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好看的英语电影生物专业英语(Bioengineering English)(中英文对照)

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2021-01-20 03:36
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总酚-好看的英语电影

2021年1月20日发(作者:bestie)
生物专业英语(
Bioengineering English



Lesson One

4
学时)

Inside the Living Cell: Structure
and
Function of Internal Cell Parts

Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory

细胞质:动力工厂

生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体 物质组成,并由细胞膜
(原生质膜)包被。细胞器悬浮在其中,并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解 了大量
的营养物质,离子,可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central
(细胞核:信息中心)

真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器,细胞核对染色体组有保护作用(原核细胞的遗传物质
存在于拟核中 )。细胞核含有一或二个核仁,核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔,小
分子可以自由通过核膜,而象
mRNA
和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。

Organelles: Specialized Work Units
(细胞器:特殊的功能单位)

所有 的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器,
每个细胞器都有其特定功能。
本节主要介绍核糖体,
内 质网,高尔基体系,液泡,溶酶体,线粒体和植物细胞中的质体。

核糖体的数量变化从几百到 几千,核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完整的核
糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着mRNA
移动并阅读遗传密码,翻译成蛋白质。一

mRNA
上可能有多 个核糖体,
称多聚核糖体。
大多数细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。
输出蛋白和膜蛋 白通常与内质网有关。

内质网,带有花边的生物囊,有管状,泡状之分,以及光滑和粗糙面区 别。两种都与蛋
白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体,也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细
胞膜。


1
光滑内质网上无核糖体,主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的 合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。
两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。
< br>运输小泡能够将可运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰,
包装后输出 细胞或传递到细胞质中的其他场所。

细胞中的液泡好象是中空的,
但实际上充满了液 体和可溶分子。
最典型的液泡存在于植
物细胞中,储备水,糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞 噬和胞饮作用。












溶酶体是液泡亚单位,
含有消化酶,
降解 大部分生物大分子。
消化食物微粒和降解损伤
的细胞残片。

线粒体是细胞中 化学产能的场所。
另外,
植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生
碳水化合物,线 粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产
ATP
酶。线粒体自我复制,并
且可能是自 由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。

质体有两种类型:白色体,缺乏色素,是淀粉,蛋白 质和油的储备场所;色质体,含有
色素。叶绿体是最重要的色质体,含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿 体的内部结构是由
多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒,其中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。

The Cytoskeleton
(细胞骨架)

所有的细胞都有细胞骨架 ,网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提
供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成 ,微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细
胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白 是肌球蛋白,它与肌肉细胞的收
缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管,由球状的微管蛋白组成 ,象脚手架一般
维持细胞的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶,例如,肌球蛋
白,动力蛋白,驱动蛋白与微丝,微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。

Cellular Movements
(细胞运动)

尽管细胞骨架提供了 细胞的某些稳定性,微丝,微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。
这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过表面 几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性,即
趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。


2
某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动,
由纤毛或鞭毛推动。
纤毛和鞭毛 具有同样的内
部结构:九个双微管环形排列,纵向延伸,环中心是两个或以上微管组成。纤毛或鞭毛从< br>细胞表面的基体出生长,双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。



大部分植物细胞的营养,蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细
胞器上的肌球蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。
绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管
完成 。
在细胞分裂期间,
中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。


Glossary

cytoplasm
(细)胞质

The
living
contents
of
a
cell
bounded
externally by the plasmalemma, including an
aqueous
ground
substance
(hyaloplasm,
cell

sap, or cell matrix)
containing organelles and
various
inclusions
but
excluding
the
nucleus
and visible vacuoles.
cytoskeleton






细胞骨架

Of
eukaryotic
cells,
an
internal


Its
microtubules
and
other
components
structurally
support
the
cell,
organize
and
move
its
inteftial
components.
The
The organelle of the eukaryote cell that
contains



the



chromosomes and hence
ultimately controls cellular activity and
inheritance through the activity of the genetic
material, DNA
chromosome
染色体

A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus
of a cell.

Each chromosome possesses two
telomeres and a centromere, and some
contain a nucleolus organizer.

