egoistic华中科技大学2014年考博英语真题及答案

2021年1月20日发(作者：愉快)
考试时间

2014
年
3
月
22
日星期六

下午
2:00-5:00

Since Would War II considerable advances have been made in the area of health-care services.
These include better access to health care (particularly for the poor and minorities), improvements
in
physical
plants,
and
increased
numbers
of
physicians
and
other
health
personnel.
All
have
played a part in the recent improvement in
life expectancy
. But there is mounting criticism of the
large
remaining
gaps
in
access,
unbridled
cost
inflation,
the
further
fragmentation
of
service,
excessive
indulgence
in
wasteful
high-
technology
“gadgeteering,”
and
a
breakdown
in
doctor-patient relationships.
In recent years
proposed panaceas and new programs, small and large,
have proliferated at a feverish pace and disappointments multiply at almost the same rate. This has
led
to
an
increased
pessimism
—“everything
has
been
tried
and
nothing
works”—
which
sometimes borders on cynicism or even nihilism.
It
is
true
that
the
automatic
“pass
through”
of
rapidly
spiraling
costs

to
government
and
insurance carriers, which was set in a publicized environment of “the richest nation in the world,”
produced
for a time
a sense of unlimited resources and allowed to develop a mood whereby every
practitioner
and
institution
could
“do
his
own
thing”
without
undue
concern
for
the
“Medical
Commons.” The practice of full
-cost reimbursement encouraged capital investment and now the
industry
is
overcapitalized.
Many
cities
have
hundreds
of
excess
hospital
beds;
hospitals
have
proliferated
a
superabundance
of
high-technology
equipment;
and
structural
ostentation
and
luxury were the
order of the day
. In any given day, one-fourth of all community beds are vacant;
expensive equipment is underused or, worse, used unnecessarily. Capital investment brings rapidly
rising
operating costs
.
Yet,
in
part,
this
pessimism
derives
from
expecting
too
much
of
health
care.
It
must
be
realized
that
care
is,
for
most
people,
a
painful
experience,
often
accompanied
by
fear
and
unwelcome results. Although there is vast room for improvement, health care will always retain
some
unpleasantness
and
frustration.
Moreover,
the
capacities
of
medical
science
are
limited.
Humpty Dumpty
cannot always be put back together again. Too many physicians are reluctant to
admit
their
limitations
to
patients;
too
many
patients
and
families
are
unwilling
to
accept
such
realities. Nor is it true that everything has been tried and nothing works, as shown by the prepaid
group
practice
plans
of
the Kaiser
Foundation
and
at
Puget
Sound.
In
the
main
,
however,
such
undertakings have been drowned by a veritable flood of public and private moneys which have
supported
and
encouraged
the
continuation
of
conventional
practices
and
subsidized
their
shortcomings on a massive, almost unrestricted scale. Except for the most idealistic and dedicated,
there were no incentives to seek change or to practice self- restraint or frugality. In this atmosphere,
it
is
not
fair
to
condemn
as
failures
all
attempted
experiments;
it
may
be
more
accurate
to
say
many never had a fair trial.
1.
The author implies that the Kaiser Foundation and Puget Sound plans (lines 47-48) differed
from other plans by

1
(A) encouraging capital investment
(B) requiring physicians to treat the poor
(C) providing incentives for cost control
(D) employing only dedicated and idealistic doctors
(E) relying primarily on public funding
2.
The
author
mentions
all
of
the
following
as
consequences
of
full-cost
reimbursement
EXCEPT
(A) rising operating costs
(B) underused hospital facilities
(C) overcapitalization
(D) overreliance on expensive equipment
(E) lack of services for minorities
3.
The tone of the passage can best be described as
(A) light-hearted and amused
(B) objective but concerned
(C) detached and unconcerned
(D) cautious but sincere
(E) enthusiastic and enlightened
4.
According to the author, the “pessimism” mentioned at line 35 is partly attributable to the fact
that
(A) there has been little real improvement in health-care services
(B) expectations about health-care services are sometimes unrealistic
(C) large segments of the population find it impossible to get access to health-care services
(D) advances in technology have made health care service unaffordable
(E) doctors are now less concerned with patient care
5.
The author cites the prepaid plans in lines 46-48 as
(A) counterexamples to the claim that nothing has worked
(B) examples of health-care plans that were over-funded
(C) evidence that health-care services are fragmented
(D) proof of the theory that no plan has been successful
(E) experiments that yielded disappointing results
6.
It
can
be
inferred
that
the
sentence
“Humpty
Dumpty
cannot
always

