万圣节英语怎么说生物工程(生物技术)专业英语翻译

2021年1月20日发(作者：amount什么意思)
实用标准

Lesson One
（
4
学时）

Inside the Living Cell: Structure
and
Function of Internal Cell Parts
教学目的
：< br>使学生掌握细胞的组成结构
（各种细胞器以及它们在细胞中的位置）
，

Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory

细胞质：动力工厂

Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the
cytoplasm.

Much of the
mass
of
a
cell
consists
of
this
semifluid
substance,
which
is
bounded
on
the
outside
by
the
plasma membrane.

Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network
of
the
cytoskeleton.

Dissolved
in
the
cytoplasmic
fluid
are
nutrients,
ions,
soluble
proteins,
and other materials needed for cell functioning.
生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成 ，并由细胞膜
（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量< br>的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central
（细胞核：信息中心）

The eukaryotic cell
nucleus
is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on
chromosomes.
(In
prokaryotes
the
hereditary
material
is
found
in
the
nucleoid.)
The
nucleus
also
contains
one
or
two
organelles-the
nucleoli-
that

play
a
role
in
cell
division.

A
pore- perforated sac called the
nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus and its contents from the
cytoplasm.

Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such
as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.
真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器， 细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质
存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促 进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小
分子可以自由通过核膜，而象
mRNA
和核糖体等 大分子必须通过核孔运输。

Organelles: Specialized Work Units
（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）

文档大全

实用标准

All
eukaryotic
cells
contain
most
of
the
various
kinds
of
organelles,
and
each
organelle
performs
a
specialized
function
in
the
cell.

Organelles
described
in
this
section
include
ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi complex, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria,
and the plastids of plant cells.
所有的真核细胞都含有多种细胞器，
每 个细胞器都有其特定功能。
本节主要介绍核糖体，
内质网，高尔基体系，液泡，溶酶体，线粒体 和植物细胞中的质体。

The number of
ribosomes
within a cell may range from a few hundred to many thousands.

This quantity reflects the fact that, ribosomes are the sites at which amino acids are assembled
into proteins for export or for use in cell processes.

A complete ribosome is composed of one
larger and one smaller subunit.

During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a strand
of mRNA,

Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand; such a combination is called
a
polysome.

Most
cellular
proteins
are
manufactured
on
ribosomes
in
the
cytoplasm.

Exportable
proteins
and
membrane
proteins
are
usually
made
in
association
with
the
endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体的数量变化从几百到几千，核糖体是氨基酸组装成蛋白质的重要场所。完 整的核
糖体由大亚基和小亚基组成。核糖体沿着
mRNA
移动并阅读遗传密码，翻译成 蛋白质。一
条
mRNA
上可能有多个核糖体，
称多聚核糖体。
大多数 细胞蛋白是由细胞质中核糖体生产。
输出蛋白和膜蛋白通常与内质网有关。

The
endoplasmic reticulum,
a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be
either rough (RER) or smooth (SER).

Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of
proteins.

The
RER,
which
is
studded
with
polysomes,
also
seems
to
be
the
source
of
the
nuclear envelope after a cell divides.
文档大全

实用标准

内质网，带有花边的生物囊，有管状，泡状之分，以及光滑和粗糙面区别。 两种都与蛋
白质的合成和运输有关。粗糙内质网上分布许多核糖体，也可能提供细胞分裂后所需的细胞膜。

SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of
toxic
substances
in
the
cell.

Both
types
of
endoplasmic
reticulum
serve
as
compartments
within
the
cell
where
specific
products can be
isolated and
subsequently
shunted
to
particular
areas in or outside the cell.
光滑内质网上无核糖体，主要作用是脂肪和类固醇的合成以及细胞内有毒物质的氧化。两种内质网合成的产物在其中进行分流或运输到细胞外。

Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum to another
membranous organelle, the
Golgi complex.

Within the Golgi complex molecules are modified
and packaged for export out of the cell or for delivery else where in the cytoplasm.
运输小泡能够将可 运输分子从内质网运输到高尔基复合体上。在高尔基复合体中修饰，
包装后输出细胞或传递到细胞质中的 其他场所。

Vacuoles
in
cells
appear
to
be
hollow
sacs
but
are
actually
filled
with
fluid
and
soluble
molecules.

The
most
prominent
vacuoles
appear
in
plant
cells
and
serve
as
water
reservoirs
and
storage
sites
for
sugars
and
other
molecules.

Vacuoles
in
animal
cells
carry
out
phagocytosis
(the intake of particulate matter) and
pinocytosis
(vacuolar drinking).
细胞中的液 泡好象是中空的，
但实际上充满了液体和可溶分子。
最典型的液泡存在于植
物细胞中， 储备水，糖以及其它分子。动物中的液泡起吞噬和胞饮作用。












A
subset
of
vacuoles
are
the
organelles
known
as
lysosomes,
which
contain
digestive
enzymes
(packaged
in
lysosomes
in
the
Golgi
complex)
that
can
break
down
most
biological
macromolecules.

They act to digest food particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.
溶酶体是液泡亚单位，
含有消化酶，
降解大部分生物大分子。
消化食物微粒和 降解损伤
的细胞残片。

文档大全

实用标准

Mitochondria
are the sites of energy- yielding chemical reactions in all cells.

In addition,
plant cells contain
plastids
that utilize light energy to manufacture carbohydrates in the process
of photosynthesis.

It is on the large surface area provided by the inner cristae of mitochondria
that ATP-generating enzymes are located.

Mitochondria are self- replicating, and probably they
are the evolutionary descendants of what were once free- living prokaryotes.
线粒体是细胞中化学产能的场所。
另外，
植物细胞中的质体在光合作用中利用光能产生
碳水化合物，线粒体内嵴上提供了很大的表面积并分布着产
ATP
酶。线粒体自我复制，并
且可能是自由生活的原核生物在进化中形成的后代。< br>
There are two types of plastids: leucoplasts, which lack pigments and serve as storage sites
for starch, proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain pigments.

The most important
chromoplasts
are
chloroplasts-
organelles

that
contain
the
chlorophyll
used
in
photosynthesis.

The
internal
structure
of
chloroplasts
includes
stacks
of
membranes
called
grana,
which
are
embedded in a matrix called the
stroma. 质体有两种类型：白色体，缺乏色素，是淀粉，蛋白质和油的储备场所；色质体，含有
色素。叶绿体 是最重要的色质体，含有与光合作用有关的叶绿素。叶绿体的内部结构是由
多层膜形成的叶绿体基粒，其 中包埋在基质中的基粒称子座。

The Cytoskeleton
（细胞骨架）

All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a convoluted latticework of filaments and
tubules that appears to fill all available space in the cell and provides support for various other
organelles.

A
large
portion
of
the
cytoskeleton
consists
of
threadlike
microfilaments
composed
mainly
of
the
contractile
protein
actin.

They
are
involved
in
many
types
of
intracellular movements in plant and animal cells.

A second protein,
myosin,
is involve in the
contraction of muscle cells.

Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton consists of
microtubules,
which
are
composed
of
the
globular
protein
tubulin
and
together
act
as
scaffolding
that
provides
a
stable
cell
shape.

Cytoskeletal
intermediate
filaments
appear
to
文档大全

实用标准

impart tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm.

Mechanoenzymes such as myosin,
dynein,
and
kinesin
interact
with
the
cytoskeletal
filaments
and
tubules
to
generate
forces
that
cause
movements.
所有的细胞都有细胞骨架， 网络结构的纤丝充满了它所能触及的全部空间并且对细胞器提
供支持作用。细胞骨架大部分由微丝组成， 微丝主要由可收缩的肌动蛋白组成。动植物细
胞的许多种类型细胞内运动与肌动蛋白有关。第二类蛋白是 肌球蛋白，它与肌肉细胞的收
缩有关。细胞骨架的另一个主要结构成分是微管，由球状的微管蛋白组成， 象脚手架一般
维持细胞的稳定形态。细胞骨架的中间丝提供了细胞质伸缩动力。机械酶，例如，肌球蛋< br>白，动力蛋白，驱动蛋白与微丝，微管相互作用产生动力而引起细胞运动。

Cellular Movements
（细胞运动


Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability
稳固

to cells, its microtubules
英
[
?
maikr
?u?tju:bju:l
]


and filaments
丝状物

and their associated proteins enable cells to move
by creeping
爬行

or gliding
滑动
.