RNA
proteins are invariably associated with the
chromosome.

nucleoid







拟核,类核,核质体

The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote
cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but
not membrane bounded.
cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move
through their environment.

nucleus










细胞核,核
(
复数

nuclei
)

3
nucleoli















核仁
(
单数
nucleolus
)

Nuclear structures composed of completed or
partially completed ribosomes and the
specific parts of chromosomes that contain
the infon-nation for their construction.

nuclear envelope





核膜,核被膜

A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and
associated proteins) that is the outermost
portion of a cell nucleus.

ribosome








核糖体

Small structures composed of two protein and
ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the
assembly of proteins from amino acids.
polysome








多核糖体

Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all
translating the same messenger RNA
molecule,one after the other.
endoplasmic reticulum






内质网

Folded
membranes
and
tubes
throughout
the
eukaryotic
cell
that
provide
a
large
surface
upon which chemical activities take place.
Golgi complex











高尔基复合体

A
stack
of
flattened,
smooth,
membranous
sacs;
the
site
of
synthesis
and
packaging
of
certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.
vacuole










液泡

Storage container within the cytoplasm of a
cell having a surrounding membrane.

phagocytosis



吞噬作用

The process by which the cell wraps around a
particle and engulfs it.
pinocytosis





胞饮作用

The process by which a cell engulfs some
molecules dissolved in water
lysosome





















溶酶体

A
specialized
organelle
that
holds
a
mixture
of hydrolytic enzymes.
mitochondrion





线粒体
(
复数

mitochondria
)A membranous organelle
resembling a small bag with a larger bag
resembling a small bag with a larger bag
inside that is folded back on itself; serves as
the site of aerobic cellular respiration.
plastid










质体

An organelle present in all plants except
bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is

4
enclosed by two membranes (the envelope)
and has various functions
chloroplast


叶绿体

A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried
out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic
organisms except photosynthetic bacteria
blue-green algae.
stroma










基质,子座(复数

stromata


Region within a chloroplast that has no
chlorophyll.
microfilament




微丝,纤丝

Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and
found in cells, often in close association with
the microtubules; provide structural support
and enable movement.
actin

肌动蛋白




A globular contractile protein. In muscle
cells, actin interacts with another protein,
myosin, to bring about contraction.

myosin
['maiesin]






肌球蛋白

A protein that, with actin, constitutes the
principal element of the contractile apparatus
of muscle.
microtubute



微管

Small, hollow tubes of protein that function
throughout the cytoplasm to provide
structural support and enable movement.
tubulin










微管蛋白

A protein that is the major constituent of
microtubules.
dynein









动力蛋白,动素

A
group
of
at
least
four
distinct
proteins
found
in
the
flagella
and
microtubules
of
eukaryotic
cells
and
possessing
ATPase
activity.

chemotaxis

趋化性

A locomotory movement of an organism or
cell in response to, and directed by, an
directional stimulus.
cilia



纤毛

Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting
from the cell surface that enable locomotion.

flagella





鞭毛

(
单数
flagellum
)

Long,
hairlike
structures
projecting
from
the
cell surface that enable locomotion.
basal body


基体

A body identical in structure to a centriole,
found

always

at

the

base

of

a
cilium or eukaryote flagellum.

5

centriole

中心粒


An organelle located close to the nucleus in
most animal and lower plant cells but absent
from prokaryotes and higher plants.

6
Lesson Two

2
学时)


Photosynthesis

光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞,海藻 ,某些原生动物和细菌之中。总体
来说,这是一个将光能转化成化学能,并将能量贮存在分子键中,从化 学和动能学角度来
看,它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的,光合作用是需要能量并 高
吸能的过程。

光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第 一步,
称光反应,
水分子分
解,氧分子释放,
ATP

NA DPH
形成。此反应需要光能的存在。第二步,称暗反应,二氧
化碳被还原成碳水化合物,这步 反应依赖电子载体
NADPH
以及第一步反应产生的
ATP




两步反应都发生在叶绿体中。光反应需要的大部分酶和色素包埋在叶绿体的类囊体 膜
上。暗反应发生在基质中。

生物分子能捕获可见光谱中的光能。植物细胞中叶绿素 在不同光波下吸收部分吸收光
谱。在吸收分子中,光的作用使分子中的电子发生重排。光子的能量激活了 分子的能量状
态,使其从稳定态进入不稳定的激活态。