be
put
back
together

2
again” means that

(A) the cost of health-care services will not decline
(B) some people should not become doctors
(C) medical care is not really essential to good health
(D) illness is often unpleasant and even painful
(E) medical science cannot cure every ill
7.
With which of the following descriptions of the system for the delivery of health-care services
would the author most likely agree?
(A) It is biased in favor of doctors and against patients.
(B) It is highly fragmented and completely ineffective
(C) It has not embraced new technology rapidly enough
(D) It is generally effective but can be improved
(E) It discourages people from seeking medical care
8.
Which of the following best describes the logical structure of the selection?
(A) The third paragraph is intended as a refutation of the first and second paragraphs.
(B) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the
first paragraph.
(C) The second and third paragraphs explain and put into perspective the points made in the
first paragraph.
(D) The first paragraph describes a problem, and the second and third paragraphs present two
horns of a dilemma.
(E) The first paragraph describes a problem, the second its causes, and the third a possible
solution.
9.
The author’s primary concern is to

(A)
criticize
physicians
and
health-care
administrators
for
investing
in
technologically
advanced equipment
(B)
examine
some
problems
affecting
delivery
of
health-care
services
and
assess
their
severity
(C)
defend
the
medical
community
from
charges
that
health-care
has
not
improved
since
World War II
(D) analyze the reasons for the health-
care industry’s inability to provide quality care to all
segments of the population
(E) describe the peculiar economic features of the health-care industry that are the causes of
spiraling medical costs

3
1.

C
6.

E







2.

E
7.

D
3.

B
8.

C
4.

B
9.

B
5.

A
10.


Behavior is one of two general responses available to
endothermic
(warm-blooded) species
for
the
regulation
of
body
temperature,
the
other
being
innate
(reflexive)
mechanisms
of
heat
production and heat loss. Human beings rely primarily on the first to provide a hospitable thermal
microclimate
for themselves, in which the transfer of heat between the body and the environment
is
accomplished
with
minimal
involvement
of
innate
mechanisms
of
heat
production
and
loss.
Thermoregulatory

behavior
anticipates
hyperthermia,
and
the
organism
adjusts
its
behavior
to
avoid
becoming
hyperthermic:
it
removes
layers
of
clothing,
it
goes
for
a
cool
swim,
etc.
The
organism can also respond to changes in the temperature of the body core, as is the case during
exercise;
but
such
responses
result
from
the
direct
stimulation
of
thermoreceptors
distributed
widely
within
the
central
nervous
system
,
and
the
ability
of
these
mechanisms
to
help
the
organism adjust to gross changes in its environment is limited.
Until
recently
it
was
assumed
that
organisms
respond
to
microwave
radiation
in
the
same
way that they respond to temperature changes caused by other forms of radiation. After all, the
argument runs, microwaves are radiation and heat body tissues. This theory ignores the fact that
the stimulus to a behavioral response is normally a temperature change that occurs at the surface
of the organism. The thermoreceptors that prompt behavioral changes are located within the first
millimeter of the skin’s surface, bu
t the energy of a
microwave field
may be selectively deposited
in
deep
tissues,
effectively
bypassing
these
thermoreceptors,
particularly
if
the
field
is
at
near-resonant frequencies. The resulting
temperature profile
may well be a kind of reverse thermal
gradient in which the deep tissues are warmed more than those of the surface. Since the heat is not
conducted
outward
to
the
surface
to
stimulate
the
appropriate
receptors,
the
organism
does
not
“appreciate” this stimulation in the same way that it “appreciates” heating and cooling of the skin.
In
theory
,
the
internal
organs
of
a
human
being
or
an
animal
could
be
quite
literally
cooked
well-done
before
the
animal
even
realizes
that
the
balance
of
its
thermomicroclimate
has
been
disturbed.
Until a few
years ago, microwave irradiations at equivalent plane-wave power densities of
about
100
mW/cm
2

