龙虾的英文语言学复习资料

2021年1月20日发(作者：juventus)
第一章

绪论

A.

Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration.
1. linguistics
2. langue


3. parole
4. arbitrariness

5. displacement
7. design features
8. performance
9. competence
10. semantics

B.

Fill in each blank with one word.
1.

Linguistics is the scientific study of

＿＿＿
.
2.

In
professional
usage,
the
＿
＿＿
is
a
scholar
who
studies
language
objectively,
observing it scientifically, recording the facts of language, and generalizing from them.
3.

When the study of
meaning is conducted, not in isolation, but in the context of use, it
becomes another branch of linguistic study called
＿＿＿
.
4.

The study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society from the
core of the branch is called
＿＿＿
.
5.

If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is
＿＿
＿
.
6.

The branch of study related to sounds is called
＿＿＿
.
7.

＿＿＿

relates
the
study
of
language
to
psychology.
Modern
linguistics
carried
out
in
the
century
is
mostly
＿＿＿
,
it
differs
from
the
linguistic
study
normally
known
as
“grammar”.

8.

Language refers to the
＿＿＿

linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.
9.

Chomsky defines
＿＿＿

as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language and
＿＿＿

of the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
10.

Five of the design features of human language are
＿＿＿
,
＿＿＿
,
＿＿＿
,
＿＿＿
,
＿＿＿
.

C.

Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
1.

The study of language as a whole is often called

＿＿＿
.
A. general linguistics




B. sociolinguistics
C. psycholinguistics



D. applied linguistics
2.

The study of language meaning is called
＿＿＿
.
A. syntax






B. morphology
C. semantics






D. pragmatics
3.

The description of a language at some point in time is a

＿＿＿
.
6. language

A. diachronic





B. synchronic
C. descriptive





D. prescriptive
4.

＿＿＿

made the distinction between langue and parole.
A. Chomsky






B. Sapir
C. Hall







D. Saussure
5.

Which of the following isn’t the design features of human language?

A. Arbitrariness





B. Performance
C. Duality






D. Displacement
6.

Findings
in
linguistic
studies
can
often
be
applied
to
the
solution
of
some
practical
problems, the study of such applications is known as

＿＿＿
.
A. anthropological linguistics


B. computational linguistics
C. applied linguistics



D. mathematical linguistics
7.


＿＿＿

refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech
community.


A. Parole





B. Langue


C. Speech






D. Writing
8.

The
definition
“language
is
a
purely
human
and
non
-instinctive
method
of
communicat
ing ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols”
was proposed by
＿＿＿
.
A. Sapir







B. Hall
C. Chomsky






D. Bloomfield
9.

The
fact
that
different
languages
have
different
words
for
the
same
object
is
a
good
illustration of the

＿＿＿

nature of language.
A. arbitrariness





B. productivity
C. duality







D. cultural transmission
10.

Which of the following isn
’t a major branch of linguistics?

A. Phonology






B. Syntax
C. Pragmatics






D. Speech

D.

Indicate the following statements true or false.
1.

Linguistics studies a particular language.
2.

Language is an isolated phenomenon.
3.

The language a person uses often reveals his social background.
4.

Language is human-specific.
5.

Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets, and it is possible for
linguists to deal with it all at once.
6.

The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
7.

The
study
of
all
social
aspects
of
language
and
its
relation
with
society
is
called
sociolinguistics.
8.

Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically prescriptive, so modern
linguistics is mostly prescriptive.
9.

In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.
10.

The
distinction
between
langue
and
parole
is
the
same
as
the
distinction
between
competence and performance.
11.

Linguists Sapir and Hall both treated language as a purely human institution.
12.

“lblk” is not a possible sound combination in English.


参考答案
：
B. 1. language
2. linguist
3. pragmatics

4. sociolinguistics

ptive


6. phonology


7. psycholinguistics, descriptive
8. abstract

9. competence, performance

10.
arbitrariness,
productivity,
duality,
displacement,
cultural transmission



C. 1-5ACBDB

6-10CBAAD



D. 1-5FFTTF


6-10TTFTF 11-12TT

第二章

音系学



A.

Define the following terms, giving examples if necessary:
1.

Phonetics

2.

Stops
3.

Voicing
4.

Allophone
5.

Suprasegmental features
6.

Phonology
7.

Tone
8.

Consonant
9.

Vowel
10.

Narrow transcription

B.

Indicate the following statements true or false:
1.

Of the media of language, writing is more basic than speech.
2.

There have been over 5,000 languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not
had written form.
3.

Speech sounds are limited in number.
4.

Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most
highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.
5.

Sound [l] in the word leaf is a dark [].
6.

Sound [p] in the word “spit” is an unaspirated stop.

7.

In English, all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels.
8.

Phonology is interested in the system of sounds of a language; it aims to discover how
speech sounds form patterns and how they differ from each other.
9.

In English, the position of word stress distinguishes meaning.
10.

English is a typical tone language.
11.

Phonetics is of a general nature.
12.

Corresponding to the distinction of long and short vowels is the distinction of tense and
loose vowels.

C.

Fill in each of following blanks.

1.

In linguistic evolution,
＿＿＿

prior to writing.
2.

The
three
branches
of
phonetics
are:
＿＿＿

phonetics,
＿＿＿

phonetics
and
＿＿
＿

phonetics.
3.

The
major
suprasegmental
features
in
English
are:
＿＿＿＿＿＿
,

＿＿＿＿＿＿

and
＿＿＿
.
4.

The major rules in phonology are
＿＿＿
rule,
＿＿＿

rule, and
＿＿＿

rule.
5.