所有的光合作用生物含有不同 等级的叶绿素和一个或多个类胡萝卜素
(光合作用的辅助
色素)。称作天线复合体的色素分子群 存在于类囊体中。激活色素分子的光能进入叶绿素
反应中心,其直接参与光合作用。大部分光反应细胞器 拥有两套反应中心,
P680

P700

每个光系统都含有一个电 子受体和电子供体。这些集合体就是大家熟识的光合系统Ⅰ和光
合系统Ⅱ



光反应:光能转化成化学键能

光反应的光系统将光能转化成化学复合物
AT P

NADPH

当光激活光系统Ⅱ的光反应中
心时,通过一系列的 氧化还原反应实现能量的传递。反应开始时,水被分解,氧被释放并
提供电子。电子首先传递给质体醌, 然后通过一系列载体形成的电子传递链。每传递
4

电子,形成
2

ATP
。最后一个受体存在于光反应系统Ⅰ的反应中心里。此处光子激活电

7
子,电子传递给铁氧还蛋白。铁氧还蛋白再氧化,并且辅酶
NADP
还原 成
NADPH
。早期产
生的
ATP

NADPH
进 入暗反应。

由电子传递链偶连产生
ATP
的过程称为光合磷酸化。通过光合 系统Ⅱ流经光合系统Ⅰ的
电子路径称非循环式光合磷酸化;植物通过循环式光合磷酸化获得额外的
ATP
,一些电子
在光合系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ之间的电子传递链中回流。

暗反应:碳水化合物的形成


ATP

NADPH
驱动的暗反应中,
二氧化碳转化成碳水化合物。
即卡尔文循环。
二磷酸
核酮 糖固定二氧化碳,由二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶催化。

Oxygen: An Inhibitor of photosynthesis
(氧:光合作用的抑制因子)


< br>大部分植物是碳
3
植物,在高温干旱条件下,由于光呼吸作用而使碳水化合物的合成降低 。而在大多数
的碳
4
植物中,由于叶脉的特殊构造和独特的化学路径使植物依然很茂盛 。这是碳固定的一个新机制。

+

Glossary


8
light-dependent reactions
光反应
-
The first stage in photosynthesis, driven by
light
energy.

Electrons
that
trap
the
sun's
energy pass the energy to high-energy carriers
such as ATP or NADPH, where it is stored in
chemical bonds.
light-independent reactions
暗反应

The
second
stage
of
photosynthesis,
also
called
the
Calvin-Benson
cycle,
which
does
not require light.

During the six steps of the
cycle,
carbon
is
fixed
and
carbohydrates
are
formed.
chloroplast
叶绿体

A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried
out.

Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic
organisms
except
photosynthetic
bacteria
and
blue- green algae.
absorption spectrum
吸收光谱,吸收谱

The spectrum obtained when radiation
regeneration of the RUBP.

The cycle runs
on ATP and NADPH from light-dependent
reactions.
carotenoid
类胡萝卜素

Light-sensitive,

accessory pigments

that
transfer absorbed energy to chlorophylls.

They absorb violet and blue wave-lengths but
transmit red, orange, and yellow.

chlorophyll
叶绿素

The green substance of plants by which
photosynthesis is accomplished; it is
usually localized in intracellular organelles
called chloroplasts.
cyclic photophosphorylation
环形光合磷酸化(作用)

Cyclic photophosphorylation is coupled to
cyclicelectron flow, in which ATP is the only
product.
C
3
plant
三碳植物

(light, ultraviolet radiation, etc.) from a source
A
plant
in
which
the
light-independent
giving a continuous spectrum is passed
reactions
of
photosynthesis
start
with
a
through a substance.
Calvin-Benson cycle

卡尔文·本森循环

Cyclic reactions that are the
C
4
plant
四碳植物

of the light-independent reactions of
A
plant
such
as
corn
in
which
the
light
photosynthesis.