Such movements require a solid
固体的

substrate to
which the cell can adhere
附着

and can be guided by the geometry
d
?i??
mitri
]


几何形状
of the
surface.

Some cells also exhibit
[
i
ɡ?zibit
]

展览

chemotaxis,
kem
??
t?
ksis
趋药性

the ability
to move toward or away from the source of a diffusing
扩散

chemical.

尽管细胞骨架提 供了细胞的某些稳定性，微丝，微管及相关蛋白能使细胞爬行或滑动。
这种运动需要固体基质依托并通过 表面几何形状的改变而运动。某些细胞具备趋药性，即
趋向或逃离扩散开的化学源。

Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid environments, propelled by whiplike
cilia
[
?
sili
?
]
纤毛
or
flagella

英
[
fl
??
d
?< br>el
?
鞭毛
.
Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure:
nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are

arranged in a ring and extend the length of the cilium or
flagellum, and two more microtubules run down the center of the ring. Every cilium or flagellum
grows only from the cell surface where a
basal body
基体
is located. Movement is based on the
activities of tiny dynein
动力蛋白

side arms that extend from one of the microtubules of each
doublet
成对的东西
.

文档大全

实用标准

某些真核细胞能在液体液体中自由运动，
由纤毛或鞭毛推动。纤毛和鞭毛具有同样的内
部结构：九个双微管环形排列，纵向延伸，环中心是两个或以上微管组成。 纤毛或鞭毛从
细胞表面的基体出生长，双微管的动力蛋白臂从一侧延伸到另一侧而引起运动。


Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most plant cells are moved about via
cytoplasmic streaming. The process occurs as myosin
?
mai
?
usin
肌凝蛋白

proteins attached to
organelles
细胞器
,
小器官

push against microfilaments arrayed
[
??
rei
]

展示
throughout the cell.
Microfilaments and microtubules are responsible for almost all major

cytoplasmic movements.
During cell division, microtubules of the spindle assembled
集合
,
收集

from tubutin subunits
near organelles called
centrioles
move

the chromosomes.


大部分植物细胞的营养，蛋白质和其它物质由细胞质流运输。这个过程是由于依附在细
胞器上的肌球 蛋白反推排列在细胞周围的微丝形成的。
绝大部分细胞质运动由微丝和微管
完成。
在细 胞分裂期间，
中心粒周围的由微管蛋白亚基装配形成的纺锤体微管移向染色体。

课后作业
：第一第二篇阅读材料

答案
：
1B,2C,3B,4B,5D,6c;

1A,2B,3D,4A

Glossary

cytoplasm
（细）胞质

The
living
contents
of
a
cell
bounded
externally by the plasmalemma, including an
aqueous
ground
substance
(hyaloplasm,
cell

sap, or cell matrix)
containing organelles and
various
inclusions
but
excluding
the
nucleus
and visible vacuoles.
cytoskeleton






细胞骨架

Of
eukaryotic
cells,
an
internal


Its
microtubules
and
other
components
structurally
support
the
cell,
organize
and
文档大全

move
its
inteftial
components.
The
cytoskeleton also helps free-living cells move
through their environment.

nucleus










细胞核，核
(
复数

nuclei
)
The organelle of the eukaryote cell that
contains



the



chromosomes and hence
ultimately controls cellular activity and
inheritance through the activity of the genetic
material, DNA
chromosome
染色体

实用标准

A DNA- histone thread residing in the nucleus
of a cell.

Each chromosome possesses two
telomeres and a centromere, and some
contain a nucleolus organizer.

RNA
proteins are invariably associated with the
chromosome.

nucleoid







拟核，类核，核质体

The DNA- containing area of a prokaryote
cell, analogous to the eukaryote nucleus but
not membrane bounded.
nucleoli















核仁
(
单数
nucleolus
)

Nuclear structures composed of completed or
partially completed ribosomes and the
specific parts of chromosomes that contain
the infon-nation for their construction.

nuclear envelope





核膜，核被膜

A double membrane (two lipid bilayers and
associated proteins) that is the outermost
portion of a cell nucleus.

ribosome








核糖体

Small structures composed of two protein and
ribonucleic acid subunits involved in the
assembly of proteins from amino acids.
polysome








多核糖体

文档大全

Of protein synthesis, several ribosomes all
translating the same messenger RNA
molecule,one after the other.
endoplasmic reticulum






内质网

Folded
membranes
and
tubes
throughout
the
eukaryotic
cell
that
provide
a
large
surface
upon which chemical activities take place.
Golgi complex











高尔基复合体

A
stack
of
flattened,
smooth,
membranous
sacs;
the
site
of
synthesis
and
packaging
of
certain molecules in eukaryotic cells.
vacuole










液泡

Storage container within the cytoplasm of a
cell having a surrounding membrane.

phagocytosis



吞噬作用

The process by which the cell wraps around a
particle and engulfs it.
pinocytosis





胞饮作用

The process by which a cell engulfs some
molecules dissolved in water
lysosome





















溶酶体

A
specialized
organelle
that
holds
a
mixture
of hydrolytic enzymes.
mitochondrion





线粒体
(
复数

mitochondria
)A membranous organelle
实用标准

resembling a small bag with a larger bag
resembling a small bag with a larger bag
inside that is folded back on itself; serves as
the site of aerobic cellular respiration.
plastid










质体

An organelle present in all plants except
bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi; it is
enclosed by two membranes (the envelope)
and has various functions
chloroplast


叶绿体

A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried
out. Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic
organisms except photosynthetic bacteria
blue-green algae.
stroma










基质，子座（复数

stromata
）

Region within a chloroplast that has no
chlorophyll.
microfilament




微丝，纤丝

Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and
found in cells, often in close association with
the microtubules; provide structural support
and enable movement.
actin

肌动蛋白



文档大全


A globular contractile protein. In muscle
cells, actin interacts with another protein,
myosin, to bring about contraction.

myosin
['maiesin]






肌球蛋白

A protein that, with actin, constitutes the
principal element of the contractile apparatus
of muscle.
microtubute



微管

Small, hollow tubes of protein that function
throughout the cytoplasm to provide
structural support and enable movement.
tubulin










微管蛋白

A protein that is the major constituent of
microtubules.
dynein









动力蛋白，动素

A
group
of
at
least
four
distinct
proteins
found
in
the
flagella
and
microtubules
of
eukaryotic
cells
and
possessing
ATPase
activity.

chemotaxis

趋化性

A locomotory movement of an organism or
cell in response to, and directed by, an
directional stimulus.
cilia



纤毛

实用标准

Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting
from the cell surface that enable locomotion.

flagella





鞭毛

(
单数
flagellum
)

Long,
hairlike
structures
projecting
from
the
cell surface that enable locomotion.
basal body


基体

A body identical in structure to a centriole,
found

always

at

the

base

of

a
cilium or eukaryote flagellum.

centriole

中心粒


An organelle located close to the nucleus in
most animal and lower plant cells but absent
from prokaryotes and higher plants.
文档大全

实用标准

Lesson Two
（
2
学时）


Photosynthesis

教学目的
：使学生掌握细胞的光合作用机理 ，光合系统Ⅰ与光合系统Ⅱ结构与
功能之间的关系。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。

教学重点
：光合作用中相关的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握

教学难点
：专业英语词汇的记忆

讲授方法
：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解

授课时间：
4
月
5
日

教学内容
：


Photosynthesis
occurs
only
in
the
chlorophyllchlorophyll
叶绿素
-containing
cells
of
green
plants,
algae
藻
,
and
certain
protists
原生生物
and
bacteria.

Overall,
it
is
a
process
that
converts
light
energy
into
chemical
energy
that
is
stored
in
the
molecular
bonds.

From
the
point of view of chemistry and energetics, it is the opposite of cellular respiration.

Whereas
然
而

cellular
细胞的

respiration
呼吸
is
highly
exergonic
吸收能量的

and
releases
energy,
photosynthesis
光合作用

requires energy and is highly endergonic.
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞，海藻，某些原生动物和细菌之中。总体
来说，这是一个将 光能转化成化学能，并将能量贮存在分子键中，从化学和动能学角度来
看，它是细胞呼吸作用的对立面。 细胞呼吸作用是高度放能的，光合作用是需要能量并高
吸能的过程。

Photosynthesis starts with CO
2
and H
2
O as raw materials and proceeds through two sets of
partial
reactions.

In
the
first
set,
called
the
light-dependent
reactions,
water
molecules
are
split
裂开

(oxidized), 0
2
is released, and ATP and NADPH are formed.

These reactions must
take place
in the presence of

在面前

light energy.

In the second set, called
light-independent
文档大全

实用标准

reactions,
CO
2

is
reduced
(via
the
addition
of
H
atoms)
to
carbohydrate.

These
chemical
events rely on the electron carrier NADPH and ATP generated by the first set of reactions.
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步 ，
称光反应，
水分子分
解，氧分子释放，
ATP
和
NADP H
形成。此反应需要光能的存在。第二步，称暗反应，二氧
化碳被还原成碳水化合物，这步反应 依赖电子载体
NADPH
以及第一步反应产生的
ATP
。

Both sets of reactions take place in
chloroplasts.

Most of the enzymes and pigments
色素
for
the
lightdependent
reactions
are
embedded
深入的

内含的
in
the
thylakoid
类囊体

membrane
膜

隔膜

of chloroplasts
叶绿体
.

The dark reactions take place in the stroma.
基质



两步反应都发生在叶绿体中。光反应需要的大部分酶和色素包埋在叶绿体的类囊体膜
上。暗反应发生在基质中。

How Light Energy Reaches Photosynthetic Cells
（光合细胞如何吸收光能的）

The energy in light
photons
in the visible part of the spectrum can be captured by biological
molecules
to
do
constructive
work.

The
pigment
chlorophyll
in
plant
cells
absorbs
photons
within
a
particular
absorption
spectrums
statement
of
the
amount
of
light
absorbed
by
chlorophyll
at
different
wavelengths.

When
light
is
absorbed
it
alters
the
arrangement
of
electrons
in
the
absorbing
molecule.

The
added
energy
of
the
photon
boosts
the
energy
condition
of
the
molecule
from
a
stable
state
to
a
less-stable
excited
state.

During
the
light- dependent
reactions
of
photosynthesis,
as
the
absorbing
molecule
returns
to
the
ground
state,
the

excitation
energy
is
transmitted
to
other
molecules
and
stored
as
chemical
energy.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中的光能。植物细胞中叶绿素在不同光波下吸收部分吸收光
谱。在吸收 分子中，光的作用使分子中的电子发生重排。光子的能量激活了分子的能量状
态，使其从稳定态进入不稳 定的激活态。

All
photosynthetic
organisms
contain
various
classes
of
chlorophylls
and
one
or
more
carotenoid

(accessory)
pigments
that
also
contribute
to
photosynthesis.

Groups
of
pigment
文档大全

实用标准

molecules called
antenna

complexes
are present on thylakoids.

Light striking any one of the
pigment
molecules
is
funneled
to
a
special
chlorophyll
a
molecule,
termed
a
reaction-center
chlorophyll,
which
directly
participates
in
photosynthesis.

Most
photosynthetic
organisms
possess
two
types
of
reaction-center
chlorophylls,
P680
and
P700,
each
associated
with
an
electron acceptor molecule and an electron donor.

These aggregations are known respectively
as
photosystem
Ⅰ

(P700) and photosystem
Ⅱ

(P680). < br>所有的光合作用生物含有不同等级的叶绿素和一个或多个类胡萝卜素
（光合作用的辅助
色 素）。称作天线复合体的色素分子群存在于类囊体中。激活色素分子的光能进入叶绿素
反应中心，其直接 参与光合作用。大部分光反应细胞器拥有两套反应中心，
P680
和
P700
，
每个光系统都含有一个电子受体和电子供体。这些集合体就是大家熟识的光合系统Ⅰ和光
合系 统Ⅱ

。

The Light-Dependent Reaction: Converting Solar Energy into Chemical-Bond Energy
光反应：光能转化成化学键能

The photosystems of the light-dependent reactions are responsible for the packaging of light
energy in the chemical compounds ATP and NADPH.

This packaging takes place through a
series of oxidation reduction reactions set in motion when light strikes the P680 reaction center
in photosystem
Ⅱ
.

In this initial event water molecules are cleaved, oxygen is released, and
electrons are donated.

These electrons are accepted first by plastoquinone and then by a series
of carriers as they descend an electron transport chain.

For each four electrons that pass down
the chain, two ATPs are formed.

The last acceptor in the chain is the P700 reaction center of
photosystem
Ⅰ
. At this point incoming photons boost the energy of the electrons, and they are
accepted by ferredoxin.

Ferredoxin is then reoxidized, and the coenzyme NADP
+
is reduced to
the
NADPH.

The
ATP
generated
previously
and
the
NADPH
then
take
part
in
the
light
independent reactions.
文档大全

实用标准

光反应的光系统将光能转化成化学复合物ATP
和
NADPH
。
当光激活光系统Ⅱ的光反应中
心时，通过 一系列的氧化还原反应实现能量的传递。反应开始时，水被分解，氧被释放并
提供电子。电子首先传递给 质体醌，然后通过一系列载体形成的电子传递链。每传递
4
个
电子，形成
2< br>个
ATP
。最后一个受体存在于光反应系统Ⅰ的反应中心里。此处光子激活电
子 ，电子传递给铁氧还蛋白。铁氧还蛋白再氧化，并且辅酶
NADP
还原成
NADPH< br>。早期产
生的
ATP
和
NADPH
进入暗反应。

The
production
of
ATP
from
the
transport
of
electrons
excited
by
light
energy
down
an
electron
transport
chain
is
termed
photophosphorylation.

The
one-way
flow
of
electrons
through
photosystems
II
and
I
is
called
noncyclic
photophosphorylation;
plants
also
derive
additional
ATP
through
cyclic

photophosphorylation,
in
which
some
electrons
are
shunted
back through the electron transport chain between photosystems
Ⅱ

and
Ⅰ
.
由电子传递链偶连产生
ATP
的过程称为光 合磷酸化。通过光合系统Ⅱ流经光合系统Ⅰ的
电子路径称非循环式光合磷酸化；植物通过循环式光合磷酸 化获得额外的
ATP
，一些电子
在光合系统Ⅰ和Ⅱ之间的电子传递链中回流。

The Light-Independent Reactions: Building Carbohydrates

暗反应：碳水化合物的形成

In the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, which are driven by ATP and NADPH,
C0
2

is
converted to carbohydrate.

The reactions are also known as the
Calvin-Benson cycle.

Atmospheric
CO
2
,
is
fixed
as
it
reacts
with
ribulose
biphosphate
(RuBP),
a
reaction
that
is
catalyzed
by
the
enzyme
ribulose
biphosphate
carboxylase.

The
reduction
Of
C0
2

to
carbohydrate (fructose diphosphate) is completed via several more steps of the cycle.

Finally,
RUBP is regenerated so that the cycle may continue.
由< br>ATP
和
NADPH
驱动的暗反应中，
二氧化碳转化成碳水化合物。< br>即卡尔文循环。
二磷酸
核酮糖固定二氧化碳，由二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶催化。

Oxygen: An Inhibitor of photosynthesis
（氧：光合作用的抑制因子）

+
文档大全

实用标准

High
levels
of
oxygen
in
plant
cells
can
disrupt
photosynthesis
and
can
also
cause
photorespiration-
an inefficient fun of the dark reactions in which
0
2
is
fixed rather than C0
2
and
no carbohydrate is produced.
Reprieve from Photorespiration: The C
4
Pathway

Most plants are
C
3
plants;
they experience decreased carbohydrate production under hot, dry
conditions as a result of the effects of photorespiration.

Among
C
4

plants,
however, special
leaf
anatomy
and
a
unique
biochemical
pathway
enable
the
plant
to
thrive
in
and
conditions.

Thus
C
4

plants
lessen
photorespiration
by
carrying
out
photosynthesis
only
in
cells
that
are
insulated from high levels of CO
2
.

They also possess a novel mechanism for carbon fixation.


大部分植物是碳
3
植物，在高温干旱条件 下，由于光呼吸作用而使碳水化合物的合成降低。而在大多数
的碳
4
植物中，由于叶脉 的特殊构造和独特的化学路径使植物依然很茂盛。这是碳固定的一个新机制。



课后作业
：第一篇阅读材料

答案
：
1B,2A,3A,4D,5C,6c
Glossary

文档大全

实用标准

light-dependent reactions
光反应
-
The first stage in photosynthesis, driven by
light
energy.