Clear [l] and dark [] are the
＿＿＿

of the phoneme [l].
6.

Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called
＿＿＿
.
7.

The transcription with letter- symbols only is called
＿＿＿＿＿
, the transcription with
diacritics is called
＿＿＿＿＿＿
.
8.

In English these are two affricates,
＿＿＿

and
＿＿＿
.
9.

All the back vowels, with the exception of [a:], are
＿＿＿
.
10.

＿＿＿

can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language.

D.

Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
1.

The
＿＿＿

is
the
most
flexible,
and
is
responsible
for
more
varieties
of
articulation
than any other.
A. lips






B. nasal cavity
C. tongue





D. oral cavity
2.

Liquids is classified in the light of
＿＿＿
.
A. manner of articulation

B. place of articulation
C. place of tongue



D. none of the above
3.

In English, there is only one glottal. It is
＿＿＿
.
A. [l]






B. [h]
C. [k]






D. [f]
4.

The phonetic symbol for “voiced, labiodental, fricative” is
＿＿＿
.
A. [v]






B. [d]
C. [f]






D. [m]
5.

The difference between [u] and [u:] is caused by
＿＿＿
.
A. the openness of the mouth

B. the shape of the lips
C. the length of the vowels

D. none of the above
6.

What
kind
of
tone
is
used
when
what
is
said
is
a
straight-forward,
matter-of- fact
statements?
A. The rising tone



B. The falling tone
C. The fall- rise tone


D. None of the above
7.

In a sentence, which of the following is usually not stressed?
A. Nouns




B. Demonstrative pronouns
C. Personal pronouns


D. All of the above
8.

Which of the following is a typical tone language?
A. English





B. Chinese
C. French





D. All of the above
9.

Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in
＿＿＿
.
A. phonemic contrast


B. complimentary distribution
C. minimal pair




D. None of the above
10.

The sound [v] can be described as
＿＿＿
.
A
．
voiced, labiodental, fricative
B
．
voiceless, labiodental, affricate
C
．
voiced, alveolar, fricative
D
．
None of the above

参考答案
:
A. 1-5 FTTFF
6-10TTFTF 11-12TF
C. 1-5 CABAC 6-10 BCBBA
B. 1. speech

2. articulatory, auditory, acoustic

3.
word
stress,
sentence
stress,
intonation tial, assimilation, deletion




5. allophone
6. voicing 7. broad
transcription, narrow transcription 8. [
??
] [
??]


9. rounded
10. Phone


第
3
章

形态学


A.

Decide whether each of the following statements is T (true) or F (false).




















（


）
1.
Morphology
studies
the
internal
structure
of words
and
the
rules by
which
words
are
formed.
（


）
2. Inflectional morphology is one of the two sub- branches of morphology.
（


）
3. The structure of words is not governed by rules.
(


) 4. A morpheme is the basic unit in the study of morphology.
(


) 5. Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.
(


) 6. Sometimes bound morphemes can be used by themselves.
(


) 7. There is only one type of affixes in the English language.
(


) 8. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.
(


) 9. Compounding is the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
(


)
10.
Phonetically,
the
stress
of
a
compound
always
falls
on
the
first
element,
while
the
second element receives secondary stress.






B.

Fill in each blank below with one word.
1. __________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
2. The affix
3.
__________
morphemes
are
independent
units
of
meaning
and
can
be
used
freely
all
by
themselves.
4. __________ affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as
number, degree, and case.
5. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word are called __________.
6.
The
combination
of
two
or
sometimes
more
that
two
words
to
create
new
words
is
called
__________
7. Semantically, the meaning of a __________ is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total
of the meanings of its components.
8. __________ morphology studies word-formation.
9. A __________ can never stand by itself although it bears clears, definite meaning.
10. __________ are added to the end of stems.

C.

There are four
choices following each statement. Mark the
choice
that can
best complete the statement.
(

) 1. The word




A. phonemes




















B. morphs




C. morphemes



















D. allomorphs
(

) 2. Inflectional ____________ studies inflections.




A. derivation




















B. inflection




C. phonology




















D. morphology
(

)
3.
____________
morphemes
are
those
that
cannot
be
used
independently
but
have
to
be
combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.




A. Free

























B. Bound




C. Root

























D. Affix
(

)
4.
____________
modify
the
meaning
of
the
stem,
but
usually
do
not
change
the
part
of
speech of the original word.




A. Prefixes





B. Suffixes




C. Roots






D. Affixes
(

) 5. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of ____________to from
a new word.




A. root






B. affix




C. stem






D. word


参考答案：

A
．
1-5 TTFTF 6-10 FFTFT


B. 1. Morpheme


2. grammatical



3. Free 4. Inflectional
5. prefixes


6. derivation

7. compound


8. Derivational
9. root



10. Suffixes
C
．


1-5 CDBAC

第
5
章

语义学


A
．
Indicate the following statements T (true) or F (false).
(

) 1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what
it
refers
to
(i.e.
between
language
and
the
real
world);
rather,
in
the
interpretation
of
meaning they are linked through the meditation of concepts in the mind.
(

) 2. Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.

(

) 3. There are words with more or less the same meaning based in different regional dialects.
(

)
4.
Componential
analysis
is
based
upon
the
belief
that
the
meaning
of
a
word
can
not
be
dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.

(

)
5.
One
advantage
of
componential
analysis
is
that
by
specifying
the
semantic
features
of
certain words, it will be possible to show how these words are related in meaning.
(

) 6. Among the approaches to the study of meaning, the naming theory is better than others.