lobotomy-取向力
001
The chart and graph below give information about sales and share prices for Coca- Cola.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The pie chart shows the worldwide distribution of sales of Coca-Cola in the year 2000 and the
graph shows the change in share prices between 1996 and 2001.
In the year 2000, Coca-Cola sold a total of 17.1 billion cases of their fizzy drink product
worldwide. The largest consumer was North America, where 30.4 per cent of the total volume
was purchased. The second largest consumer was Latin America. Europe and Asia purchased
20.5 and 16.4 per cent of the total volume respectively, while Africa and the Middle East
remained fairly small consumers at 7 per cent of the total volume of sales.
Since 1996, share prices for Coca- Cola have fluctuated. In that year, shares were valued at
approximately $$35. Between 1996 and 1997, however, prices rose significantly to $$70 per
share. They dipped a little in mid-1997 and then peaked at $$80 per share in mid-98. From then
until 2000 their value fell consistently but there was a slight rise in mid-2000.
002
The chart below gives information about global sales of games software, CDs and DVD or
video.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart shows the changes in the sales of video material / DVDs, games software and CDs
around the world in billions of dollars over a three-year period. It can be seen that the sales of
videos / DVDs and games software have increased, while the sales of CDs have gone down
slightly.
Between 2000 and 2003, the sale of videos and DVDs rose by approximately 13 billion
dollars. In 2000, just under 20 billion dollars worth of these items were sold, but in 2003, this
figure had risen to a little over 30 billion dollars.
The sales of games software also rose during this period, but less sharply. Sales increased
from about 13 billion dollars in 2000 to just under 20 billion dollars three years later. By
contrast, during the same time period, the sale of CDs fell from 35 billion dollars in 2000 to
about 32.5 billion dollars in 2003.
003
The graphs below show the types of music albums purchased by people in Britain according
to s3x and age.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The three graphs provide an overview of the types of music people purchase in the UK. At
first glance we see that classical music is far less popular than pop or rock music.
While slightly more women than men buy pop music, the rock market is dominated by men
with 30% buying rock, compared to 17% of women. From the first graph we see that interest
in pop music is steady from age 16 to 44 with 20% of the population continuing to buy pop
CDs after the age of 45.
The interest in rock music reaches its peak among the 25 to 34 year olds, though it never sells
as well as pop. Interest also drops off after the age of 35 with an even sharper fall from age 45
onwards, a pattern which is the opposite to the classical music graph.
004
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graphs below show the numbers of male and female workers in 1975 and 1995 in several
employment sectors of the republic of Freedonia.
Write a report for a university teacher describing the information shown.
You should write at least 150 words.
The two decades between 1975 and 1995 brought significant changes in the representation of
women in Freedonia's work force, according to the graphs.
In 1975, for example, some 300 000 men and 250 000 women worked in the communications
sector. Twenty years later, though the number of men remained unchanged, the number of
women rose to 550 000.
A similar situation was seen in the wholesale and retail trade sector, where the number of
women rose from about 550 000 in 1975 to almost 800 000 two decades later. The number of
men in this sector remained stable over the period, at around 700 000.
Women also made gains in both the finance/banking industries and in the defence- related
public sector. Whereas some 125 000 women worked in finance and banking institutions in
1975, the number increased to 450 000 by 1995. The number of men grew only marginally
from 425 000 to 480 000 over the same period. In defence, the number of men declined from
225 000 to 200 000, while the number of women rose from 25 000 to over 100 000.
Two sectors that retained stable employment numbers for both men and women were
manufacturing, which had about 300 000 women and 650 000 men in both surveyed years,
and the public sector (non-defence), which employed 650 000 women and 850 000 men.
Thus, women appear to have made gains in the Freedonian work force but not at the expense
of men.
005
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
Eating sweet foods produces acid in the mouth, which can cause tooth decay. (High acid
levels are measured by low pH values)
Describe the information below and discuss the implications for dental health.
You should write at least 150 words.
Anyone who has visited a dentist has been told that eating excessive amounts of sweets risks
harming the teeth. This is because sweets lower pH levels in the mouth to dangerous levels.
