质疑英文生物专业英语第三版蒋悟生编--课文翻译

2021年1月20日发(作者：高考用英语怎么说)

In side the Livi ng Cell: Structure and
Fun cti on of Internal Cell Parts
Cytoplasm: The Dyn amic, Mobile Factory
细胞质：动力工厂

Most of the properties we associatewith life are properties of the
cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid
substanee, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma
membrane.
Organelles are suspended within it,
supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved
in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble prote ins, and
other materials n eeded for cell fun cti oning.
生命的大部分特征表现
在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半

流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在

其中，
并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养

物质，离子，
可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: In formation Central
（细胞核：信息中心）

The eukaryotic cell nu cleus is the largest orga nelle and houses
the gen etic material
（
DNA
）
on chromosomes.
（
In prokaryotes
the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.
）
The nucleus also
contains one or two orga nelles-the nu cleoli- that play a role in cell
division.
A pore- perforated sac called the nuclear envelope
separates the nu cleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small
molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger
molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must en ter and exit via
the pores.
真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护

作用
（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或

二个核仁，
核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可

以自由通过核膜，
而象

mRNA
和核糖体等大分子必须通过核

孔运输。

Orga nelles: Specialized Work Un its
（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）

All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of orga
nelles, and each orga nelle performs a specialized fun cti on in the
cell. Orga nelles described in this secti on in elude ribosomes, the


endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes,
mitoch on dria, and the plastids of pla nt cells.
所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，每个细胞器都有其特定

功
能。本节主要介绍核糖体，内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶

酶体，线
粒体和植物细胞中的质体。

The nu mber of ribosomes withi n a cell may range from a few
hundred to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that,
ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembledi nto
proteins for export or for use in cell processes. A complete ribosome
is composed of one larger and one smaller subunit. During protein
syn thesis the two sub un its move along a stra nd of mRNA,
ng
sequenee into protein. Several ribosomes may become attached to a
sin gle mRNA stra nd; such a comb in ati on is called a polysome.
Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes in the
cytoplasm. Exportable protei ns and membra ne proteins are usually
made in association with the endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋

白质
的重要场所。完整的核糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖

体沿看
mRNA
移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成蛋白质。一条

mRNA
上可能有
多个核糖体，称多聚核糖体。大多数细胞蛋白

是由细胞质中核糖体生
产。输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有

关。

The en doplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membra nous sacs,
tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER).
Both types play roles in the syn thesis and tran sport of prote ins.
The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the
source of the nu clear en velope after a cell divides.
内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑

和粗
糙面区别。两种都与蛋白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质

网上分布许
多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。

SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the syn thesis of fats and
steroids and in the oxidati on of toxic substa nces in the cell. Both
types of en doplasmic reticulum serve as compartme nts withi n the


cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shu
nted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以

及细胞
内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行

分流或运输到
细胞外。

Tran
sport
vesicles
may
carry
exportable
molecules
from
the
en
doplasmic reticulum to ano ther membra nous orga nelle, the Golgi
complex.
Within
the
Golgi
complex
molecules
are
modified
and
packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the
cytoplasm.
运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体

上。在高
尔基复合体中修饰，包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质

中的其他场所。

Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are actually filled
with fluid and soluble molecules. The most prominent vacuoles
appear in pla nt cells and serve as water reservoirs and storage sites
for sugars and other molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out
phagocytosis (the in take of particulate matter) and pino cytosis
(vacuolar drinkin g).
细胞中的液泡好象是中空的，但实际上充满了液体和可溶分

子。最
典型的液泡存在于植物细胞中，储备水，糖以及其它分

子。动物中的
液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。

A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known as lysosomes,
which contain digestive en zymes (packaged in lysosomes in the
Golgi complex) that can break down most biological
macromolecules. They act to digest food particles and to degrade
damaged cell parts.
溶酶体是液泡亚单位，含有消化酶，降解大部分生物大分子。

消化
食物微粒和降解损伤的细胞残片。

Mitochondria
are the sites of energy-yielding chemical
reacti ons in all cells. In additi on, pla nt cells contain plastids that
utilize light en ergy to manu facture carbohydrates in the process of
photosynthesis. It is on the large surface area provided by the inner
cristae of mitochondria that ATP-generating enzymes are located.


Mitoch on dria are self- replicati ng, and probably they are the
evolutionary descendants of what were once free-living prokaryotes.
线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。另外，植物细胞中的质体

在光合
作用中利用光能产生碳水化合物，

线粒体内嵴上提供了

很大的表面积并分布着产

ATP
酶。线粒体自我复制，并且可

能是自
由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。

There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigme nts
and serve as storage sites for starch, prote ins, and oils; and
chromoplasts, which contain pigments. The most important
chromoplasts are chloroplasts- organelles that contain the
chlorophyll used in photosynthesis. The internal structure of
chloroplasts in cludes stacks of membra nes calledra na, which are
embedded in a matrix called thestroma.
质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油

的储备
场所；色质体，含有色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体，

含有与光合作
用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由多层膜

形成的叶绿体基粒，
其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。

The Cytoskeleto n
（细胞骨架）

All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskelet on, which is a con voluted
latticework of filaments and tubules that appears to fill all available
space in the cell and provides support for various other organelles. A
large portion of the cytoskeleton consists of threadlike microfilame
nts composed mai nly of the con tractile protein actin. They are
involved in many types of intracellular movements in plant and
animal cells. A second protein, myosin, is involve in the contraction
of muscle cells. Another main structural comp onent of the cytoskelet
on con sists ofmicrotubules, which are composed of the globular
protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding that provides a stable
cell shape. Cytoskeletal in termediate filame nts appear to impart ten
sile stre ngth to the cell cytoplasm. Mechanoenzymes such as
myosin, dynein, and kin esi n in teract with the cytoskeletal filame nts
and tubules to gen erate forces that cause moveme nts.
所有的细胞都有细胞骨架，网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及

的全部


空间并且对细胞器提供支持作用。

细胞骨架大部分由微

丝组成，微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细胞的许

多种类
型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是肌球蛋

白，它与肌肉细
胞的收缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成

分是微管，由球状的微
管蛋白组成，象脚手架一般维持细胞的

稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝
提供了细胞质伸缩动力。

机械酶，

例如，肌球蛋白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用

产生动
力而引起细胞运动。

Cellular Movements
（细胞运动

Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability
稳固

to cells, its
microtubules
英［
?maikr ?u?tju:bju:l
］
and filaments
丝状物

and their associated
prote ins en able cells to move by creep in
爬行

or gliding
滑动
.
Such movements require a solid
固体的

substrate to which the cell
can adhere
附着

and can be guided by the geometry d?i??mitri
］

几何形状

of the surface. Some cells also exhibit
［
i
g
?zibit
展览

chemotaxis, kem ??? ksis
趋药性

the ability to move toward or away
from the source of a diffus ing
扩

散

chemical.
尽管细胞骨架提供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关

蛋白能
使细胞爬行或滑动。这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过

表面几何形状
的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即趋向或

逃离扩散开的化学
源。

Certai n eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid en vir onmen ts,
propelled by whiplike cilia
［
⑥
li ?
］纤毛

or flagella
英［
fl ??d ?el ?
鞭毛
.Both cilia and flagella have the same in ternal structure: nine
doublets (pairs of microtubules) arearra nged in a ring and exte nd
the len gth of the cilium or flagellum, and two more microtubules run
dow n the cen ter of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum grows only
from the cell surface where abasal body
基体

is located. Movement
is based on the activities of tiny dynein
动力蛋白

side arms that exte


nd from one of the microtubules of each double
成

对的东西
.
某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，由纤毛或鞭毛推

动。纤毛
和鞭毛具有同样的内部结构：九个双微管环形排列，

纵向延伸，环中
心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从细胞

表面的基体出生长，双
微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧

而引起运动。

Nutrie nts, prote ins, and other materials within most pla nt cells
are moved about via cytoplasmic stream ing. The process occurs as
myosin ?mai ?usin
肌凝蛋白

proteins attached to organelles
纟田

胞
器
，
小器官

push against microfilaments arrayeq??*ei ]
展示

throughout the cell. Microfilame nts and microtubules are resp on
sible for almost all majorcytoplasmic moveme nts. During cell divisi
on, microtubules of the spin dle assembled
集合
,
收集

from tubutin
subunits near organelles calledcentrioles move the chromosomes.
大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运

输。这个
过程是由于依附在细胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细

胞周围的微丝形
成的。绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管完

成。在细胞分裂期间，中
心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成

的纺锤体微管移向染色体。

Glossary
cytoplasm
(
细
)
胞质

The living contents of a cell bounded externally by the
plasmalemma, in cludi ng an aqueous ground substa nee
(hyaloplasm, cell sap, or cell matrix) containing organelles and
various in clusi ons but excludi ng the nu cleus and visible vacuoles.
cytoskeleto n
细胞骨架

Of eukaryotic cells, an in ternal
Its microtubules and
other comp onents structurally support the cell, orga nize and move
its inteftial components. The cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells
move through their en vir onment.


nucleus
细胞核，核
(
复数
nuelei)
The orga nelle of the eukaryote cell that contains
the
chromosomes and hence ultimately con trols cellular activity and in
herita nee through the activity of the gen etic material, DNA
chromosome
染色体

A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a cell. Each
chromosome possesses two telomeres and a cen tromere, and
some contain a nu cleolus orga ni zer. RNA prote ins are in variably
associated with the chromosome.
nucleoid
拟核，类核，核质体

The DNA-c ontaining area of a prokaryote cell, an alogous to the
eukaryote nu cleus but not membra ne boun ded.
nucleoli
核仁
(
单数

nucleolus)
Nuclear structures composed of completed or partially completed
ribosomes and the specific parts of chromosomes that contain the
infon-n ati on for their con structi on.
nu clear en velope
核膜，核被膜

A double membra ne (two lipid bilayers and associated protei ns)
that is the outermost porti on of a cell nu cleus.
ribosome
核糖体

Small structures composed of two prote in and ribonu cleic acid sub
un its in volved in the assembly of prote ins from amino acids.
polysome
多核糖体

Of protein syn thesis, several ribosomes all tran slati ng the same
messe nger RNA molecule,o ne after the other.
en doplasmic reticulum
内质网

Folded membra nes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic cell that
provide a large surface upon which chemical activities take place.
Golgi complex
高尔基复合体

A stack of flatte ned, smooth, membra nous sacs; the site of syn
thesis and packagi ng of certa in molecules in eukaryotic cells.
vacuole
液泡

Storage container with in the cytoplasm of a cell hav ing a surro


unding membra ne.
phagocytosis
吞噬作用

The process by which the cell wraps around a particle and en gulfs
it.
pino cytosis
胞饮作用

The process by which a cell en gulfs some molecules dissolved in
water
lysosome
溶酶体

A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of hydrolytic en zymes.
mitochondrion
线粒体（复数

mitochondria
）
A
membra nous orga nelle resembli ng a small bag with a larger bag
resembli ng a small bag with a larger bag in side that is folded back
on itself; serves as the site of aerobic cellular respirati on.
plastid
质体

An orga nelle prese nt in all pla nts except bacteria, blue-gree n
algae, and fun gi; it is en closed by two membra nes
（
the en
velope
）
and has various fun cti ons chloroplast
叶绿体

A plastid in which photos yn thesis is carried out. Chloroplasts occur
in all photos yn thetic orga ni sms except photos yn thetic bacteria
blue-gree n algae.
stroma
基质，子座（复数

stromata
）

Regi on within a chloroplast that has no chlorophyll.
microfilame nt
微丝，纤丝

Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in cells, ofte n in
close associati on with the microtubules; provide structural support
and en able moveme nt.
act in
肌动蛋白

A globular con tractile prote in. In muscle cells, acti n in teracts with
ano ther protei n, myos in, to bring about con tracti on. myos in
['maies in]
肌球蛋白

A prote in that, with act in, con stitutes the prin cipal eleme nt of the
con tractile apparatus of muscle.
microtubute
微管



Small, hollow tubes of prote in that fun cti on throughout the
cytoplasm to provide structural support and en able moveme nt.
tubulin
微管蛋白

A protein that is the major con stitue nt of microtubules.
dyn ein
动力蛋白，动素

A group of at least four dist inct prote ins found in the flagella and
microtubules of eukaryotic cells and possess ing ATPase activity.
chemotaxis
趋化性

A locomotory moveme nt of an orga nism or cell in resp onse to, and
directed by, an directi onal stimulus.
cilia
纤毛

Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface
that en able locomoti on.
flagella
鞭毛
（
单数

flagellum
）

Long, hairlike structures projecting from the cell surface that en able
locomoti on.
basal body
基体

A body identical in structure to a centriole, found always at the base
of a cilium or eukaryote flagellum.
cen triole
中心粒

An orga nelle located close to the nu cleus in most ani mal and lower
pla nt cells but abse nt from prokaryotes and higher pla nts.
Photos yn thesis
Photosynthesis occurs only in the chlorophyllchlorophyll
叶绿

素
-
containing cells of gree n pla nts, algae
藻
,and certa in protists
原生
生物

and bacteria. Overall, it is a process that con verts light en ergy
into chemical en ergy that is stored in the molecular bonds. From the
point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular
respiration. Whereas
然而

cellular
纟田胞的

respiration
呼吸

is
highly exergonic
吸收能量的

and releases energy, photosynthesis
光
合作用

requires energy and is highly en derg onic.
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些

原生


动物和细菌之中。总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学

能，并将能
量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来看，它

是细胞呼吸作用的
对立面。细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合

作用是需要能量并高吸能
的过程。

Photosynthesis starts with CO
2
and H
2
O as raw materials and
proceeds through two sets of partial reactions. In the first set, called
the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are split
裂

开
(oxidized), 0
2
is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed. These
reactions must take place in the presenee of
在面前

light energy. In
the second set, called light-independent reactions, CO
2
is reduced
(via the addition of H atoms) to carbohydrate. These chemical events
rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP gen erated by the first
set of reacti ons.
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。第

一
步，称光反应，水分子分解，氧分子释放，

ATP
和
NADPH

形成。此反应需要光能的存在。第二步，称暗反应，二氧化碳

被还原
成碳水化合物，这步反应依赖电子载体
NADPH
以及第

一步反应产生
的
ATP
。

Both sets of reacti ons take place in chloroplasts. Most of the
enzymes and pigments
色素

for the lightdependent reactions are
embedded
深入的内含的

in the thylakoid
类囊体

membrane
膜

隔膜

of chloroplasts
叶绿体
. The dark reactions take place in the stroma
基质

两步反应都发生在叶绿体中。光反应需要的大部分酶和色素

包埋在
叶绿体的类囊体膜上。暗反应发生在基质中。

How Light Energy Reaches Photosynthetic Cells
(
光合细胞如何

吸
收光能的
)

The energy in light photons in the visible part of the spectrum can
be captured by biological molecules to do con structive work. The
pigme nt chlorophyll in pla nt cells absorbs phot ons with in a
particular absorption spectrums statement of the amount of light
absorbed by chlorophyll at differe nt wavele ngths. Whe n light is


absorbed it alters the arrangement of electrons in the absorbing
molecule. The added en ergy of the phot on boosts the en ergy
condition of the molecule from a stable state to a less-stable excited
state. During the light-dependent reactions of photos yn thesis, as
the absorb ing molecule retur ns to the ground state, the
excitation energy is transmitted to other molecules and stored as
chemical en ergy.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中的光能。植物细胞中叶绿素在不

同光波
下吸收部分吸收光谱。在吸收分子中，光的作用使分子

中的电子发生
重排。光子的能量激活了分子的能量状态，使其

从稳定态进入不稳定
的激活态。

All photos yn thetic orga ni sms con tai n various classes of
chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid (accessory) pigments that
also con tribute to photos yn thesis. Groups of pigme nt molecules
called antenna complexes are present on thylakoids. Light strik ing
any one of the pigme nt molecules is funn eled to a special
chlorophyll a molecule, termed a reaction- center chlorophyll, which
directly participates in photos yn thesis.
Most
photosynthetic organisms possess two types of reaction-center
chlorophylls, P680 and P700, each associated with an electron
acceptor molecule and an electr on donor. These aggregati ons are
known respectively asphotosystem
I
(P700) and photosystem
n
(P680).
所有的光合作用生物含有不同等级的叶绿素和一个或多个

类胡萝
卜素
(
光合作用的辅助色素
)
。称作天线复合体的色素

分子群存在于类
囊体中。激活色素分子的光能进入叶绿素反应

中心，其直接参与光合
作用。大部分光反应细胞器拥有两套反

应中心，P680
和
P700,
每个
光系统都含有一个电子受体和电

子供体。这些集合体就是大家熟识的
光合系统
I
和光合系统

n
。

The Light-Depe ndent Reacti on: Con vert ing Solar En ergy into
Chemical-B ond En ergy
光反应：光能转化成化学键能

The photosystems of the light-dependent reactions are
responsible for the packaging of light energy in the chemical


compounds ATP and NADPH. This packaging takes place through a
series of oxidation reduction reactions set in motion when light
strikes the P680 reaction center in photosystem
n
. In this in itial eve
nt water molecules are cleaved, oxyge n is released, and electr ons
are don ated. These electr ons are accepted first by plastoquinone
and then by a series of carriers as they desce nd an electr on tran
sport cha in. For each four electr ons that pass down the chain, two
ATPs are formed. The last acceptor in the chain is the P700 reaction
center of photosystem
I
. At this point incoming phot ons boost the en
ergy of the electr ons, and they are accepted by ferredox in.
+
Ferredox in is the n reoxidized, and the coenzyme NADP
is reduced
to the NADPH. The ATP gen eratedpreviously and the NADPH the n
take part in the light in depe ndent reacti ons.
光反应的光系统将光能转化成化学复合物

ATP
和
NADPH
。

当光
激活光系统
n
的光反应中心时，

通过一系列的氧化还原反

应实现能
量的传递。反应开始时，水被分解，氧被释放并提供

电子。电子首先
传递给质体醌，然后通过一系列载体形成的电

子传递链。每 传递
4
个
电子，形成
2
个
ATP
。最后一个受体存

在于光反应系统
I
的反应中心
里。此处光子激活电子，电子传
递给铁氧还蛋白。铁氧还蛋白再氧
化，并且辅酶
NADP
+
还原成

NADPH
早期产生的
ATP
和

NADP
进入
暗反应。

The producti on of ATP from the tran sport of electro ns excited by
light energy down an electron transport chain is termed
photophosphorylati on.
The on e-way flow of electr ons through
photosystems II and I is called non cyclic photophosphorylati on; pla
nts also derive
additi onal
ATP through cyclic
photophosphorylati on, in which some electr ons are shun ted back
through the electr on tran sport cha in betwee n photosystems
n
and
I
.
由电子传递链偶连产生
ATP
的过程称为光合磷酸化。通过

光合系
统
n
流经光合系统
I
的电子路径称非循环式光合磷酸

化；植物通过循
环式光合磷酸化获得额外的

ATP
一些电子在



光合系统
I
和
n
之间的电子传递链中回流。

The Light-I ndepe ndent Reacti ons: Build ing Carbohydrates
暗反
应：碳水化合物的形成

In the light-i ndepe ndent reacti ons of photos yn thesis, which are
drive n by ATP and NADPH, CO
2
is con verted to carbohydrate. The
reactions are also known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. Atmospheric
CO
2
, is fixed as it reacts with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP), a
reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme ribulose biphosphate
carboxylase. The reduction Of CO
2
to carbohydrate (fructose
diphosphate) is completed via several more steps of the cycle. Fin
ally, RUBP is rege nerated so that the cycle may con ti nue.
由
ATP
和
NADPH
驱动的暗反应中，二氧化碳转化成碳水

