激烈的水利水电专业英语论文--英文对照及翻译

2021年1月20日发(作者：女厕所英文)
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering





Earth and rock dam



Summary
Earth
and
rock
dam,
with
another
name
as
with earth and rock materials near the
site. It can be classified based on the
materials
it
used,
earth
dam
mainly
with
earth, sand, grit, and gravel, and rock
dam
mainly
with
rock
ballast,
gravel,
and
exploded rocks.

Features of earth and rock dam

Strong points
With
convenient
supply
of
materials,
many building materials such as steel,
cement, and timbers can be
granular
structure
more
suitable
to
foundation deformation, it demands less
on
the

flexible
from
simple
artificial
filling
to
highly
mechanized construction, the procedure
become simple, the construction become
efficient,
and
the
quality
guarantee
become

structured,
the cost
is
low,
the
operation
is
convenient,
works is reliable, and maintenance and
height adding is convient.

Weak points
Overflow not allowed, spillway has
to be ion less convenient,
cost n larger, earth to
be
filled
is
easy
to
be
affected
by
climate. This kind of difficult means
possible
extention
of
time
limit
and
cost
increase








概述

土石坝又称“当地材料
坝”，
主要由坝址附近的土 石
料填筑而成，
根据坝体所用材
料不同又可分为土坝和堆石
坝。坝体材料以当 地土料和
砂、
砂砾、
卵砾为主的称土坝，
以石渣、
卵石、
爆 破石料为主
的称堆石坝。


土石坝的特点


优点

筑坝材料就地取材。
可节
省大量钢材、
水泥、
木材等建
筑材料。适应地基变形能力
强。
土石坝散粒体结构具有适
应地基变 形的良好条件，
对地
基的要求比混凝土坝低。
施工
方法选择灵活性大。
能适应不
同的施工方法，
从简单的人工
填筑到高度机械化施工都可
以；且工序简单、
施工速度快，
质量也易保证。
结构简单。
造
价低廉 、
运行管理方便、
工作
可靠，便于维修加高。



缺点

坝顶不能溢流，
常须另开
溢洪道施工。
导流不如混凝 土
坝方便，
因而相应增加了工程
造价坝体断面大，
土料填筑的
质量易 受气候影响。
这给施工
带来困难，
甚至延长工期、
增
加造价。



1
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering
Earth and rock dam types
Based
on
constructing
ways,
earth
and
rock
dams
can
be
classified
into
rolled
ones
of
earth
&
rock,
thrown
rock- filled
ones, rock-filled
ones
with directional detonation, ones with
earth thrown into the water, and ones
filled by hydraulic forces. Among them,
rolled ones are most popular.
Based
on
the
earth
proportion
and
the
location
of
anti-seepage parts,
there
are
homogeneous
(even-granular)
dams, zoned earth dams, and dams with
artificial
anti-seepage
materials.
Strong points of homogeneous dams: one
fold
materials,
simple
process
weak
points:
flat
gradient,
large
section,
weather-limited, strong water pressure
in
holes.
Zoned
dams
are
classified
into
ones
with
core
anti-seepage
and
ones
with
front
anti-seepage.
Less
amount
of
earth,
less
affect
of
season.
interfering with the filling of the dam
body.
Less
interference
with
the
construction
of
the
dam
body.
weaker
anti-earthquake and uneven sinking. The
anti-seepage
parts
of
dams
with
artificial
anti- seepage
materials
use
asphalt
concrete,
reinforced
concrete
or
other
artifical
materials.
Sometimes,
the anti-seepage parts are in the dam
front
facing
the
upstream,
sometimes,
they are at the core of the dam.

Working conditions

Trapeziform section
Earth-rock dam is a water retaining
structure built with loose granules of
earth
and
rocks filled
and
roller
compacted. With weaker strength between
these
granules,
both
upsteam
and
downsteam
slopes
have
to
be
kept
at
a certain degree to avoid landslide. So

土石坝的类型

土石坝按施工方法的不
同可分为：
碾压式土石坝，< br>抛
填式堆石坝，定向爆破堆石
坝，
水中倒土坝和水力冲填坝
等。
其中尤以碾压式土石坝应
用最广。



按土料在坝体中配置和< br>防渗体的位置不同，
又可分为
均质坝，
分区坝，
人工防渗材
料 坝。
均质坝优点：
材料单一、
工序简单；缺点：坝坡较缓、
剖面大，
受气候限制，
坝体孔
隙水压力大，高坝很少采用。
分区坝分心墙坝、斜墙坝等，
前者优点：
土料占总方量比重
不大，
施工受季节影响小。
缺
点：< br>心墙与坝体大体要同时填
筑，相互干扰。后者优点：与
坝体施工干扰小。
缺点：
抗震
性能和适应不均匀沉陷的能
力不如前者。
人工防渗材料坝
的防渗 体由沥青混凝土、
钢筋
混凝土或其他人工材料组成，
其余部分由土石料筑成。
其中
防渗体在上游的称为斜墙坝
（面板坝）
，在坝体中央的称
为心墙坝。




工作条件


梯形剖面

土石坝是由松散颗粒土
石料填筑碾压而成的挡水建
筑物。
由于土粒间的抗剪强度
小，
上下游坡如不维持一定的
坡度，就可能发生坍塌现 象。
所以，
土石坝的剖面一般呈梯
形。
失稳的形式则是坝坡滑动
2
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering
the
dam
section
is
usually trapeziform. It
can
be
destablized in two ways, simple slope
sliding
and
sametime
sliding
of
slope
and
foundation caused by shear damage. It's
a difference from other structures

Seepage effects
With
a
large
section,
the
dam
is
generally
kept
from
entire
sliding
unless
caused
by
weak
interlayers.
Effected by water levels at the upsteam
and
downsteam,
seepage
is
easy
to
happen
with
streams
passing
the
faying
surfaces
between
the
dam
and
foundation,
and
between
dam
earth
and
concrete
buildings.
The
seeping
streams form
a
free
water
surface
inside
the
dam.
Under
the
surface,
all
the
earth
body
is
saturated.
Dipped
in
the
water,
the
earth become lighter in effect. And its
angle of internal friction is narrowed,
and cohesive force weakened. With the
hydrodynamic pressure from the seeping
steams, more sliding of dam slopes is
possible.
When
seeping
steams move
in soil, the
dam
body
and
foundation
will
be
deformed
from
too
steep
hydraulic
gradient. Sometimes
the
dam
even
crashes.

Scour effect
Its
anti-scour
ability
is
weak
because
the
cohesive
force
between
earth
granules is small. On the one hand, the
rain water enters the dam and lower the
stability of the dam, and on the other
hand,
the
rain
scour
the
dam
surface
along the slope. At the same time, the
waves
inside
the
reservoir
also
wash
out
the dam surface, putting the surface in
the
risk
of
being
damaged.
Sometime, landslide even happens due to
this. So effective protecting measures
或坝坡连同地基一起滑动的
剪切破坏，
这是与其他建筑物
的不同之处
.




渗流影响

土坝挡水后，
由于坝 体断
面较大，
除坝基有水平软弱夹
层外，
产生整体滑动的可能性
较小 。
但在上下游水位的作用
下，
水流经过坝身及坝基
（包
括两岸）的结合面和坝体土与
混凝土等建筑物的结合面易
产生渗漏。
渗流在坝体内形成自由水面，
浸润线以下的土体
全部处于饱和状态。
饱和区的
土体受水的浸 泡而使土的有
效重量减轻，
并使土的内摩擦
角和粘结力减小。
同时，
渗透
水流对土体还有动水压力的
作用，
这些力增加了坝坡滑动
的可能性。渗透水流在土壤中
运动时，
如渗透坡降超过允许
渗透坡降，
还会引起坝体 和坝
基的渗透变形，
严重时会导致
坝的失事。




冲刷影响

由于土料颗粒间的粘结
力很小，
因此土石坝抗 冲能力
较低。
雨水一方面侵入坝内降
低坝的稳定性，
另一方面将沿
坝 坡面下流而冲刷坝面；
库内
风浪对坝面也将产生冲击和
淘刷作用，
使坝面容易 受到破
坏，甚至滑坡。因此，上下游
坝坡均需采取有效的保护措
施。



3
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering
have
to
be
taken
for
dam
slopes
both
upstream and downstream.

