受欢迎的语言学第二章作业

2021年1月20日发(作者：ie是什么)
Unit 2 The Sounds of English

I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1 Of the three phonetics branches, the longest established one, and until recently
the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics
2. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
3 sound(p)in the word “spit” is an inspirited stop

4. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different
categories.
5 super
segmental
phonology
refers
to
the
study
of
phonological
properties
of
units
larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence
6. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one
sound for another result in a change of meaning.
7 The
airstream
provided
by
the
lungs
has
undergo
a
number
of
modification
to
acquire
the quality of a speech sound
8. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment
which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a
phonemic contrast.
9 Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do
not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce
different word, but merely a different pronunciation
10. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
11. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of
two or more phonemic segments.
12. [i:] and [i] are allophones of the same phoneme.
13. Not all English phonemes have allophones.
Note:
/
N
/
and
/j/
occur
in
one
single
position
and
therefore
do
not
have
allophones.
14. The same set of vowels is used in all languages.
15. All syllables must contain at least one vowel.
Note:
Some
syllables
may
contain
no
vowels.
They
may, instead,
employ
some
syllabic
consonant, as in people and muscle.
16. The marking of word stress is arbitrary for the most part in English.
17. English is a tone language.
Note: Chinese is a tone language.

II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter
given:

1 When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word
in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
2 A _________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the
sounds of speech
3 P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular
language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic
communication.
4 speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.
There movements have an effect on the a__________ coming from the lungs
5 The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important
cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
6 Consonant
sounds
can
be
either
v
________
or
v________,
while
all
vowel
sounds
are
v__________
7 T_______
is
pitch
variations,
which
are
caused
by
the
differing
rates
of
vibration
of
the
vocal
cords
and
which
can
distinguish
meaning
just
like
phonemes.
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8 The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the t _________and the lips
9 Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of
Stress:
word
stress
and
s_________
stress.
III.
There
are
four
choices
following
each
of
the
statements
below.
Mark
the
choice
that
can
best
complete
the
statement:
10

p ____________ is the smallest linguistic

III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice
that can best complete the statement:

1 Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A [z] B[w] C[b] D[v]

2 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords

3 The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless B. voiced
C. vowel D. consonantal

4
which
vowel
is
different
from
the
others
according
to
the
characteristics
of
vowels?
A [if:] B[u] C [e] D[i:]
5 __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/ B. /d/
C. /k/ D./b/
6 The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature
of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.
A. identical B. same
C. exactly alike D. similar
7 Since
/p/
and
/b/
are
phonetically
similar,
occur
in
the
same
environments
and
they
can distinguish meaning, they are said to be
A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution
C. the allophones D. minimal pair
8 Pitch variation is known as ________when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A intonation B tone C pronunciation D voice
9 The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodentals fricative

10 which branch of phonetics concern the production of speech sounds?
A caustic phonetics B articulatory phonetics
C auditory phonetics D neither of them


IV. Define the terms below:
1. Free variation

2. Allophone

3 International Phonetic Alphabet

4 intonation

5. sonority scale

6 phonemic contrast

7 minimal pair

8 rounded vowel


V.
Answer
the
following
questions
as
comprehensively
as
possible.
Give
ex­
amples
for illustration if necessary:

1 what is stress in a word? For words of more than one syllable, how are they
pronounced?
2 What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?
3. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.
4. What does speech sounds for human being?
5 In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?
6. A phoneme can be further analyzed into a set of distinctive features. For example,
/p/ is defined as composed of such distinctive features as
[plosive]+[bi-labial]+[breathed] because each of them can distinguish /p/ from some
other phonemes. However, the property of aspiration contained in the allophone [ph]
does not distinguish meaning and therefore is not a distinctive feature in this case.
ASK: