohesive
force
between
earth
granules is small. On the one hand, the
rain water enters the dam and lower the
stability of the dam, and on the other
hand,
the
rain
scour
the
dam
surface
along the slope. At the same time, the
waves
inside
the
reservoir
also
wash
out
the dam surface, putting the surface in
the
risk
of
being
damaged.
Sometime,?landslide even happens due to
this.?So effective protecting measures
have
to
be
taken
for
dam
slopes
both
upstream and downstream.
Sinking effect
The
dam
body
and
foundation
will
sink
under their self weight and water load
besides
the
space
between
earth
granules.
If
it
sinks
too
much,
the
elevation level will not be sufficient,
and
then
the
operation
of
the
dam
will
be
affected. And, too much uneven sinkage
will
cause
fracture
of
the
dam
boday,
and
even a seepage passage, putting the dam
at risk.
Other effects
In freezing regions,
an ice- covered
layer will be formed over the reservoir
when the temperature is below 0 degree.
对
土
体
还
有
动
水
压力
的
作
用，这些力增加了坝坡滑动
的可能性。渗透水流在土壤
中 运动时，如渗透坡降超过
允许渗透坡降，还会引起坝
体和坝基的渗透变形，严重
时会导 致坝的失事。

冲刷影响

由于土料颗粒间的粘结
力很小，因此土石 坝抗冲能
力较低。雨水一方面侵入坝
内降低坝的稳定性，另一方
面将沿坝坡面下流而冲 刷坝
面；库内风浪对坝面也将产
生冲击和淘刷作用，使坝面
容易受到破坏，甚至滑坡。
因此，上下游坝坡均需采取
有效的保护措施。

沉陷影响

由于土料间存在孔隙，
在
坝
体
自
重
和
水
荷
载
作
用
下，坝体和地基
（土基）
都会
由于压缩而产 生沉陷。沉陷
量过大会造成坝顶高程不足
而影响坝的正常工作；过大
的不均匀沉陷量还 会引起坝
体开裂，甚至造成渗水通道
而威胁大坝安全。

其它影响

在严寒地区，当气温低于零
度时，库水面结冰形成冰盖
层。当岸坡及坝坡冻结在一起，冰层的膨胀，对坝坡产
生很大冰压力，易导致护坡
的破坏。位于水位以上的坝
体粘土，在冻融作用下会造
成孔穴、裂缝。在夏季，由
于含水量的损失，上述土壤
也可 能干裂引起集中渗流。
在地震区筑坝，还应考虑地
震影响。地震的作用增加坝
坡坍滑的 可能性。粉沙地基
在强烈振动作用下还容易引
起液化破坏。

土石坝的筑坝材料

Then
the
bank
slope
and
dam
slope
will
be
frozen together with the ice. When the
ice expands, slopes will be pressed. In
this way, the protecting slopes will be
damaged.
Besides,
the
clay
above
the
water level will have holes and cracks
effected
by
freezing
and
thawing.
In
summer, with water lost, the clay will
cracked,
making
seepage
much
uakes
have
to
be
taken
into
account. They can make landslide more
possible. If the foundation is made of
silty sand, liquidified damage is more
possible.
Materials for building earth and rock
dam
Obtaining raw material locally is a
basic
design
principle.
Generally
speaking,
familiar
earth
and
rock
materials
can
be
used.
exceptions
include swampy soil,
bentonite, surface
soil,
and
other
soil
materials
containing
organic
matter
not
completely
decomposed.
therefore,
dam
type
is
often
determined
based
on
availability
of
earth
and
rock
materials
nearby
the
site.
stockyard must be rich in storage and
near in distance. As for the selection,
technical and economic factors will be
considered. The dam body?is mainly made
up of dam shell, antiseepage, drainage,
and protection slope. They work under
different
conditions,
so
they
demand
differently. Materials must be durable
and suitable to their purpose.
Antiseepage and structure of dam crest
Seepage-proofing
work
for
a
dam
must
be based on structural and constructing
requirements,
reducing
seepage
gradient, down-stream saturation line,
and seepage to an allowance extent. We
can
use
terrene
seepage-proofting
materials
and?artificial
materials
including
asphalt
concrete
and
reinforced concrete. terrene materials
就地取 材是土石坝设计
的基本原则。一般而言，常
见的土石料（沼泽土、斑脱
土、地表土及含 有未完全分
解有机质的土料除外）
均可用
作筑坝材料。因此，应根据
坝址附近 土石料的具体条件
选择坝型。土石料场的选择
宜储量充足，以近为原则，
具体选用须通 过技术经济比
较而定。土石坝坝体主要由
坝壳、防渗体、排水设备、
护坡等组成。由于 他们工作
条件不同，因而对材料的要
求也不同。筑坝材料应具有
与其使用目的相适应的 工程
特性，并具有较好的长期稳
定性。

坝的防渗体和坝顶构造
< br>坝的防渗体必须满足将
渗透坡降、下游坝体浸润线
及
渗
流
量< br>降
低
到
允
许
范
围
内，还要满足结构上和施工
上的要求。作为坝的防渗体
的材料有土质防渗体，人工
材料
（沥青混凝土，钢 筋混凝
土）
，其中用的最多的是土质
防
渗
体
。
在< br>坝
顶
应
该
设
路
面，如坝顶有交通要求，则
应 按道路要求设计，如没有
交通要求，则可用单层砌石
或砾石护面以防雨水冲蚀。
坝顶上 游侧通常设防浪墙，
下游侧设拦杆。防浪墙高度
通常为
1
～
1.3< br>米。用浆砌石
或钢筋混凝土筑成。墙的基
础应牢固地埋入坝内，伸入
防渗体内。 为排除雨水坝顶
路面通常向两侧或一侧做
1
～
3%
的斜坡。有防浪墙 时坡向
下游，并在坝顶下游侧设纵
向排水沟，以便汇集雨水，
经坡面排水沟排至下游。

坝坡

土石坝坝坡对坝的稳定
are
more
used.
Road
is
built
on
crest.
If
traffic
is
necessary,
road
has
to
be
built
based
on
relevant
standard.
If
traffic
is
not
anticipated,
single-layer
masonry
or
gravels
is
sufficient
for
resisting rain scouring. anti-wave wall
is
built
upstream,
and
railings
are
built
downstream. the wall, usually 1 to 1.3
meters
high,
is
built
with
stone
masonry
or
reinforcing
concrete.?its
foundation
must
be
firmly
buried
in
the
dam,
protruding
into
anti- seepage.
For
the
sake of rain, the road on the crest is
usually
built
with
slopes
on
one
side
or
on
both
sides.
When
there
is
a
anti-wave
wall, the slope is towards downstream,
and there will be a lengthways drainage
downstream the dam crest for gathering
water.
The
water
will
go
downstream
through drainage.
Dam slope

Influencing
dam
stability
and
construction
directly,
dam
slope
is
determined by dam type, dam height, dam
scale,
material
of
dam
body
and
foundation,
load
to?bear,
and
conditions
for
construction
and
operation.
Generally
speaking,
dam
slope
is
initially
designed
according
to
projects
completed.
Then
a
proper
section
is
decided after calculation in terms of
stability. To slopes made of sand and
soil in a rolled dam, their gradient is
between 1:2 and 1:4. For?dam foundation
which is weaker, the gradient should be
slow.
For
slope
design,
we
have
to
consider
the
shearing
strength
which
of
earth
will
be
reduced
due
to
being
soaked
in
up-stream water. So if the upstream and
downstream
slopes
are
made
of
same
earth
materials,
the
former
one
has
to
be
slow.
for
earth
dams
with
inclined
soil
walls,
their upstream slopes are slower than
those
of
core
dams,
and
their
downstream
和工程有着直接的影响，主
要取决于坝型、坝高、坝的
等级、坝体及坝基的材料性
质、所承受的荷载、施工和
运用条件等因素。一般先参
照 已建工程的实践经验或用
近似方法初步拟定坝坡，然
后进行稳定计算、确定合理
的坝体 断面。对碾压式土坝
砂、壤土类坝坡，其平均坡
度一般在
1
：
2.0 ~1
：
4.0
左
右。当坝基较为软弱时还需
适当放缓。
< br>在拟定坝坡时，应考虑
到
上
游
坝
坡
长
期浸
泡
于
水
中，土的抗剪强度降低。所
以当采用相同土料时坝的上
游坡比下流坡要缓；在一般
情况下土质斜墙坝的上游坡
比心墙坝缓，而下游坡则可比心墙坝陡些；砂壤土、壤
土的均质坝坡比砂或砂砾料
的坝坡缓些；粘性土均质坝
的坝坡与坝高有一定关系，
其高度越大，坝坡越缓。砂
或砂料坝体的坝坡与坝高的
关系 则很小。一般坝的下游
坡每隔
10
至
30
米设置一条马
道。 当坝的坡度自上到下有
变
化
时
，
马
道
则
设
在
变
坡
处。马道的宽度视其用途而
定，但其最小宽度不得小于
1.5
到
2.0
米。马道上设置排
水沟以汇集雨水防止冲刷，
还< br>可
用
于
观
测
、
检
修
和
交< br>通。