In land plants, RUBP, or
independent
reactions
of
photosynthesis
star
some other compound to which carbon has

with a four- carbon compound.
been affixed, under goes rearrangements that

lead to formation of a sugar phosphate and to

9
threecarbon
compound.

Most
plants
are
C
3

plants.

noncyclic photophosphorylation


非环形光合磷酸化作用

Noncyclic photophosphorylation is coupled
to noncyclic electron flow, the electrons being
used to reduce NADP
+
as well as to make
ATP.
photon

光子

A particle that has zero mass or charge and
unit spin, the quantum of the electromagnetic
field and carrier of the electromagnetic force.
photophosphorylation
光合磷酸化作用

The synthesis of ATP from phosphate and
ADP during photosynthesis, using light
energy.
photorespiration

光呼吸

A light- dependent type of respiration that
occurs in most photosynthetic plants and
differs from normal (or dark) respiration.

photosynthesis
光合作用

The
synthesis
of
organic
compounds
by
reduction of carbon dioxide using light energy
absorbed by chorophyll.

photosystem
光合系统

One
of
the
clusters
of
light-trapping
pigments
embedded
in
photosynthetic
pathways.
ribulose

biphosphate

(RUBP)


酮糖二磷酸

A
compound
with
a
backbone
of
five
carbon
atoms
that
is
required
for
carbon
fixation
in
the
Calvin- Benson
cycle
of
photosynthesis.

thylakoid
类囊体

One of a number of flattened fluid-filled sacs
that
form
the
photosynthetic
lamellar
system
of
chloroplasts,
photosynthetic
bacteria,
and
blue-green algae.



























membranes.

Photosystem
I
operates
during
the cyclic pathway; photosystem


operates
during
both
the
cyclic
and
noncyclic

10
Lesson Three

2
学时)


Cellular Reproduction:

Mitosis and Meiosis


细胞核是贮藏遗传信息的主要场所。
DNA
盘绕 成螺旋线以及相关的成簇蛋白质。
DNA
螺旋线缠绕成簇的组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体。
这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结
构。每个长链
DNA
与组蛋白和非组蛋白一 起构成染色质物质。



染色体致密的超螺旋状态我们称染色体组。除了性 染色体外,大多数细胞的染色体组成对出
现,称同源染色体对。非性染色体称常染色体。生物细胞含有两 套父母本染色体的称二倍体;
含有单套染色体的称单倍体。

在细胞生长过程中,细胞 循环遵循特定程序,分裂准备,分裂成
2
个子细胞,子细胞
再循环。此循环使得单细胞 永生。多细胞生物中的许多细胞,包括动物肌肉和神经细胞,
要么降低循环速度,要么同时分裂。

正常细胞循环由
4
个时期组成。
头三期包括
G
1
,
正常新陈代谢;
S

,
正常新陈代谢同时,
DNA复制,组蛋白合成;

G
2
期,短期的新陈代谢和少许生长。
G
1
, S,

G2
称分裂间期。最后

M
期,有丝分裂期,复制的染色体组浓缩,移动并 细胞分裂。据称是染色质控制了细胞
循环,伴随外部激活因子和抑制因子如抑素。





生物学家将有丝分裂划分为
4
个阶段。分裂前期,高 度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝
粒连接在一起。在分裂前期后期和分裂中期前期,浓缩的染色体与纺锤体 相连,最后以正
确的角度排列在赤道板上。在分裂后期,两个姊妹单体分离,分别拽向细胞两极。在分裂
末期,在每套染色体周围形成核膜,细胞质发生分裂。

在有丝分裂过程中,是纺锤体 微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离。
纺锤体微管由两极向赤道板延伸。在分裂前期,其 它微管,着丝粒纤维延伸到染色体的
动粒。在分裂后期,纤维开始变短,染色单体分离。