Electrons
that
trap
the
sun's
energy pass the energy to high- energy carriers
such as ATP or NADPH, where it is stored in
chemical bonds.
light- independent reactions
暗反应

The
second
stage
of
photosynthesis,
also
called
the
Calvin-Benson
cycle,
which
does
not require light.

During the six steps of the
cycle,
carbon
is
fixed
and
carbohydrates
are
formed.
chloroplast
叶绿体

A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried
out.

Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic
organisms
except
photosynthetic
bacteria
and
blue-green algae.
absorption spectrum
吸收光谱，吸收谱

The spectrum obtained when radiation
(light, ultraviolet radiation, etc.) from a source
giving a continuous spectrum is passed
through a substance.
Calvin-Benson cycle

卡尔文·本森循环

Cyclic reactions that are the
of the light-independent reactions of
photosynthesis.

In land plants, RUBP, or
some other compound to which carbon has

been affixed, under goes rearrangements that
lead to formation of a sugar phosphate and to
文档大全

regeneration of the RUBP.

The cycle runs
on ATP and NADPH from light-dependent
reactions.
carotenoid
类胡萝卜素

Light-sensitive,

accessory pigments

that
transfer absorbed energy to chlorophylls.

They absorb violet and blue wave-lengths but
transmit red, orange, and yellow.

chlorophyll
叶绿素

The green substance of plants by which
photosynthesis is accomplished; it is
usually localized in intracellular organelles
called chloroplasts.
cyclic photophosphorylation
环形光合磷酸化（作用）

Cyclic photophosphorylation is coupled to
cyclicelectron flow, in which ATP is the only
product.
C
3
plant
三碳植物

A
plant
in
which
the
light-independent
reactions
of
photosynthesis
start
with
a
threecarbon
compound.

Most
plants
are
C
3

plants.

C
4
plant
四碳植物

A
plant
such
as
corn
in
which
the
light
independent
reactions
of
photosynthesis
star
with a four-carbon compound.

实用标准

noncyclic photophosphorylation


非环形光合磷酸化作用

Noncyclic photophosphorylation is coupled
to noncyclic electron flow, the electrons being
used to reduce NADP
+
as well as to make
ATP.
photon

光子

A particle that has zero mass or charge and
unit spin, the quantum of the electromagnetic
field and carrier of the electromagnetic force.
photophosphorylation
光合磷酸化作用

The synthesis of ATP from phosphate and
ADP during photosynthesis, using light
energy.
photorespiration

光呼吸

A light- dependent type of respiration that
occurs in most photosynthetic plants and
differs from normal (or dark) respiration.

photosynthesis
光合作用

The
synthesis
of
organic
compounds
by
reduction of carbon dioxide using light energy
absorbed by chorophyll.

photosystem
光合系统

One
of
the
clusters
of
light-trapping
pigments
embedded
in
photosynthetic
membranes.

Photosystem
I
operates
during
the cyclic pathway; photosystem
Ⅱ

operates
during
both
the
cyclic
and
noncyclic
文档大全

pathways.
ribulose

biphosphate

(RUBP)

核
酮糖二磷酸

A
compound
with
a
backbone
of
five
carbon
atoms
that
is
required
for
carbon
fixation
in
the
Calvin-Benson
cycle
of
photosynthesis.

thylakoid
类囊体

One of a number of flattened fluid-filled sacs
that
form
the
photosynthetic
lamellar
system
of
chloroplasts,
photosynthetic
bacteria,
and
blue- green algae.



























实用标准

Lesson Three
（
2
学时）


Cellular Reproduction:

Mitosis and Meiosis


教学目的
：使学生掌握细胞的有丝分裂和无丝分 裂的作用机理，有丝分裂和无
丝分裂之间的区别和相同点。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。

教学重点
：有丝分裂和无丝分裂中相关的概念和功能，及相关英语词汇的掌握

教学难点
：专业英语词汇的记忆

讲授方法
：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解

授课时间：
4
月
12
日

教学内容
：


The Nucleus and Chromosomes

The cell nucleus is the main repository of genetic information.

Within the nucleus are the
chromosomes tightly coiled strands of DNA and clusters of associated proteins.

Long stretches
of the continuous DNA molecule wind around these clusters of proteins, or
histones,
forming
beadlike
complexes
known
as
nucleosomes.
More
coiling
and
supercoiling
produces
a
dense
chromosome
structure.
Each
long
strand
of
DNA
combines
with
histones
and
nonhistone
proteins to make up the substance
chromatin.
细胞核是贮藏 遗传信息的主要场所。
DNA
盘绕成螺旋线以及相关的成簇蛋白质。
DNA
螺 旋线缠绕成簇的组蛋白形成珠链状的核小体。
这些螺旋和超螺旋形成致密的染色体组结
构。每个 长链
DNA
与组蛋白和非组蛋白一起构成染色质物质。

A pictorial display of an organism's chromosomes in the coiled, condensed state is known
as
a
karyotype.

Karyotype
reveal
that
in
most
cells
all
but
sex
chromosomes
are
present as
two
copies,
referred
to
as
homologous
pairs.

Non-sex
chromosomes
are
called
autosomes.

文档大全

实用标准

Organisms whose cells contain two sets of parental chromosomes are called
diploid;
those with
cells containing a single set of parental chromosomes are called
haploid.



染色体致密的超螺 旋状态我们称染色体组。除了性染色体外，大多数细胞的染色体组成对出
现，称同源染色体对。非性染色 体称常染色体。生物细胞含有两套父母本染色体的称二倍体；
含有单套染色体的称单倍体。

The Cell Cycle

The
cell
cycle
is
a
regular
sequence
in
which
the
cell
grows,
prepares
for
division,
and
divides to form two daughter cells, each of which then repeats the cycle.

Such cycling in effect
makes
single-celled
organisms
immortal.

Many
cells
in
multicellular
organisms,
including
animal muscle and nerve cells, either slow the cycle or break out of it altogether.
在细胞生长过程中，细胞循环遵循特定程序，分裂准备，分裂成
2
个子细胞，子细胞
再循环。此循环使得单细胞永生。多细胞生物中的许多细胞，包括动物肌 肉和神经细胞，
要么降低循环速度，要么同时分裂。

The
normal
cell
cycle
consists
of
four
phases.

The
first
three
include
G
1
,
the
period
of
normal metabolism; S phase, during which normal synthesis of biological molecules continues,
DNA
is
replicated,
and
histones
are
synthesized;
and
G
2
,
a
brief
period
of
metabolism
and
additional growth.

Together the G
1
, S, and G
2
phases are called
interphase.

The fourth phase
of
the
cell
cycle
is
M
phase,
the
period
of
mitosis,
during
which
the
replicated
chromosomes
condense
and
move
and
the
cell
divides.

It
is
believed
that
properties
of
the
cell
cytoplasm
control the cell cycle, along with external stimulators and inhibitors such as
chalones.

正常细胞循环由
4
个时期组成。
头三 期包括
G
1
,
正常新陈代谢；
S
期
,
正常 新陈代谢同时，
DNA
复制，组蛋白合成；

G
2
期，短期的新陈代谢和少许生长。
G
1
, S,
和
G2
称分裂间期。最后
是
M
期，有丝分裂期，复制的染色体组浓缩，移动并 细胞分裂。据称是染色质控制了细胞
循环，伴随外部激活因子和抑制因子如抑素。





Mitosis: Partitioning the Hereditary Material

文档大全

实用标准

Biologists divide the mitotic cycle into four phases.

At the beginning of
prophase
前期

the chromosomes each consist of two highly condensed
chromatids
attached to each other at a
centromere.

As
prophase
ends
and
metaphase
中
期

begins,
the
condensed
浓
缩
的

chromosomes
become
associated
with
the
spindle
纺锤体
.

Eventually
the
chromosomes
become arranged in a plane (called the
metaphase plate)
at a right angle to the spindle fibers.

Next,
during
anaphase
后期
,
the
two

sister
chromatids
of
each
chromosome
split,
and
one
from
each
pair
is
drawn
toward
each
pole
of
the
cell.

