bombarded级阅读理解真题

2021年1月20日发(作者：of)

2016
年四级


Passage one



Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.



As Artificial Intelligence(AI) becomes increasingly
sophisticated,
there
are
growing
concerns
that
robots
could
become
a
threat.
This
danger
can
be
avoided,
according
to
computer
science
professor
Stuart
Russell,
if
we
figure
out
how
to
turn
human
values
into a programmable code.



Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks,
it
’
s necessary to translate our morals into AI language.



For
example,
if
a
robot
does
chores
around
the
house,
you
wouldn
’
t
want
it
to
put
the
pet
cat
in
the
oven
to
make
dinner
for
the
hungry
children.
“
You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of
values,
”
said Russell.



Some
robots
are
already
programmed
with
basic
human
values.
For
example, mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable
distance
from
humans.
Obviously
there
are
cultural
differences,
but
if
you
were
talking
to
another
person
and
they
came
up
close
in
your
personal space, you wouldn
’
t think that
’
s the kind of thing a
properly brought-up person would do.



It
will
be
possible
to
create
more
sophisticated
moral
machines,
if only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.



Robots
could
also
learn
values
from
drawing
patterns
from
large
sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if
programmers are careless.



The biggest concern with robots going against human values is
that
human
beings
fail
to
so
sufficient
testing
and
they
’
ve
produced
a system that will break some kind of taboo
（禁忌）
.



One
simple
check
would
be
to
program
a
robot
to
check
the
correct
course of action with a human when presented with an unusual
situation.



If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the
microwave,
it
has
the
opportunity
to
stop,
send out beeps(
嘟嘟声
),
and
ask
for
directions
from
a
human.
If
we
humans
aren
’
t
quite
sure
about a decision, we go and ask somebody else.



The
most
difficult
step
in
programming
values will
be
deciding
exactly
what
we
believe
in
moral,
and
how
to
create
a
set
of
ethical
rules. But if we come up with an answer, robots could be good for
humanity.



does the author say about the threat of robots



A)It may constitute a challenge to computer progranmers.



B)It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.



C)It can be avoided if human values are translated into their
language.



D)It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more
sophisticated.




would
we
think
of
a
person
who
invades
our
personal
space
according to the author



A)They are aggressive.



B)They are outgoing.



C)They are ignorant.



D)They are ill- bred.



do robots learn human values



A)By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.



B)By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.



C)By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.



D)By imitating the behavior of property brought-up human
beings.



will
a well-programmed
robot
do
when
facing an
unusual
situation



A)keep a distance from possible dangers.



B)Stop to seek advice from a human being.



C)Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.



D)Do sufficient testing before taking action.



is most difficult to do when we turn human values into
a programmable code



A)Determine what is moral and ethical.



B)Design some large-scale experiments.



C)Set rules for man-machine interaction.



D)Develop a more sophisticated program.



Passage Two



Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.



Why do some people live to be older than others You know the
standard
explanations:
keeping
a
moderate
diet,
engaging
in
regular
exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your
longevity
（长寿）
Do
some
kinds
of
personalities
lead
to
longer
lives
A
new
study
in
the
Journal
of
the
American
Geriatrics
Society
looked
at this question by examining the personality characteristics of
246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.



The
study
shows
that
those
living
the
longest
are
more
outgoing,
more active and less neurotic (
神经质的
) than other people.
Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and
cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are
in
agreement
with
what
you
would
expect
from
the
evolutionary
theory:
those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough
resources to make it through tough times.



Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might
consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants
were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined,
for
instance,
were
no
more
likely
to
live
to
be
very
old.
Also,
being
open to new ideas had no relationship to long life, which might
explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their
ways.



Whether
you
can
successfully
change
your
personality
as
an
adult
is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new
paper suggests that if you want long life, you should strive to be
as outgoing as possible.



Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mother
’
s personality may also help determine your longevity. That study
looked
at
nearly
28,000
Norwegian
mothers
and
found
that
those
moms
who
were
more
anxious,
depressed
and
angry
were
more
likely
to
feed
their
kids
unhealthy
diets.
Patterns
of
childhood
eating
can
be
hard
to break when we
’
re adults, which may mean that kids of depressed
moms end up dying younger.



Personality isn
’
t destiny(
命运
), and everyone knows that
individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long
life
isn
’
t
just
a
matter
of
your
physical
health
but
of
your
mental
health.



51. The aim of the study in the Journal of the American
Geriatrics Society is____.



A)to
see
whether
people
’
s
personality
affects
their
life
span



B)to
find
out
if
one
’
s
lifestyle
has
any
effect
on
their
health



C)to investigate the role of exercise in living a long life



D)to examine all the factors contributing to longevity



52. What does the author imply about outgoing and sympathetic
people



A)They have a good understanding of evolution.



B)They are better at negotiating an agreement.



C)They generally appear more resourceful.



D)They are more likely to get over hardship.



53. What finding of the study might prove somewhat out of our
expectation



A)Easy-going people can also live a relatively long life.



B)Personality
characteristics
that
prove
advantageous
actually
vary with times.



C)Such personality characteristics as self-discipline have no
effect on longevity.



D)Readiness to accept new ideas helps one enjoy longevity.



54. What does the recent study of Norwegian mothers show



A)Children
’
s personality characteristics are invariably
determined by their mothers.



B)People
with
unhealthy
eating
habits
are
likely
to
die
sooner.



C)Mothers
’
influence
on
children
may
last
longer
than
fathers
’
.



D)Mothers
’
negative personality characteristics may affect
their children
’
s life spans.



can we learn from the findings of the two new studies



A)Anxiety and depression more often than not cut short one
’
s life span.



B)Longevity results from a combination of mental and physical
health.



C)Personality plays a decisive role in how healthy one is.



D)Health is in large part related to one
’
s lifestyle.

2016
年
6
级阅读理：


Passage One