11




植物和动物细胞形成的纺锤体不 同。动物细胞与中心粒相连,而在植物和真菌细胞中,纺
锤体与微管组织中心的离子相连。


Cytokinesis: Partitioning the Cytoplasm

胞质分裂:细胞质分离



在动物细胞中,环形肌动蛋白丝延赤道板收缩而使细胞一分为二。在植物细胞中,在
赤道板形成新的 细胞板。

减数分裂是性细胞分裂的特殊形式。如有丝分裂,它也是发生在
DNA复制后并有连续
的两个核分裂。产生
4
个子细胞,分别含有亲本一半的染色体数。

正如在有丝分裂中一样,两个同源染色单体通过蛋白质和
RNA
桥配对形成 联会复合体。
与有丝分裂不同的是,
每组染色体的两个染色单体连接在着丝点上并一起移向细胞 两极的
一级。由此而导致
4
个子细胞染色体数减半。

第二次核分裂 开始于分裂中期,
子细胞中染色体重新排列在赤道板上。
着丝粒最终分离,
每个姊妹染 色单体分向两极。接着胞质分裂。产生
4
个单倍体,父母染色体随机分配。



有丝分裂和减数分裂在传递遗传信息过程中各有优势。体细胞的繁殖就是父母本的克隆,其< br>优势是保留了父母本的成功遗传信息,不需要特殊器官,比性复制快的多。但一个简单灾难性
事件 或疾病都可能摧毁一个细胞群体。
性复制的优势是它提供了遗传可变性和现存排除有害突
变的机 制。也可以产生新的基因并在种群中蔓延。



Glossary
mitosis
有丝分裂

Process that results in equal and
identical distribution of replicated
chromosomes into
two newly formed nuclei.
meiosis
减数分裂

The process by which a nucleus divides
into four daughter nuclei, each containing

12
half the number of chromosomes of the
parent nucleus.

histone
组蛋白

One of a group of simple proteins that
have a high content of the basic amino
acids arginine or lysine and are found
associated with nucleic acids in the
chromatin of eukaryotic cells.
nucleosome
核小体

The basic unit of chromatin structure in
eukaryotic cells.

A nucleosome consists of
eight histone molecules of four different
types, together with about 140 base pairs of
DNA coiled around it.
diploid
二倍体

Any nucleus, cell, or organism that
possesses twice the haploid number of
chromosomes.
haploid
单倍体

Any nucleus, cell, or organism that
possesses a single set of unpaired
chromosomes,
interphase (cycle)
分裂间期(周期)

In a cell preparing to duplicate, the
interphase stage can divided into a period
of initial growth (G
1
), a period of DNA
synthesis (S), and a second growth period
(G
2
).
chalone
抑素

Substances found in mammalian tissue
homogenates that, when applied to intact
tissue cells, inhibit mitosis, particularly in
the presence of adrenaline and
corticosteroids.
prophase
(分裂)前期

First stage of mitosis, during which
individual chromosomes become visible.
chromatin
染色质

The material of which the chromosomes
are composed.

DNA and protein are the
main constituents of chromatin, most of the
protein being histone.
karyotype
核型,染色体组型

,
The appearance of the chromosome
complement of an organism or cell.
homologous pair
同源染色体对

Chromosomes that pair during
meiosis.

Each homologue is a duplicate
of one of the chromosomes contributed at
syngamy by the mother or father.

Homologous chromosomes contain the
same linear sequence of genes and as a
consequence each gene is present in
duplicate.
chromatid
染色单体


13
A replicated chromosome physically
attached to an identical chromatid at the
centromere.
centromere
着丝粒

The small area of a chromosome that
does not stain with basic dyes during
mitosis and meiosis; at interphase it is
single while the rest of the chromosome is
made up of two chromatids.
metaphase
(分裂)中期

Second stage in mitosis, during which the
chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.
spindle
纺锤体

cytokinesis
胞质分裂

cell plate

细胞板






An array of microtubutes extending
from pole to pole and used in the movement
of chromosomes.
metaphase plate
赤道板,中期板

The grouping of the chromosomes in a
plane at the equator of the spindle during
the metaphase stage of mitosis.
anaphase
分裂后期

The third stage of mitosis, during which
the centromeres split and the chromosomes
move to the poles.
telophase
(分裂)末期

Last stage in mitosis during which
daughter nuclei are formed.