During
telophase
末期

nuclear
envelopes
包膜

begin to form around each set of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm
takes place.
生物学家将有丝分裂划分为
4
个阶段。分裂前期，高度浓缩的两个染色单体通过着丝
粒连接在一起。在分裂前期后 期和分裂中期前期，浓缩的染色体与纺锤体相连，最后以正
确的角度排列在赤道板上。在分裂后期，两个 姊妹单体分离，分别拽向细胞两极。在分裂
末期，在每套染色体周围形成核膜，细胞质发生分裂。

As
mitosis
proceeds,
the
spindle
microtubules
play
a
crucial
role
in
ensuring
that
both
paired and separated chromatids

染色单体

move in the right directions at the proper times.

Each half of the spindle forms as microtubules extend from each pole of a dividing cell to the
region of the metaphase plate.

During prophase, other microtubules, the centromeric
着丝粒
fibers,
extend
outward
from
the
spindle
poles
to
structures
on
the
chromosomes
called
kinetochores
着丝粒
.

During anaphase the fibers begin to shorten, and the chromatids begin
to move apart.
在有丝分裂过程中，是 纺锤体微管确保了染色单体在适当时间以正确方向进行分离。
纺锤体微管由两极向赤道板延伸。在分裂前 期，其它微管，着丝粒纤维延伸到染色体的
动粒。在分裂后期，纤维开始变短，染色单体分离。

文档大全

实用标准

The spindle forms differently in plant and animal cells.

In animals it is associated with
centriole
中心粒
,
while
in
plant
and
fungal
真菌

cells
spindle
formation
is
associated
with
reions
called
microtubule organizing centers.





植物和动物细胞形成的纺锤体 不同。动物细胞与中心粒相连，而在植物和真菌细胞中，纺
锤体与微管组织中心的离子相连。


Cytokinesis: Partitioning the Cytoplasm

胞质分裂：细胞质分离

The division of the cell cytoplasm at the end of mitosis is called
cytokinesis
细胞浆移动
.

In animal cells it takes place as a ring of actin filaments contracts
使缩短

合同契约

around the
cell equator
赤道
, pinching
收聚

the cell in two.

In plant cells, which are bounded
有限制的

by a cell wall, cytokinesis involves the building of a new
cell plate
across the dividing cell at its
equator.

Cell wall material is then deposited
存放堆积

in the region of the cell plate.



在动物细胞中，环形肌动蛋白丝延赤道板收缩而使细胞一分为二。在植物细胞中，在
赤道板形成新的细胞板。

Meiosis: The Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Meiosis
减数

is
a
special
form
of
cell
division
that
takes
place
in
the
reproductive
生殖

organs that produce sex cells.

Like mitosis, it takes place after DNA replication has occurred
and
involves
two
sequential
连续的

nuclear
divisions
(meiosis
I
and
meiosis
Ⅱ
).

These
divisions result in four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent
cell.

The
phenomenon
of
crossing
over
during
meiosis
results
in
exchanges
of
genetic
information
between
chromosomes.

Hence
因此
,
the
homologous
同源的

chromosomes
distributed
分布

to different progeny
后裔

cells are not identical
同样的
.
减数分裂是性细胞分裂的特殊形式。如有丝分裂，它也 是发生在
DNA
复制后并有连续
的两个核分裂。产生
4
个子细胞，分 别含有亲本一半的染色体数。

文档大全

实用标准

As
in
mitosis
two
chromatids
exist
for
each
chromosome
at
the
beginning
of
prophase
1.
During
this
phase
the
homologous
同源

chromosomes
undergo
经历
sy-napsis
联会

,
or
pairing,
which
is
brought
about
by
a
bridging
structure
of
proteins
and
RNA
called
the
synaptonemal
联会丝的

complex.

The
homologous
pairs
stay
together
when
they
align
排列

on
the
metaphase
中

plate.

Unlike
the
anaphase
of mitosis,
however,
during
anaphase
I
the
two chromatids of each chromosome stay joined at the centromere
着丝点

and move together
to one of the two poles of the cell.

It is this event that results in the
halving
减半的

of the
chromosome number in the four daughter cells that result from meiosis.
正如在有丝 分裂中一样，两个同源染色单体通过蛋白质和
RNA
桥配对形成联会复合体。
与有丝分 裂不同的是，
每组染色体的两个染色单体连接在着丝点上并一起移向细胞两极的
一级。由此而导 致
4
个子细胞染色体数减半。

During telophase
末期

I nuclear envelopes enclose the chromosomes in nuclei, and in most
species
cytokinesis
细胞浆流动

(the
first
nuclear
division)
follows.

The
second
nuclear
division begins with metaphase
Ⅱ
, in which the chromosomes in each daughter cell again align
排列
on a metaphase plate.

The centromeres
着丝粒

finally divide, and each sister chromatid
moves
to
one
of
the
poles
of
the
spindle.

The
next
phase
is
telophase
,
followed
again
by
cytokinesis.

The
result
of
the
entire
process
is
four
haploid
cells
in
which
parental
chromosomes are randomly distributed.
第二次核分裂开始于分裂中期，
子细胞中染色体重新排列在赤道板 上。
着丝粒最终分离，
每个姊妹染色单体分向两极。接着胞质分裂。产生
4
个 单倍体，父母染色体随机分配。

Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction
Mitosis and meiosis, respectively
分别
, make simple cell division and sexual reproduction
possible.

Each means of passing on hereditary
遗传

information has advantages.

In asexual

无性的

reproduction
the
parent
organism
生物体

gives
rise
to
offspring
后代
that
are
genetic
clones
of
the
parent.

The
advantages
of
this
type
of
reproduction
are
that
it
preserves
the
文档大全

实用标准

parent's
successful
genetic
complement
遗传互补
,
requires
little
or
no
specialization
of
reproductive organs, and is more rapid than sexual reproduction.

A major disadvantage of the
asexual
mode
is
that
a
single
catastrophic
灾难的

event
or
disease
may
destroy
an
entire
population of genetically identical organisms.

A prime benefit of sexual reproduction is that it
provides
genetic
variability
and
a
ready
mechanism
机制

for
the
elimination
of
deleterious
mutations.

It also allows



有丝分裂和减数分裂在传递遗传信息过程中各有优势。 体细胞的繁殖就是父母本的克隆，其
优势是保留了父母本的成功遗传信息，不需要特殊器官，比性复制快 的多。但一个简单灾难性
事件或疾病都可能摧毁一个细胞群体。
性复制的优势是它提供了遗传可 变性和现存排除有害突
变的机制。也可以产生新的基因并在种群中蔓延。

课后作业
：第一篇阅读材料

答案
：
1C,2B,3D,4B,5A,6D

Glossary
mitosis
有丝分裂

Process that results in equal and
identical distribution of replicated
chromosomes into
two newly formed nuclei.
meiosis
减数分裂

The process by which a nucleus divides
into four daughter nuclei, each containing
half the number of chromosomes of the
parent nucleus.

histone
组蛋白

One of a group of simple proteins that
have a high content of the basic amino
acids arginine or lysine and are found
文档大全

associated with nucleic acids in the
chromatin of eukaryotic cells.
nucleosome
核小体

The basic unit of chromatin structure in
eukaryotic cells.

A nucleosome consists of
eight histone molecules of four different
types, together with about 140 base pairs of
DNA coiled around it.
chromatin
染色质

The material of which the chromosomes
are composed.

DNA and protein are the
main constituents of chromatin, most of the
protein being histone.
karyotype
核型，染色体组型

,
实用标准

The appearance of the chromosome
complement of an organism or cell.
homologous pair
同源染色体对

Chromosomes that pair during
meiosis.

Each homologue is a duplicate
of one of the chromosomes contributed at
syngamy by the mother or father.