化合
物。即卡尔文循环。二磷酸核酮糖固定二氧化碳，由二磷

酸核酮糖羧
化酶催化。

Oxygen: An Inhibitor of photosynthesis
(
氧：光合作用的抑制因

子
)


High levels of oxyge n in pla nt cells can disrupt photos yn thesis
and can also caus
甲
hotorespiration- an inefficient fun of the dark
reacti ons in which 0
2
is fixed rather tha n CO
2
and no carbohydrate
is produced.
Reprieve from Photorespirati on: The C
4
Pathway
Most plants are C
3
plants; they experienee decreased
carbohydrate producti on un der hot, dry con diti ons as a result of
the effects of photorespiration. Among C
4
plants, however, special
leaf an atomy and a unique biochemical pathway en able the plant
to thrive in and conditions.
Thus C
4
plants lessen
photorespirati on by carry ing out photos yn thesis only in cells that
are in sulated from high levels of CO
2
. They also possess a no vel
mecha nism for carb on fixati on.
大部分植物是碳
3
植物，在高温干旱条件下，由于光呼吸作

用而
使碳水化合物的合成降低。而在大多数的碳

4
植物中，由

于叶脉的特殊构造和独特的化学路径使植物依然很茂盛。

这是

碳固定的一个新机制。

课后作业：第一篇阅读材料

答案：
1B,2A,3A,4D,5C,6c
Glossar



light-dependent reactions
光反应
-
The first stage in photosynthesis, driven by light en ergy.
Electr ons that trap the sun's en ergy pass the en ergy to high-
e nergy carriers such as ATP or NADPH, where it is stored in
chemical bon ds. light-i ndepe ndent reacti ons
暗反应

The second stage of photosynthesis, also called the Calvin-
Benson cycle, which does not require light. During the six
steps of the cycle, carb on is fixed and carbohydrates are
formed. chloroplast
叶绿体

A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out.
Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms except
photos yn thetic bacteria and blue-gree n algae. absorpti on
spectrum
吸收光谱，吸收谱

The spectrum obta ined whe n radiati on (light, ultraviolet
radiati on, etc.) from a source givi ng a con ti nu ous spectrum
is passed through a substa nee. Calv in-Be nson cycle
卡尔文?
本森循环

Cyclic reacti ons that are the
ndepe ndent reacti ons of photos yn thesis. In land pla nts,
RUBP, or some other compo und to which carb on has bee n
affixed, un der goes rearra ngeme nts that lead to formati on of
a sugar phosphate and to rege nerati on of the RUBP. The
cycle runs on ATP and NADPH from light-depe ndent reacti
ons. carotenoid
类胡萝卜素

Light-sensitive, accessory pigments that transfer absorbed
energy to chlorophylls. They absorb violet and blue wave-le
ngths but tran smit red, oran ge, and yellow.
chlorophyll
叶绿素

The gree n substa nee of pla nts by which
photos yn thesis is accomplished; it is usually localized in in
tracellular orga nelles called chloroplasts.


cyclic photophosphorylati on
环形光合磷酸化（作用）

Cyclic photophosphorylati on is coupled to cyclicelectr on flow,
i n which ATP is the only product.
C
3
plant
三碳植物

A plant in which the light-independent reactions of
photosynthesis start with a threecarbon compound. Most pla
nts are Q pla nts.
C
4
plant
四碳植物

A plant such as corn in which the light independent reacti
ons of photos yn thesis star with a four-carb on compo und.
non cyclic photophosphorylati on
非环形光合磷酸化作用

Non cyclic photophosphorylati on is coupled to non cyclic
electr on flow, the electr ons being used to reduce NADP
+
as
well as to make ATP.
phot on
光子

A particle that has zero mass or charge and unit spin, the
qua ntum of the electromag netic field and carrier of the
electromag netic force.
photophosphorylati on
光合磷酸化作用

The syn thesis of ATP from phosphate and ADP duri ng
photos yn thesis, using light en ergy. photorespirati on
光呼吸