Division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two
new cells.
A plant cell structure that begins to form
in the center of the cell and proceeds to the
cell membrane, resulting in cytokinesis.
14










Lesson Four

2
学时)


Foundations of Genetics





遗传学的早期理论包括泛生说 和种质理论。基于小鼠实验,维丝曼提出遗传信息储存在
配子中并将遗传信息传递给后代。这两个早期观 点合起来形成融合理论:子代拥有父母本
混合的遗传特征,而不完全象亲代。

孟德尔 ,众所周知的遗传学之父,是一名修道士。当他还是大学生时就提出了物质的粒子
属性。孟德尔进行了一 系列周密安排的实验来证实遗传的颗粒性。直到他去世后,他的理
论才被理解和接受。

孟德尔通过豌豆实验研究遗传学,豌豆是自花授粉植物和纯品系。为验证融合理论,他
的研究主要集中 在
7
个特征上。例如,种子颜色,植株高度,这些特征只有两个明确的可
能性。他记录 了产生的每一个子代类型和数量,在杂交产生子
2
代。


15 < br>对于每个特征而言,要么显形,要么隐性。在子
2
代中显形与隐性比为
3

1
。只有在每
个个体仅拥有两个研究遗传单元,并每个单元来自一个亲代时,实验 结果才成立。此遗传
单元就是今天共识的等位基因。两个一样的等位基因决定一个特征,称纯合。相反, 称杂
合。当生物是杂合时,它的表型由显性基因决定。因此,生物的表型与基因型是不同的。
旁 纳特方格可以陈列所有可能的遗传组合。




分离定律,生物只 遗传父母本等位基因对的一个等位基因。减数分裂期形成配子时两
个等位基因分离。为验证此理论,他做 了测交实验,即基因型未知的植物与纯合的隐性基
因植物杂交。子代显性表型可以明确测得杂合基因或纯 合基因的基因型。

双因子杂合试验,
两个特征是如何相互影响遗传的。
试验 结果产生独自分配定律,
即等
位基因独立遗传。特例是,不完全显性。子代的表型是父母本的中 间类型。不完全显性说
明了两个等位基因对表型都有影响。,等位基因会继续分离。



1866
年,孟德尔在自然史上发表了他的科学论文,陈诉了他的观点。不幸的是, 他的研
究不被当时科学家接受。在
1900
年,他的著作再被发现利用。

孟德尔著作被再发现不久,
Walter
Sutton

Theodor
Boveri
提出,遗传单位可能定位在
染色体 组上。伴性遗传又导致了不分离现象的发现,即在减数分裂中,染色体对不分离。

Glossary

pangenesis
泛生论,泛生说

The
theory
of
heredity
postulating
that
germs,
humours,
or
essences
migrate
from
individual
body
cells
to
the
sex
organs
and
contribute to the gametes.
germ plasm theory
种质学说

A
substance
thought
to
be
transmitted
in
the
gametes
(germ
cells)
in
an
unchanged
form
from
generation
to
generation.

The
germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by
the environment and to give rise to the body
cells.

dominant
显性

The member of a pair of alleles that shows
its effect in the phenotype whatever other
allele is present.

16
recessive
隐形的

The member of a pair of alleles that does
not show its effect in the presence of any
other allelic partner.
allele
等位基因

Alternative
forms
of
a
gene
for
a
particular
characteristic
(e.g.,
attached
earlobe
genes
and
free
earlobe
genes
are
alternative alleles for ear shape).
gene
基因

A unit of heredity located on a chromosome
and
composed
a
sequence
of
DNA
nucleotides.
homozygous
纯合的

A
diploid
organism
that
has
two
identical
alleles for particular characteristic.
heterozygous
杂合的

A
diploid
organism
that
has
two
different
alletic
forms
of
a
particular
gene.
Genotype
基因型

The
catalog
of
genes
of
an
organism,
whether or not these genes are expressed.
phenotype
表型

The physical, chemical, and psychological
expression
of
genes
possessed
by
an
organism.
Punnett square
旁纳特方格


A
method
used
to
determine
the
probabilities of combination in a zygote.
law of segregation
分裂定律


When
gametes
are
formed
by
a
diploid
organism,
the
alleles
that
control
a
trait
separate
from
one
another
into
different
gametes, retaining their individuality.
test cross
测交