were
considered
unequivocally
to
produce
“thermal”
effect
s;
irradiations
within the range of 10 to 100 mW/cm
2

might or might not produce “thermal” effects; while effects
observed
at
power
densities
below
10
mW/cm
2

were
assumed
to
be
“nonthermal”
in
nature.

4
Experiments have shown this to be an oversimplification, and a recent report suggests that fields
as weak as 1 mW/cm
2
can be thermogenic. When the heat generated in the tissues by an imposed
radio frequency
(plus the heat generated by metabolism) exceeds the heat-loss capabilities of the
organism, the thermoregulatory system has been compromised. Yet surprisingly,
not long ago
, an
increase in the internal body temperature was regarded merely as “evidence” of a thermal effect.

1.
The author is primarily concerned with
(A)
showing
that
behavior
is
a
more
effective
way
of
controlling
bodily
temperature
than
innate mechanisms
(B) criticizing researchers who will not discard their theories about the effects of microwave
radiation on organisms
(C) demonstrating that effects of microwave radiation are different from those of other forms
of radiation
(D)
analyzing
the
mechanism
by
which
an
organism
maintains
its
bodily
temperature
in
a
changing thermal environment
(E) discussing the importance of thermoreceptors in the control of the internal temperature of
an organism
2.
The
author
makes
which
of
the
following
points
about
innate
mechanisms
for
heat
production?
I.
They are governed by thermoreceptors inside the body of the organism rather than at the
surface.
II.
They are a less effective means of compensating for gross changes in temperature than
behavioral strategies.
III.
They are not affected by microwave radiation.
(A) I only
(B) I and II only
(C) I and III only
(D) II and III only
(E) I, II, and III
3.
Which
of
the
following
would
be
the
most
logical
topic
for
the
author
to
take
up

in
the
paragraph following the final paragraph of the selection?
(A) A suggestion for new research to be done on the effects of microwaves on animals and
human beings
(B) An analysis of the differences between microwave radiation
(C) A proposal that the use of microwave radiation be prohibited because it is dangerous

5
(D) A survey of the literature on the effects of microwave radiation on human beings
(E) A discussion of the strategies used by various species to control hyperthermia
4.
The author’s strategy in lines 39
-42 is to
(A) introduce a hypothetical example to dramatize a point
(B) propose an experiment to test a scientific hypothesis
(C) cite a case study to illustrate a general contention
(D) produce a counterexample to disprove an opponent’s theory

(E) speculate about the probable consequences of a scientific phenomenon
5.
The
author
implies
that
the
proponents
of
the
theory
that
microwave
radiation
acts
on
organisms in the same way as other forms of radiation based their conclusions primarily on
(A) laboratory research
(B) unfounded assumption
(C) control group surveys
(D) deductive reasoning
(E) causal investigation
6.
The tone of the passage can best be described as
(A) genial and conversational
(B) alarmed and disparaging
(C) facetious and cynical
(D) scholarly and
noncommittal

(E) scholarly and concerned
7.
The author is primarily concerned with
(A) pointing out weaknesses in a popular scientific theory
(B) developing a hypothesis to explain a scientific phenomenon
(C) reporting on new research on the effects of microwave radiation
(D) criticizing the research methods of earlier investigators
(E) clarifying ambiguities in the terminology used to describe a phenomenon

1.

C
6.

E


2.

B
7.

A
3.

A
8.


4.

A
9.


5.

B
10.



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