Sinking effect
The
dam
body
and
foundation
will
sink
under their self weight and water load
besides
the
space
between
earth
granules.
If
it
sinks
too
much,
the
elevation level will not be sufficient,
and
then
the
operation
of
the
dam
will
be
affected. And, too much uneven sinkage
will
cause
fracture
of
the
dam
boday,
and
even a seepage passage, putting the dam
at risk.

Other effects
In freezing regions,
an ice-covered
layer will be formed over the reservoir
when the temperature is below 0 degree.
Then
the
bank
slope
and
dam
slope
will
be
frozen together with the ice. When the
ice expands, slopes will be pressed. In
this way, the protecting slopes will be
damaged.
Besides,
the
clay
above
the
water level will have holes and cracks
effected
by
freezing
and
thawing.
In
summer, with water lost, the clay will
cracked,
making
seepage
much
uakes
have
to
be
taken
into
account. They can make landslide more
possible. If the foundation is made of
silty sand, liquidified damage is more
possible.

Materials for building earth and rock
dam
Obtaining raw material locally is a
basic
design
principle.
Generally
speaking,
familiar
earth
and
rock
materials
can
be
used.
exceptions
include swampy soil, bentonite, surface
soil,
and
other
soil
materials
containing
organic
matter
not
completely
decomposed.
therefore,
dam
type
is
often




沉陷影响

由于土料间存在孔隙，
在
坝体自重和水荷载作用下，
坝
体和地基
（土基）
都会由于压缩而产生沉陷。
沉陷量过大会
造成坝顶高程不足而影响坝
的正常工作；
过 大的不均匀沉
陷量还会引起坝体开裂，
甚至
造成渗水通道而威胁大坝安
全。< br>


其它影响

在严寒地区，
当气温低于零度时，库水面结冰形成冰盖层。
当岸坡及坝坡冻结在一起，
冰
层的膨胀，
对 坝坡产生很大冰
压力，
易导致护坡的破坏。
位
于水位以上的坝体粘土，
在冻
融作用下会造成孔穴、裂缝。
在夏季，由于含水量的损失，
上述土壤也可能干裂 引起集
中渗流。
在地震区筑坝，
还应
考虑地震影响。
地震的作用增< br>加坝坡坍滑的可能性。
粉沙地
基在强烈振动作用下还容易
引起液化破坏。





土石坝的筑坝材料

就地取材是土石 坝设计
的基本原则。
一般而言，
常见
的土石料（沼泽土、斑脱土、
地 表土及含有未完全分解有
机质的土料除外）
均可用作筑
坝材料。
因此，
应根据坝址附
近土石料的具体条件选择坝
型。
土石料场的选择宜储量充
足，
以近为原则，
具体选用须
4
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering
determined
based
on
availability
of
earth
and
rock
materials
nearby
the
site.
stockyard must be rich in storage and
near in distance. As for the selection,
technical and economic factors will be
considered. The dam body is mainly made
up of dam shell, antiseepage, drainage,
and protection slope. They work under
different
conditions,
so
they
demand
differently. Materials must be durable
and suitable to their purpose.