Homologous chromosomes contain the
same linear sequence of genes and as a
consequence each gene is present in
duplicate.
diploid
二倍体

Any nucleus, cell, or organism that
possesses twice the haploid number of
chromosomes.
haploid
单倍体

Any nucleus, cell, or organism that
possesses a single set of unpaired
chromosomes,
interphase (cycle)
分裂间期（周期）

In a cell preparing to duplicate, the
interphase stage can divided into a period
of initial growth (G
1
), a period of DNA
synthesis (S), and a second growth period
(G
2
).
文档大全

chalone
抑素

Substances found in mammalian tissue
homogenates that, when applied to intact
tissue cells, inhibit mitosis, particularly in
the presence of adrenaline and
corticosteroids.
prophase
（分裂）前期

First stage of mitosis, during which
individual chromosomes become visible.
chromatid
染色单体

A replicated chromosome physically
attached to an identical chromatid at the
centromere.
centromere
着丝粒

The small area of a chromosome that
does not stain with basic dyes during
mitosis and meiosis; at interphase it is
single while the rest of the chromosome is
made up of two chromatids.
metaphase
（分裂）中期

Second stage in mitosis, during which the
chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.
spindle
纺锤体

实用标准

An array of microtubutes extending
from pole to pole and used in the movement
of chromosomes.
metaphase plate
赤道板，中期板

The grouping of the chromosomes in a
plane at the equator of the spindle during
the metaphase stage of mitosis.
cytokinesis
胞质分裂

cell plate

细胞板











文档大全

anaphase
分裂后期

The third stage of mitosis, during which
the centromeres split and the chromosomes
move to the poles.
telophase
（分裂）末期

Last stage in mitosis during which
daughter nuclei are formed.
Division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two
new cells.
A plant cell structure that begins to form
in the center of the cell and proceeds to the
cell membrane, resulting in cytokinesis.

实用标准





Lesson Four
（
2
学时）


Foundations of Genetics


教学目的
： 使学生了解遗传学的发展历程，掌握孟德尔遗传学的建立及经典实
验。相关英语词汇以及主要用法。
教学重点
：孟德尔遗传学的两个定律，及相关英语词汇的掌握

教学难点
：专业英语词汇的记忆

讲授方法
：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解

授课时间：
4
月
19
日

教学内容
：


Early Theories of inheritanee

Early ideas of inheritance included Hippocrates' theory of
pangenesis
and August Weismands
germ

plasm
theory.

Based
on
experiments
with
mice,
Weismann
proposed
that
hereditary
information
in
gametes
transmitted
traits
to
progeny.

Both of
these
early
views
incorporated
the blending theory: they held that heritable traits of the two parents blend, so that the distinct
characteristics of each are lost in offspring.


遗传学的早期理论包括泛生说和种质理论。基于小鼠实验，维丝曼提出遗传信息储 存在
配子中并将遗传信息传递给后代。这两个早期观点合起来形成融合理论：子代拥有父母本
混 合的遗传特征，而不完全象亲代。

文档大全

实用标准

Gregor Mendel and the Birth of Genetics

Gregor
Mendel,
an
Augustinian
monk
in
the
monastery
at
Brunn,
Austria,
is
known
as
the

university
student
and
having
a
background
in
mathematics,
Mendel
carried
out
a
series
of
carefully
planned
experiments
that
demonstrated
the
particulate
nature
of
heredity.

His
revolutionary ideas were neither understood nor accepted until many years after Mendel died.

孟德尔，众所周知的遗传学之父，是一名修道士。当他还是大学 生时就提出了物质的粒
子属性。孟德尔进行了一系列周密安排的实验来证实遗传的颗粒性。直到他去世后 ，他的
理论才被理解和接受。

Mendel's Classic Experiments

Mendel studied genetics through plant-breeding experiments with the garden pea, a plant
species that is self-fertilizing and breeds true (each offspring is identical to the parent in the trait
of interest).

To test the blending theory, he focused his research on seven distinct characters.

Each of these characters, such as seed color and plant height, present only two, clear-cut
possibilities.

He also recorded the type and number of all progeny produced from each pair of
parent pea plants, and followed the results of each cross for two generations.
孟德尔 通过豌豆实验研究遗传学，豌豆是自花授粉植物和纯品系。为验证融合理论，他
的研究主要集中在
7
个特征上。例如，种子颜色，植株高度，这些特征只有两个明确的可
能性。他记录了产生的 每一个子代类型和数量，在杂交产生子
2
代。

For each of the characters he studied, Mendel found that one trait was
dominant
while the
other was
recessive.
In the second
filial
(F
2
) generation, the ratio of dominant to recessive was
3:1.
Mendel
deduced
that
this
result
was
possible
only
if
each
individual
possesses
only
two
hereditary
units,
one
from
each
parent.
The
units
Mendel
hypothesized
are
today
known
as
alleles,
alternative
forms
of
genes.
Genes
are
the
basic
units
of
heredity.
An
organism
that
inherits identical alleles for a trait from each parent is said to be
homozygous
for that trait; if
文档大全

实用标准

different
alleles
for
a
trait
are
inherited,
the
organism
is
heterozygous
for
that
trait.
When an
organism
is
heterozygous
for
a
trait,
the
resulting
phenotype
for
that
trait
expresses
only
the
dominant , the organism
’s
phenotype
—
its

physical appearance and properties-differs
from
its
genotype,
which
may
include
both
a
dominant
and
a
recessive
allele.

A
pictorial
representation of all possible combinations of a genetic cross is known as a
Punnett square.

对于每个特征而言，要么显形，要么隐性。在子< br>2
代中显形与隐性比为
3
∶
1
。只有在每
个个体仅拥 有两个研究遗传单元，并每个单元来自一个亲代时，实验结果才成立。此遗传
单元就是今天共识的等位基 因。两个一样的等位基因决定一个特征，称纯合。相反，称杂
合。当生物是杂合时，它的表型由显性基因 决定。因此，生物的表型与基因型是不同的。
旁纳特方格可以陈列所有可能的遗传组合。

The results of Mendel's experiments on dominant and recessive inheritance let to Mendel's
first law: the
law of segregation.
This law states that for a given trait an organism inherits one
allele from each parent.

Together these alleles form the allele pair. When gametes are formed
during
meiosis,
the
two
alleles
become
separated
(halving
of
chromosome
number).To
gain
evidence for his theory Mendel performed
test crosses,
mating plants of unknown genotype to
plants
that
were
homozygous
recessive
for
the
trait
of
interest.

The
ratio
of
dominant
phenotypes (if any) in the progeny makes clear whether the unknown genotype is heterozygous,
homozygous dominant, or homozygous recessive.



分离定律，生物只遗 传父母本等位基因对的一个等位基因。减数分裂期形成配子时两
个等位基因分离。为验证此理论，他做了 测交实验，即基因型未知的植物与纯合的隐性基
因植物杂交。子代显性表型可以明确测得杂合基因或纯合 基因的基因型。

Mendel's Ideas and the Law of independent Assortment
Mendel also performed
dihybrid crosses,
which enabled him to consider how two traits are
inherited relative to one another.

This work let to the
law of independent assortment,
which
states that the alleles of genes governing different characters are inherited independently.

An
文档大全

实用标准

apparent
exception
to
Mendel's
laws
is
incomplete
dominance,
a
phenomenon
in
which
offspring
of
a
cross
exhibit
a
phenotype
that
is
intermediate
between
those
of
the
parents.

However, incomplete dominance reflects the fact that both alleles for the trait in question exert
an effect on the phenotype.

The alleles themselves remain separate.

双因子杂合试验，
两 个特征是如何相互影响遗传的。
试验结果产生独自分配定律，
即等
位基因独立遗传。特 例是，不完全显性。子代的表型是父母本的中间类型。不完全显性说
明了两个等位基因对表型都有影响。 ，等位基因会继续分离。

Mendel presented his ideas in 1866 in a scientific paper published by the Brunn Society for
Natural
History.

Unfortunately,
the
meaning
of
his
research
was
not
understood
by
other
scientists of the day.

His work was rediscovered in 1900 by Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries.


1866
年，孟德尔在自然史上发表了他的科学论文，陈诉了他的观点。不幸的是，他的研究不被当时科学家接受。在
1900
年，他的著作再被发现利用。

Chromosomes and Mendelian Genetics

Soon after Mendel's work was rediscovered, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently
proposed
that
the
hereditary
units
might
be
located
on
chromosomes.

Experiments
to
prove
this
hypothesis
were
carried
out
by
Thomas
Hunt
Morgan
and
his
students
at
Columbia
University, in research on the sex chromosomes of fruit flies.

Morgan's studies were also the
first exploration of sex-linked traits.