护坡

土石坝的上、下游坝面
一般都要设置护坡。上游 护
坡
的
作
用
是
为
防
止
波
浪
淘
刷、冰层和漂浮物的损害、
顺坝水流冲刷等危害；均质
坝下游护坡的作用 是防止雨
水冲刷，风浪、冰层和水流
作用，动物、冻胀干裂等对
slopes are steeper than those of core
dams.
for
homogeneous
dams
of
sandy
loam
and loam, their slopes are slower than
those of dams made of sand and gravels.
slopes
of
homogeneous
dams
made
of
cohesive soil have something to do with
dam height. The higher the dam is, the
slower the slope is. however, gradients
of
dam
slopes
made
of
sand
or
gravel
have
little to do with dam lly,
there
is
a
road
on
downstream
slope
every
10
to
30
meters.
When
gradients
changes,
the
road
will
be
at
the
changing
line.
the
road
width
is
determined
by
its
purposes,
but never less than 1.5 to 2.0 meters.
drainage ditches are built on road for
collecting
rainwater,
resisting
wash,
observing, repairing, and traffic.
Slope protection
For earth and rock dams, there must
be protection upstream and downstream.
For
upstream,
damages
caused
by
wave
scouring,
damwise?stream
scouring,?ice,
and
floater
must
be
avoided.
For
downstream of homogeneous dams, damages
caused
by
rain
scouring,
storm,
ice,stream,
animal,
swelling,
and
mud
crack
must
be
avoided.?If
there
are
rocks, cobbles, and gravels downstream,
no
more
protection
is
needed.
Revetments
must
be
sturdy
and
durable,
able
to
resist
damages
caused
by
various
factors. Their undercourse must not be
scoured.
Materials
should
be
used
as
local
as
possible
to
lower
the
cost.
Simple
construction
and
convenient
repairing should be guaranteed. Rocks,
stonework,
concrete,
reinforced
concrete, and asphalt concrete are used
for
building
revetments
upstream,
and
stonework,
rocks,
gravels,
and
turfs
are
used
for
those
downstream.
Revetments
protect the space from dam crest to the
line a certain distance, normally?2.5m,
under
the
minimum
water
level
of
the
dam
坝坡的破坏。如下游坡由堆
石、卵石、碎石 砌成，可不
设护坡。对上下游护坡的要
求是坚固耐久，能抵抗各种
因素的破坏作用，并 保证底
层不受淘刷。尽可能就地取
材
，
以
降
低
造< br>价
。
施
工
简
单，维修方便。上游护坡的
型式有：堆石 护坡、砌石护
坡、混凝土或钢筋混凝土护
坡、沥青混凝土护坡；下游
护
坡的
型
式
有
：
砌
石
、
堆
石、碎 石和草皮护坡。护坡
覆盖的范围，上游由坝顶护
至水库最低水位以下一定距
离，一般在 最低水位以下
2.5
米。下游面则由坝顶护至排
水棱体，无排水棱体时则护
至 坝脚。

upstream.
For
those
downstream,
they
protect
the
space
from
dam
crest
to
draining
prism
or
to
dam
heel
in
event
of
no prism.