When the pH level in the mouth is kept above 5.5, acidity is such that teeth are unlikely to be
in danger of decay. Sweet foods, however, cause pH in the mouth to drop for a time, and the
longer pH levels remain below 5.5, the greater the opportunity for decay to occur.
By comparing fruit sugar, cane sugar and honey, which are all common ingredients of sweet
foods, we find that cane sugar lowers pH levels for the longest period, thus producing the
greatest risk of the three. Approximately five minutes aftfter consuming cane sugar, pH levels
drop to as little as pH 3.5. They then begin to rise slowly, but do not rise above pH 5.5 until at
least 30 minutes have elapsed. By contrast, fruit sugar, which causes the mouth's acidity to
fall to just above pH 4, poses a danger for a shorter period: tooth decay is unlikely 20 minutes
after consumption. Honey appears an even less risky substance. Though acidity falls to about
pH 4.75 within five minutes of consumption, it returns to above pH 5.5 in under fifteen
minutes.
The implications, then, are that people who insist on eating sweet foods should be aware of
the ingredients, and that fruit sugar or honey appear preferable to cane sugar.
006
The diagram below shows the typical stages of consumer goods manufacturing, including the
process by which information is fed back to earlier stages to enable adjustment.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the process shown.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
Most consumer goods go through a series of stages before they emerge as finished products
ready for sale.
Raw materials and manufactured components comprise the initial physical input in the
manufacturing process. Once obtained, these are stored for later assembly. But assembly first
depends upon the production planning stage, where it is decided how and in what quantities
the stored materials will be processed to create sufficient quantities of finished goods. The
production planning stage itself follows the requirements of the goods' design stage that
proceeds from extensive research. After assembly, the products are inspected and tested to
maintain quality control l Those units that pass the inspection and testing stages are then
packaged, despatched and offered for sale in retail outlets. The level of sales, which is the end
point of the manufacturing process, helps determine production planning.
A product's design is not only the result of product research, but is also influenced by testing
and market research. If the testing stage (after assembly and inspection) reveals unacceptable
problems in the finished product, then adjustments will have to be made to the product's
design. Similarly, market research, which examines the extent and nature of the demand for
products, has the role of guiding product design to suit consumer demands which may change
with time. Market research, while influenced by product sales, also serves to foster future
sales by devising suitable advertising for the goods.
Thus the reality of consumer goods manufacturing goes well beyond a simple linear
production process.
007
The table below shows social and economic indicators for four countries in 1994, according
to United Nations statistics.
Describe the information shown below in your own words. What implications do the
indicators have for the countries?
You should write at least 150 words.
Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
Indicators
Annual income per person (in $$US)
Life expectancy at birth
Daily calorie supply per person
Adult literacy rate (%)
Canada
11100
76
3326
99
Japan
15760
78
2846
99
Peru
160
51
1927
68
Zaire
130
47
1749
34
A glance at four indicators of economic and social conditions in four countries, Canada, Japan,
Peru and Zaire, in 1994 reflects the great differences that exist between wealthier and poorer
nations.
The table shows that Japan and Canada had annual incomes of $$15 760 and $$11 100 per
person, respectively. These figures were overwhelmingly greater than the corresponding
figures of $$160 in Peru and $$130 in Zaire.
Health indicators, too, reflected overall levels of affluence in the four nations. Life
expectancy at birth, for example, was higher among the more economically developed
countries. Japan reported the highest life expectancy, 78. This was followed by Canada, 76;
Peru, 51; and Zaire, 47; This suggests that richer societies are able to put more money into
health care than poorer ones.
The amount of calories consumed daily per person roughly followed the same ranking.
Canadians each consumed some 3 326 calories per day while the Japanese took 2846 calories.
The corresponding figures for Peru and Zaire were 1927 and 1749, respectively.
Literacy rates among adults, too, were higher in wealthier countries, no doubt a reflection of
ability to invest in education. Canada and Japan both reported literacy rates of 99%, while
Peru claimed 68%. Zaire, the least economically developed of the four countries, had a
literacy rate of 34%.
The data appear to confirm the often cited link between national wealth and health and
education standards.
008
The diagram below shows the average hours of unpaid work per week done by people in
different categories. (Unpaid work refers to such activities as childcare in the home,
housework and gardening.)