It also led to the discovery in 1916 by Calvin Bridges of
the
phenomenon
of
nondisjunction,
in
which
a
chromosome
pair
fails
to
segregate
during
meiosis.
孟德尔著作被再发现不久，
Walter
Sutton
和
Theodor
Boveri
提出，遗传单位可能定位在
染色体 组上。伴性遗传又导致了不分离现象的发现，即在减数分裂中，染色体对不分离。

课后作业
：第一篇阅读材料

答案
：
1C,2C,3A,4A,5B,6B
文档大全

实用标准

Glossary

pangenesis
泛生论，泛生说

The
theory
of
heredity
postulating
that
germs,
humours,
or
essences
migrate
from
individual
body
cells
to
the
sex
organs
and
contribute to the gametes.
germ plasm theory
种质学说

A
substance
thought
to
be
transmitted
in
the
gametes
(germ
cells)
in
an
unchanged
form
from
generation
to
generation.

The
germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by
the environment and to give rise to the body
cells.

dominant
显性

The member of a pair of alleles that shows
its effect in the phenotype whatever other
allele is present.
recessive
隐形的

The member of a pair of alleles that does
not show its effect in the presence of any
other allelic partner.
allele
等位基因

Alternative
forms
of
a
gene
for
a
particular
characteristic
(e.g.,
attached
文档大全

实用标准

earlobe
genes
and
free
earlobe
genes
are
alternative alleles for ear shape).
gene
基因

A unit of heredity located on a chromosome
and
composed
a
sequence
of
DNA
nucleotides.
homozygous
纯合的

A
diploid
organism
that
has
two
identical
alleles for particular characteristic.
heterozygous
杂合的

A
diploid
organism
that
has
two
different
alletic
forms
of
a
particular
gene.
Genotype
基因型

The
catalog
of
genes
of
an
organism,
whether or not these genes are expressed.
phenotype
表型

The physical, chemical, and psychological
expression
of
genes
possessed
by
an
organism.
Punnett square
旁纳特方格


A
method
used
to
determine
the
probabilities of combination in a zygote.
law of segregation
分裂定律


When
gametes
are
formed
by
a
diploid
organism,
the
alleles
that
control
a
trait
文档大全

separate
from
one
another
into
different
gametes, retaining their individuality.
test cross
测交

A
cross
between
a
heterozygote
of
unknown
genotype
and
an
individual
homozygous
for
the
recessive
genes
in
question
.
dihybrid cross
双因子杂种，
双因子杂合子






A cross between individuals that differ
with respect to two specified gene pairs.
law
of independent assortment
独立分配定律，
自由组合定律

Members
of
one
gene
pair
will
separate
from
each
other
independently
of
the
members of other gene pairs.
incomplete dominance
不完全显性

The
condition
in
which
two
allelic
genes
have a different effect when they are together
as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either
of them have in the homozygous state


nondisjunction
不分离

The
failure
of
separation
of
paired
chromosomes
at
metaphase,
resulting
in
one
daughter
receiving
both
and
the
other
daughter
cell
none
of
the
chromosomes
in
实用标准

question.

Nondisjunction
can
occur
during
a meiotic or mitotic division.
Lesson Five
（
2
学时）


Discovering the
Chemical
Nature of the Gene


教学目的
：使学生了解遗传学化学本质的发现过程，及相关假说 ，使学生掌握
相关专业词汇以及主要用法。

教学重点
：
DNA
分子组成及相关英语词汇的掌握。

教学难点
：专业英语词汇的记忆

讲授方法
：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解

授课时间：
4
月
26
日

教学内容
：


Genes Code for Particular Proteins

The first scientist to investigate the question of how genes affect phenotype was Sir Archibald
Garrod,
whose
studies
of
alkaptonuria
implied
a
relationship
between
genes
and
enzymes.

Thirty
years
later
Beadle
and
Ephrussi
showed
a
relationship
between
particular
genes
and
biosynthetic
reactions
responsible
for
eye
color
in
fruit
flies.
Next,
in
a
series
of
classic
experiments on the effects of mutations in the bread mold
Neurospora crassa,
Beadle and Tatum
explored
the
one-gene-one- enzyme

hypothesis-
the

idea
that
each
gene
codes
for
a
particular
enzyme.

Their work paved the way for other researchers to elucidate the precise ways in which
enzymes affect complex metabolic 1949, in research on the role of hemoglobin in
sickle
cell
anemia,
Linus
Pauling
helped
refine
the
one-gene-one-enzyme
hypothesis
into
the
one-gene-one-polypeptide hypothesis.



Archibald Garrod
是第一个研究基因是如何影响表型的科学家，
他对尿黑酸症的研究揭示
了基因与酶之间的关系。
Beadle
和
Ephrussi
在三十年后对果蝇眼睛颜色的研究发现特 殊基
文档大全

实用标准

因与相关反应的生物合成有关。接着对面 包发霉粗糙脉孢菌的突变试验得出一个基因一个
酶的假说。他们的工作为其他工作者铺平了道路，即精确 地阐明了酶影响了复杂的新陈代
谢途径。在
1949
年，对镰刀状细胞贫血症的研究对 一个基因一个酶的假说进一步上升为一
个基因一个多肽。

The Search for the Chemistry and Molecular Structure of nucleic Acids

Nuclei
acid,
originally
isolated
by
Johann
Miescher
in
1871,
was
identified
as
a
prime
constituent of chromosomes through the use of the red-staining method developed by Feulgen in
the
early
1900s.

Frederick
Griffith's
experiments
with
the
R
and
S
stains
of
pneumococci
showed that an as yet unknown material from one set of bacterial could alter the physical traits
of
a
second
set.

In
the
1940s
the
team
of
Avery,
MacLeod,
and
McCarty
showed
that
this
unknown
material
was
DNA.

At
about
the
same
time
P.A.
Levene
discovered
that
DNA
contained
four
nitrogenous
bases,
each
of
which
was
attached
to
a
sugar
molecule
and
a
phosphate group-a combination Levene termed a
nucleotide.
在
1871
年，核酸最初是由
Johann Miescher
分离 成功，并由
Feulgen
在
1900
年证实核酸是染
色体组最基本 的组成。
Frederick Griffith
对粗糙和光滑的肺炎球菌实验表明，
不确定的某种
物质可以从一组细菌转移到另一种细菌中。在
1940
年，确认该物质为
DNA
。四个碱基和磷
酸分子分别连接在糖分子上，称核苷酸。

Disagreement over whether DNA could carry complex genetic information was ended in the
early 1950s by Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey, whose work with
E. coli
showed clearly that
DNA, and not protein, is the bearer of genetic information.
直到
1950
年 ，通过对大肠杆菌实验发现，遗传物质是
DNA
，而不是蛋白质。

Each
DNA
nucleotide
contains
a
five-carbon
sugar,
deoxyribose,
attached
to
one
of
four
bases:
adenine,
guanine,
cytosine,
or
thymine.

Adenine
and
guanine
molecules
are
double-ring
structures
called
purines,
while
cytosine
and
thymine
are
single-ring
structures
called
pyrimidines.

The molecule made up of a base plus a sugar is termed a
nucleoside.

In
文档大全

实用标准

each molecule of DNA a phosphate group links the five- carbon sugar of one nucleoside to the
five- carbon
sugar
of
the
next
nucleoside
in
the
chain.

This
phosphate
bonding
creates
a
sugar-phosphate backbone.
每个核苷酸都含有一个 五碳脱氧核糖，分别连接
4
个碱基，即：腺嘌呤，鸟嘌呤，胞嘧
啶，胸腺嘧啶。碱基连 接糖称核苷。磷酸键形成磷酸骨架。

Chargaff’s
rules
d
escribe
the
fact
that
(1)
the
amount
of
adenine
is
equal
to
the
amount
of
thymine in DNA, with amount of cytosine equal to that of guanine, and (2) the ratios of A to T
and of C to G vary with different species.


（
1
）腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶，胞嘧啶与鸟嘌呤相等；（
2
）腺嘌呤与胸腺嘧啶，胞嘧啶与鸟
嘌呤的比例随物种不同而不同。

The Research Race for the Molecular Structure of DNA
In the late 1940s and early
1950s, researchers looking for the structure of DNA drew upon
Chargaff s insight, Levene's ideas on DNA components, and two other lines of evidence.

One
was the suggestion of Linus Pauling that DNA might have a helical structure held in place by
hydrogen
bonds,
and
the
other
was
X-ray
diffraction
photos
of
DNA,
showing
a
helical
structure with distance between the coils, taken by Franklin and Wilkins.
直到40
年代末
50
年代初，研究者在寻求
DNA
结构过程中，确立 了
Chargaff
的观点和
,
Levene
的组成理论以及其他两个线索。一个是
Linus
Pauli ng
的假设，
DNA
可能具有螺旋结
构，通过氢键连接。另一个是
X -
衍射图片，
Franklin and Wilkins
提供。

Based
on
this
information
Watson
and
Crick
proposed
the
double
helix
model
of
DNA-A
twisted
ladder-like
molecule
with
two
outer
sugar
phosphate
chains
and
rungs
formed
by
nucleotide
pairs.