A
cross
between
a
heterozygote
of
unknown
genotype
and
an
individual
homozygous
for
the
recessive
genes
in
question
.
dihybrid cross
双因子杂种,
双因子杂合子






A cross between individuals that differ
with respect to two specified gene pairs.
law
of independent assortment
独立分配定律,
自由组合定律

Members
of
one
gene
pair
will
separate
from
each
other
independently
of
the
members of other gene pairs.
incomplete dominance
不完全显性


17
The
condition
in
which
two
allelic
genes
have a different effect when they are together
as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either
of them have in the homozygous state


nondisjunction
不分离

The
failure
of
separation
of
paired
chromosomes
at
metaphase,
resulting
in
one
daughter
receiving
both
and
the
other
daughter
cell
none
of
the
chromosomes
in
question.

Nondisjunction
can
occur
during
a meiotic or mitotic division.
Lesson Five

2
学时)


Discovering the
Chemical
Nature of the Gene




Archibald Garro d
是第一个研究基因是如何影响表型的科学家,
他对尿黑酸症的研究揭示
了基因与酶之 间的关系。
Beadle

Ephrussi
在三十年后对果蝇眼睛颜色的 研究发现特殊基
因与相关反应的生物合成有关。接着对面包发霉粗糙脉孢菌的突变试验得出一个基因一个
酶的假说。他们的工作为其他工作者铺平了道路,即精确地阐明了酶影响了复杂的新陈代
谢途径 。在
1949
年,对镰刀状细胞贫血症的研究对一个基因一个酶的假说进一步上升为一
个基因一个多肽。


1871
年,核酸最初是由
Johann M iescher
分离成功,并由
Feulgen

1900
年证实核 酸是染
色体组最基本的组成。
Frederick Griffith
对粗糙和光滑的 肺炎球菌实验表明,
不确定的某种
物质可以从一组细菌转移到另一种细菌中。在
194 0
年,确认该物质为
DNA
。四个碱基和磷
酸分子分别连接在糖分子上,称核 苷酸。

直到
1950
年,通过对大肠杆菌实验发现,遗传物质是
D NA
,而不是蛋白质。

每个核苷酸都含有一个五碳脱氧核糖,分别连接
4< br>个碱基,即:腺嘌呤,鸟嘌呤,胞嘧
啶,胸腺嘧啶。碱基连接糖称核苷。磷酸键形成磷酸骨架。< br>



1
)腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶,胞嘧啶与鸟嘌呤相等;(< br>2
)腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶,胞嘧啶与鸟
嘌呤的比例随物种不同而不同。


18
直到
40
年代末
50
年代初,研究者在寻求
DNA
结构过程中,确立了
Chargaff
的观点和
,
Levene
的组成理论以及其他两个线索。一个是
Linus
Pauli ng
的假设,
DNA
可能具有螺旋结
构,通过氢键连接。另一个是
X -
衍射图片,
Franklin and Wilkins
提供。

基于这些信息,
Watson


Crick
提出了双螺 旋结构模型,成对的核苷酸通过氢键相连,
遗传信息就贮藏在碱基对中。

H

DNA
进行复制是以拉链方式自我复制,
产生的两个二分体分别为模板生成互补链,< br>即半
保留复制。并由
Meselson


Stahl
验证。

大肠杆菌复制开始时形成泡样复制叉,链生长方向由5
′向
3
′端,前导链连续生成,后
随链由冈崎片段组成,由
D NA
聚合酶催化。真核生物复制与原核生物复制相似,但有几百
到几千个复制原点(原核一般只 有一个复制原点)。



Glossary
one-gene- one-enzyme hypothesis

一基因一
酶假说

The hypothesis that a large class of gene exist
in which each gene controls the synthesis or
activity
of
but
a

single
enzyme.

Since
enzymes and other proteins whose syntheses
are controlled by more than one gene are now
known, this hypothesis has been replaced by
the one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.

one-gene-one-polypeptide
hypothesis


guanine
鸟嘌呤

因一多肽假说

The hypothesis that a large class of genes
exist in which each gene controls the
synthesis of a single polypeptide.