Antiseepage and structure of dam crest
Seepage-proofing
work
for
a
dam
must
be based on structural and constructing
requirements,
reducing
seepage
gradient, down-stream saturation line,
and seepage to an allowance extent. We
can
use
terrene
seepage-proofting
materials
and artificial
materials
including
asphalt
concrete
and
reinforced concrete. terrene materials
are
more
used.
Road
is
built
on
crest.
If
traffic
is
necessary,
road
has
to
be
built
based
on
relevant
standard.
If
traffic
is
not
anticipated,
single-layer
masonry
or
gravels
is
sufficient
for
resisting rain scouring. anti-wave wall
is
built
upstream,
and
railings
are
built
downstream. the wall, usually 1 to 1.3
meters
high,
is
built
with
stone
masonry
or
reinforcing
concrete. its
foundation
must
be
firmly
buried
in
the
dam,
protruding
into
anti- seepage.
For
the
sake of rain, the road on the crest is
usually
built
with
slopes
on
one
side
or
on
both
sides.
When
there
is
a
anti-wave
wall, the slope is towards downstream,
and there will be a lengthways drainage
downstream the dam crest for gathering
water.
The
water
will
go
downstream
through drainage.



通过技术经济比较而定。
土石
坝坝体主要由坝壳、防渗体、
排水设备、
护坡等组成。
由于
他们工作条件不同 ，
因而对材
料的要求也不同。
筑坝材料应
具有与其使用目的相适应的
工程特性，
并具有较好的长期
稳定性。





坝的防渗体和坝顶构造

坝的防渗体必须满足将
渗透坡降、
下游坝体 浸润线及
渗流量降低到允许范围内，
还
要满足结构上和施工上的要
求。
作为坝的防渗体的材料有
土质防渗体，
人工材料
（沥青
混凝土，钢筋混凝土 ）
，其中
用的最多的是土质防渗体。
在
坝顶应该设路面，
如坝顶有交
通要求，则应按道路要求设
计，
如没有交通要求，
则可用
单层砌石或 砾石护面以防雨
水冲蚀。
坝顶上游侧通常设防
浪墙，
下游侧设拦杆。
防浪墙
高度通常为
1
～
1.3
米。用浆
砌石或钢筋混凝土筑 成。
墙的
基础应牢固地埋入坝内，
伸入
防渗体内。
为排除雨水坝顶路
面通常向两侧或一侧做
1
～
3%
的斜坡。有防浪墙时坡向下
游，
并在坝顶下游侧设纵向排
水沟，
以便汇集雨水，
经坡面
排水沟排 至下游。









5
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering
Dam slope

Influencing
dam
stability
and
construction
directly,
dam
slope
is
determined by dam type, dam height, dam
scale,
material
of
dam
body
and
foundation,
load
to bear,
and
conditions
for
construction
and
operation.
Generally
speaking,
dam
slope
is
initially
designed
according
to
projects
completed.
Then
a
proper
section
is
decided after calculation in terms of
stability. To slopes made of sand and
soil in a rolled dam, their gradient is
between 1:2 and 1:4. For dam foundation
which is weaker, the gradient should be
slow.
For
slope
design,
we
have
to
consider
the
shearing
strength
which
of
earth
will
be
reduced
due
to
being
soaked
in
up-stream water. So if the upstream and
downstream
slopes
are
made
of
same
earth
materials,
the
former
one
has
to
be
slow.
for
earth
dams
with
inclined
soil
walls,
their upstream slopes are slower than
those
of
core
dams,
and
their
downstream
slopes are steeper than those of core
dams.
for
homogeneous
dams
of
sandy
loam
and loam, their slopes are slower than
those of dams made of sand and gravels.
slopes
of
homogeneous
dams
made
of
cohesive soil have something to do with
dam height. The higher the dam is, the
slower the slope is. however, gradients
of
dam
slopes
made
of
sand
or
gravel
have
little to do with dam lly,
there
is
a
road
on
downstream
slope
every
10
to
30
meters.
When
gradients
changes,
the
road
will
be
at
the
changing
line.
the
road
width
is
determined
by
its
purposes,
but never less than 1.5 to 2.0 meters.
drainage ditches are built on road for
collecting
rainwater,
resisting
wash,
observing, repairing, and traffic.