Paired
nucleotides,
which
always
occur
as
A-T
or
G-C,
are
linked
by
hydrogen bonds.

Watson and Crick also proposed that genetic information is encoded by the
sequence of base pairs along the DNA molecule.
文档大全

实用标准

基于这些信息，
Watson
和

Crick
提出了双螺 旋结构模型，成对的核苷酸通过氢键相连，
遗传信息就贮藏在碱基对中。

How DNA Replicates

In
their
model
of
DNA
structure
and
function,
Watson
and
Crick
hypothesized
that
DNA
replicates
itself
by

along
the
hydrogen
bonds
joining
A
to
T
and
C
to
G.
This
process
would
produce
two
opposite
halves
that
could
then
serve
as
templates
for
the
construction
of
new,
complementary
strands.

This
model
of
semiconservative
replication

conservative because each new molecule has one half of the former parent molecule-was later
confirmed by the work of
DNA
进行复制是以拉链方式 自我复制，
产生的两个二分体分别为模板生成互补链，
即半
保留复制。并由
M eselson
和

Stahl
验证。

In
E. coli
DNA replication begins with the formation of a bubblelike structure on the circular
chromosome that is produced by
replication forks.

Studies of bacterial DNA replication have
shown that
a
growing DNA chain lengthens only in the 5' to 3' direction (from the 5' carbon of
one sugar to the 3' carbon of the next).

The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while
the lagging strand is synthesized in short stretches known as
Okazaki fragments.

The enzyme
DNA polymerase
links free nucleotides as they line up on the template formed by the original
strand of the parent molecule.
文档大全

实用标准

In eukaryotes DNA replication follows the same general principles as in prokarotes. On the
long
DNA
molecules
replication
proceeds
(in
two
directions
at
once)
from
hundreds
or
thousands of points of origin.
大肠杆菌复制开始时形成泡样复制叉，链生长方向由
5
′向
3
′端，前导链连续生成，后
随链由冈崎片段组成，由
DNA
聚合酶催化。真 核生物复制与原核生物复制相似，但有几百
到几千个复制原点（原核一般只有一个复制原点）。

课后作业
：第一篇阅读材料

答案
：
1C,2C,3B,4A,5D,6D,7B

Glossary
one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis

一基因一
酶假说

The hypothesis that a large class of gene exist
in which each gene controls the synthesis or
activity
of
but
a

single
enzyme.

Since
enzymes and other proteins whose syntheses
are controlled by more than one gene are now
known, this hypothesis has been replaced by
the one-gene-one polypeptide hypothesis.

文档大全

实用标准

one-gene-one-polypeptide
hypothesis
一
基
因一多肽假说

The hypothesis that a large class of genes
exist in which each gene controls the
synthesis of a single polypeptide.

The
polypeptide may function independently or as
a subunit of a more complex protein.
adenine
腺嘌呤

A purine base that is an essential constituent
of
the
nucleic
acids
and
also
of
such
coenzymes as NAD and FAD.
guanine
鸟嘌呤

A
double-ring
nitrogenous
base
molecule
in
DNA
and
RNA.

It
is
the
complementary
base of cytosine.
cytosine
胞嘧啶

A
single-ring
nitrogenous
base
molecule
in
DNA
and
RNA.

It
is
complementary
to
guanine.
thymine
胸腺嘧啶

A single-ring nitrogenous base molecule of
DNA but not RNA.

It is complementary to
adenine.
purine
嘌呤

文档大全

One of a group of nitrogenous bases whose
parent compound has the formula shown.

The two most abundant purines are adenine
and guanine, which are constituents of
nucleic acids and coenzymes.
pyrimidine
嘧啶

A
heterocyclic
organic
compound,
C
4
N
4
N
2

the
fundamental
form
of
pyrimidine
bases.
Some
of
these
bases
are
constituents
of
nucleic acid.

nucleoside
核苷

A
purine
or
pyrimidine
base
attached
to
ribose
or
deoxyribose.

The

nucleosides
commonly
found
in
DNA
and
RNA
are:
cytidine,
cytosine
deoxyriboside,
thymidine,
uridine,
adenosine,
adenine
deoxyriboside,
guanosine,
and
guanine
deoxyriboside.
Note
that
thymidine
is
a
deoxyriboside
and
cytidine,
uridine,
adenosine,and
guanosine
are ribosides.
X-ray diffraction




X
射线衍射

A technique for determining the arrangement
of
atoms
in
a
crystalline
substance
by
analysing
the
diffraction
patterns
produced
when
a
narrow
beam
of
X-rays
is
passed


实用标准

through
the
substance.
X-ray
diffraction
has
contributed
to
the
elucidation
of
structure
of
many
biological
molecules,
including
some
important
macromolecules,
e.g.,
DNA,
haemoglobin, myoglobin.

DNA double helix
双螺旋

The
three- dimensional
structure
of
replication fork
复制叉

A
point
at
which
the
two
strands
of
a
DNA
double
helix
are
unwound
and
separated
during replication.
Okazaki fragment

冈琦片断

A short sequence of DNA that is the primary
product
of
DNA
polymerase
during
DNA
replication.
polymerase

DNA
聚合酶

An
enzyme
that
brings
new
DNA
triphosphate
nucleotides
into
position
for
bonding on another DNA molecule.
doublestranded DNA.
semiconservative replication
半保留复制

The method of replication of DNA in which
the molecule divides longitudinally, each half
being conserved and acting as a template for
the formation of a new strand.
Lesson Six
（
2
学时）


The
Origin and
Diversity of Life


教学目的
：使学 生了解生命的起源和多样性及相关假说，使学生掌握相关专业
词汇以及主要用法。

教学重点
：生物分类的组成及相关英语词汇的掌握。

教学难点
：专业英语词汇的记忆

讲授方法
：以学生翻译为主，老师讲解相关专业知识辅助学生理解

授课时间：
5
月
10
日

教学内容
：


A Home for Life: Formation of the Solar System and Planet Earth

文档大全

实用标准

The story of life's origins begins with the formation of the earth.

The sequence of events
that gave rise to our planet began, in turn, with the cosmic explosion physicists call the
Big
Bang.

The sun at the center of our solar system condensed from a cloud of primordial matter
roughly 5 billion years ago; the planets, including the earth, condensed about 4.6 billion years
ago.

The earth is composed of a number of layers: a solid
crust,
a semisolid
mantle,
and a
largely molten (liquid)
core
that has a solid center.

Basic physical features of Earth that may
have made the emergence of life possible include the planet's size, temperature, composition,
and distance from the sun.

The major current hypothesis holds that life arose spontaneously
on the early earth by means of

chemical evolution from nonliving substances.



生命起源于地球的形 成。大爆炸是我们行星形成的开始。太阳在
50
亿年前生成，位于
太阳系中心，行星， 包括地球，在
46
亿年前生成。地球由多层组成：坚硬的地壳，半流体
的地幔，一个很 大的溶解中心中存在一个坚实的中心。地球的基本特征使生命起源成为可
能，包括行星的大小，温度，组 成以及离太阳的距离。当前主要假设认为，由非生命的化
学物质进化过程自发产生了生命。

The Emergence of life: Organic and Biological Molecules on a Primitive Planet

Evidence for prelife stages of chemical organization comes from laboratory experiments that
try
to
duplicate
the
physical
environment
and
chemical
resources
of
the
early
earth.

These
experiments,
including
the
pioneering
work
of
Miller
and
Urey,
have
successfully
produced
organic
monomers
including
amino
acids,
simple
sugars,
and
nucleic
acid
bases.

The
probable next step toward life was the spontaneous linking of such monomers into polymers
such
as
proteinoids
and
nuclei
acids.
Current
research
suggests
that
likely
sites
for
this
polymerization were clay or rock surfaces.
通过创造出地球早期的自然条件和化学资源条件，科学家在实验室中已经获得了化学
有机体生命前阶段 的证据。
这些实验包括米勒等早期所做工作，
成功地产出了有机单体，
文档大全