Describe the information presented below, comparing results for men and women in the
categories shown. Suggest reasons for what you see.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The diagram reveals that the number of hours per week spent in unpaid work is unequally
distributed between men and women.
In households where there are no children, women are reported to work some 30 hours per
week in such tasks as housework and gardening. Men's contribution to these unpaid jobs
averages a considerably lower 18 hours.
When children enter the household, however, the inequality becomes even more pronounced.
In families of 1 - 2 children, men maintain approximately the same number of hours of unpaid
work as in childless households, but the number of hours women work in the home rises to 52
per week, much of it, on doubt, due to childcare responsibilities.
Interestingly, when there are three or more children in the household, men are found to work
even fewer hours around the house than before the appearance of the third child. Whereas
women's unpaid hours rise to approximately 56 per week, the corresponding figure for men,
16, actually represents a decrease.
The data suggest that the increased presence of women in the paid work force has yet to lead
to an increased role for men in the home.
009
The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different
employment status.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
You should write at least 150 words.
Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
The chart shows the number of hours of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical week
in 1998-9, according to gender and employment status.
Among those employed full-time, men on average had fifty hours of leisure, whereas women
had approximately thirty-seven hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers,
but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time, only slightly more than women in
full- time employment, perhaps reflecting their work in the home.
In the unemployed and retired categories, leisure time showed an increase for both sexes, as
might have been expected. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time over eighty hours,
compared with seventy hours for women, perhaps once again reflecting the fact that women
spend more time working in the home than men.
Lastly, housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure, on average. There were
no figures given for househusbands! Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for
which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra
leisure time.
010
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graph below.
You should write at least 150 words.
Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Someland between the years
1960 and 2000. It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking for both men and women is
currently declining and that fewer women have smoked throughout the period.
In 1960, 600 men in every 1,000 was smoking. This number decreased gradually to 500 by
1974 and continued to decrease but more steeply to 250 in 2000. In contrast, the rate of
smoking in women in 1960 was very low at only 80 in every 1,000. By 1968 this increased to
170, and increased again but more steeply to 320 in 1977. The rate of female smokers then
remained stable at 320 until 1984 at which point the figures began to decline and had dropped
to 200 by 2000.
In conclusion we can see that the rate of smoking in men dropped throughout the whole
period but was always at a higher level than the female figures. The rate of smoking in
women increased until 1977 but then decreased for the rest of the period.
011
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the graphs below.
You should write at least 150 words.
Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
The graphs compare the number of deaths caused by six diseases in Someland in 1990 with
the amount of research funding allocated to each of those diseases. It can be clearly seen that
the amount of research funding in many cases did not correlate with the seriousness of the
disease in terms of numbers of deaths.
In 1990 there were around 0.2 million deaths from AIDS, 0.1 million deaths from leprosy, 0.3
million deaths from tropical diseases, 0.5 million deaths from diarrhoea, 0.4 million deaths
from malaria and 1.8 million deaths from TB. These figures can be contrasted with the
amount of funding allocated for each disease. In 1990 AIDS received 180 million dollars in
research funding, leprosy 80 million dollars in research funding, tropical diseases 79 million
dollars in research funding, diarrhoea 60 million dollars in research funding, malaria 50
million dollars and TB 20 million dollars in research funding.
In conclusion it is clear that funding allocation for disease research in Someland is not wholly
determined by the number of deaths for which each disease is responsible in a given year.
012
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the two graphs below.
You should write at least 150 words.
Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
The pie charts compare the highest level of education achieved by women in Someland across
two years, 1945 and 1995. It can be clearly seen that women received a much higher level of
education in Someland in 1995 than they did in 1945.
In 1945 only 30% of women completed their secondary education and 1% went on to a first
degree. No women had completed post- graduate studies. This situation had changed radically
by 1995. In 1995, 90% of women in Someland had completed secondary education and of
those, half had graduated from an initial degree and 20% had gone on to postgraduate studies.
At the other end of the scale we can see that by 1995 all girls were completing lower
secondary, although 10% ended their schooling at this point. This is in stark contrast with
1945 when only 30% of girls completed primary school, 35% had no schooling at all and 35%
only completed the third grade.
In conclusion, we can see that in the 50 years from 1945 to 1995 there have been huge
positive developments to the education levels of women in Someland.