坝坡

土石坝坝坡对坝的稳定和工程有着直接的影响，
主要
取决于坝型、
坝高、
坝的等级、
坝 体及坝基的材料性质、
所承
受的荷载、
施工和运用条件等
因素。
一般 先参照已建工程的
实践经验或用近似方法初步
拟定坝坡，然后进行稳定计
算、
确定合理的坝体断面。
对
碾压式土坝砂、壤土类坝坡，
其平均坡度一般在
1< br>：
2.0~1
：
4.0
左右。当坝基较为软弱时
还需适当放缓 。



在拟定坝坡时，
应考虑到
上游坝坡长期浸泡于水中 ，
土
的抗剪强度降低。
所以当采用
相同土料时坝的上游坡比下
流坡要 缓；
在一般情况下土质
斜墙坝的上游坡比心墙坝缓，
而下游坡则可比心墙坝陡些；砂壤土、
壤土的均质坝坡比砂
或砂砾料的坝坡缓些；
粘性土
均质坝的坝坡 与坝高有一定
关系，
其高度越大，
坝坡越缓。
砂或砂料坝体的坝坡与坝高的关系则很小。
一般坝的下游
坡每隔
10
至
30
米设置 一条马
道。
当坝的坡度自上到下有变
化时，
马道则设在变坡处。
马< br>道的宽度视其用途而定，
但其
最小宽度不得小于
1.5
到
2. 0
米。
马道上设置排水沟以汇集
雨水防止冲刷，还可用于观
测、检修和交通。








6
English for hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering
Slope protection
For earth and rock dams, there must
be protection upstream and downstream.
For
upstream,
damages
caused
by
wave
scouring,
damwise stream
scouring, ice,
and
floater
must
be
avoided.
For
downstream of homogeneous dams, damages
caused
by
rain
scouring,
storm,
ice,stream,
animal,
swelling,
and
mud
crack
must
be
avoided. If
there
are
rocks, cobbles, and gravels downstream,
no
more
protection
is
needed.
Revetments
must
be
sturdy
and
durable,
able
to
resist
damages
caused
by
various
factors. Their undercourse must not be
scoured.
Materials
should
be
used
as
local
as
possible
to
lower
the
cost.
Simple
construction
and
convenient
repairing should be guaranteed. Rocks,
stonework,
concrete,
reinforced
concrete, and asphalt concrete are used
for
building
revetments
upstream,
and
stonework,
rocks,
gravels,
and
turfs
are
used
for
those
downstream.
Revetments
protect the space from dam crest to the
line a certain distance, normally 2.5m,
under
the
minimum
water
level
of
the
dam
upstream.
For
those
downstream,
they
protect
the
space
from
dam
crest
to
draining
prism
or
to
dam
heel
in
event
of
no prism.






护坡

土石坝的上、
下游坝面一
般都要设置护坡。
上游护坡的
作用是为防止波浪淘 刷、
冰层
和漂浮物的损害、
顺坝水流冲
刷等危害；
均质坝下游护坡的
作用是防止雨水冲刷，风浪、
冰层和水流作用，
动物、
冻胀
干裂等对 坝坡的破坏。
如下游
坡由堆石、卵石、碎石砌成，
可不设护坡。
对上下游护坡 的
要求是坚固耐久，
能抵抗各种
因素的破坏作用，
并保证底层
不受淘 刷。尽可能就地取材，
以降低造价。
施工简单，
维修
方便。
上游护坡 的型式有：
堆
石护坡、
砌石护坡、
混凝土或
钢筋混凝土护坡、
沥青混凝土
护坡；
下游护坡的型式有：
砌
石、堆石、碎石和草皮护坡。护坡覆盖的范围，
上游由坝顶
护至水库最低水位以下一定
距离，一般在最低水位以 下
2.5
米。下游面则由坝顶护至
排水棱体，
无排水棱体时则护
至坝 脚。












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