The
polypeptide may function independently or as
a subunit of a more complex protein.
adenine
腺嘌呤

A purine base that is an essential constituent
of
the
nucleic
acids
and
also
of
such
coenzymes as NAD and FAD.

19
A
double-ring
nitrogenous
base
molecule
in
DNA
and
RNA.

It
is
the
complementary
base of cytosine.
cytosine
胞嘧啶

A
single-ring
nitrogenous
base
molecule
in
DNA
and
RNA.

It
is
complementary
to
guanine.
thymine
胸腺嘧啶

A single-ring nitrogenous base molecule of
DNA but not RNA.

It is complementary to
adenine.
purine
嘌呤

commonly
found
in
DNA
and
RNA
are:
cytidine,
cytosine
deoxyriboside,
thymidine,
uridine,
adenosine,
adenine
deoxyriboside,
guanosine,
and
guanine
deoxyriboside.

Note
that
thymidine
is
a
deoxyriboside
and
cytidine,
uridine,
adenosine,and
guanosine
are ribosides.
X-ray diffraction




X
射线衍射

A technique for determining the arrangement
of
atoms
in
a
crystalline
substance
by
analysing
the
diffraction
patterns
produced
when
a
narrow
beam
of
X-rays
is
passed
through
the
substance.
X-ray
diffraction
has
One of a group of nitrogenous bases whose
contributed
to
the
elucidation
of
structure
of
parent compound has the formula shown.

many
biological
molecules,
including
some
The two most abundant purines are adenine
important
macromolecules,
e.g.,
DNA,
and guanine, which are constituents of
haemoglobin, myoglobin.
nucleic acids and coenzymes.

DNA double helix
双螺旋

pyrimidine
嘧啶

The
A
heterocyclic
organic
compound,
C
4
N
4
N
2

the
fundamental
form
of
pyrimidine
bases.

semiconservative replication
半保留复制

Some
of
these
bases
are
constituents
of
The method of replication of DNA in which
nucleic acid.

the molecule divides longitudinally, each half
nucleoside
核苷

being conserved and acting as a template for
A
purine
or
pyrimidine
base
attached
to
the formation of a new strand.
ribose
or
deoxyribose.

The

nucleosides

20
three-dimensional
structure
of
doublestranded DNA.
replication fork
复制叉

A
point
at
which
the
two
strands
of
a
DNA
double
helix
are
unwound
and
separated
during replication.
Okazaki fragment

冈琦片断

A short sequence of DNA that is the primary
product
of
DNA
polymerase
during
DNA
replication.
polymerase

DNA
聚合酶

An
enzyme
that
brings
new
DNA
triphosphate
nucleotides
into
position
for
bonding on another DNA molecule.
Lesson Six

2
学时)


The
Origin and
Diversity of Life





生命起源于地球的形成。大爆炸是我们行星形成的开始。太 阳在
50
亿年前生成,位于
太阳系中心,行星,包括地球,在
46
亿 年前生成。地球由多层组成:坚硬的地壳,半流体
的地幔,一个很大的溶解中心中存在一个坚实的中心。 地球的基本特征使生命起源成为可
能,包括行星的大小,温度,组成以及离太阳的距离。当前主要假设认 为,由非生命的化
学物质进化过程自发产生了生命。

通过创造出地球早期的自然条件 和化学资源条件,科学家在实验室中已经获得了化学
有机体生命前阶段的证据。
这些实验包括米 勒等早期所做工作,
成功地产出了有机单体,
包括氨基酸,单糖,核酸碱基。这些单体自发的连 接成多聚体,如类蛋白和核酸,使进
入生命状态成为可能。这些聚合作用可能发生在泥土或岩石表面。< br>
当一个系统获得能量时,
可能发生
3
种有机分子的聚集。
从 多聚物的溶液中俄国科学家
获得了富含小液滴的多聚物,
即凝聚物。
从氨基酸和水的混 合液中
Fox
获得了类蛋白微球
体。实验室第三个结构物质是脂质体,即由磷脂形成的 球形脂双层结构。


21

总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影


总酚-好看的英语电影



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