013
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the table below.
You should write at least 150 words.
Allow yourself 20 minutes for this task.
The table shows how people in different age groups spend their leisure time in Someland over
the course of a year. It can be clearly seen that the amount of leisure time available varies
considerably across the age groups and that people of different age levels have very different
ways of spending their leisure time.
According to the figures, as people age in Someland their social lives reduce. Teenagers and
people in their twenties spend on average 500 hours per year on socialising and 350 hours of
that time is with a group of more than 4 people. Although the total hours of socialising in their
30s, 40s, 50s and 60s is fairly constant (between 300-350), socialising with more than 4
people drops dramatically to 50 hours in the 30s and 40s age groups and only 25 from 50
years old. Group and individual exercise follow a similar pattern.
People of all ages spend a good part of their leisure time on entertainment such as TV/video
viewing and cinema. In both cases, teenagers and retired people spend around twice as much
time as those who are at working age. Home entertainment ranges from just over a thousand
hours for teenagers and retired people and an average of 600 hours for everyone else. Cinema
accounts for 100 hours o
f the teenagers and retired people’s leisure time and 25
-50 hours for
the rest.
In conclusion we can see there is a significant trend towards solitary and smaller group
activities as people grow older and that teenagers and retired people spend a lot more time on
entertainment than those of working age do.
014
Write a report describing the information in the graph below.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The chart shows striking differences in the level of computer and Internet penetration in the
Arab world.
The UAE and Kuwait are by far the most computerized countries, with Lebanon a distant
third. The UAE has over 150 computers for every 1000 inhabitants, compared to Kuwait's
130 and Lebanon's 60. In contrast, countries such as Egypt, Morocco and Syria have less than
20 computers per 1000 inhabitants.
There are also great differences in Internet use and availability. The UAE has by far the
highest proportion of users, with more than one-third of its population using the Internet.
Kuwait and Lebanon are second and third again, with 100 users per thousand in Kuwait and
80 in Lebanon. In some countries the number using the Internet is negligible: Saudi Arabia
has less than 20 users per thousand, and there are fewer than 5 users per thousand in Syria.
One unusual feature of the graph is that Internet use does not seem to be directly related to the
number of computers. In several countries (the UAE, Lebanon, Jordan and Oman), there are
more Internet users per thousand people than computers. However, in other countries, such as
Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Syria, the number of Internet users is lower than the number of
computers.
In summary, there are major differences between computer use and Internet use in the Arab
world, but the UAE clearly leads the area in both number of computers and number of
internet users per capita.
015
The graph below shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in
one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graph shows the changing patterns in commuting by train, car, tube or bus for commuters
in London in the years 1960, 1980 and 2000.
The number of people using trains at first rose from just under 20% in 1960 to about 26% in
1980, but then fell back to about 23% in 2000.
Use of the tube has been relatively stable, falling from around 27% of commuters in 1960 to
22% in 1980, but climbing back to reach 25% by 2000.
On the other hand, the use of cars increased steadily from just over 5% in 1960 to 23% in
1980, reaching almost 40% by 2000, whereas the popularity of buses has declined since 1960,
falling from just under 35% in 1960 to 27% in 1980 and only 15% in 2000.
The graph indicates the growing use of cars for commuting to work between 1960 - 2000, and
the corresponding decline in the popularity of buses from being the most popular mode of
transport in 1960 to the least popular in 2000.
016
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information below.
You should write at least 150 words.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The graphs show health and education spending and changes in life expectancy and infant
mortality in the UAE. Overall, as the percentage spent on health and education increases,
infant mortality and life expectancy improve.
Graph 1 shows the percentage of GDP spent on health and education between 1985 and 1993.
There were big increases in both areas. Health spending stood at about 8% in 1985 but rose to
9% in 1990 and 10% in 1993. Spending on education was even higher. It was 10% in 1985,
and shot up to 14% in 1990 and 15% in 1993, a 50% increase in just 8 years.
Graph 2 shows improvements in life expectancy and infant mortality between 1970 and 1992.
Life expectancy was just 60 in 1970 but rose to almost 72 in 1992. In contrast, the number of
babies dying dropped dramatically, from 60 per 1000 in 1970 to only 22 in 1992.
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
lobotomy-取向力
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