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胶水英文美国文学期末考试复习

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2021-01-20 08:07
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四档-胶水英文

2021年1月20日发(作者:报价单英文)


.
重要作家及作品

Nathanial Hawthorne (
纳撒尼尔
·
霍桑
)

2.

works
(1)

Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales,
Mosses from an Old Manse
(2)

The Scarlet Letter
(3)

The House of the Seven Gables
(4)

The Marble Faun
(5)

The Blithedale Romance

(6)

―Rappaccini’s Daughter‖

(7)

―The Birth
-ma
rk‖

(8)

―Young Goodman Brown‖

3.

point of view
(1)

Evil is at the core of human life, ―that blackness in
Hawthorne‖

(2)

Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or
evil can be passed from generation to generation
(causality).
(3)

He is of the opinion that evil educates.
(4)

He has disgust in science.
4.

aesthetic
美学的

ideas
(1)

He took a great interest in history and antiquity.
To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to
fruition.
(2)

He was convinced that romance was the
predestined form of American narrative. To tell the truth
and satirize and yet not to offend: That was what
Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.
5.

style

typical romantic writer
(1)

the use of symbols
(2)

revelation of characters’ psychology

(3)

the use of supernatural mixed with the actual
(4)

his stories are parable (parable inform)

to teach
a lesson
(5)

use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world
of uncertainty

multiple point of view
6.

Hawthorne’s Literary View:



(1)He repeatedly complains about ―the poverty of
materials‖ in America.



(2)He believes that romance is the predestined form of
American narrative. He makes a distinction between novel and r

omance in his Preface to ―The House of the Seven Gables‖.



(3)He is haunted by his sense of sin and evil in life,
therefore we see ―black vision‖ in his works.

7.

―The Minister’s Black Veil‖:



Parable: allegory


Mr. Hooper: a Christ figure; moral ambiguity


the veil: a symbol of sin, separation


themes: isolation of the individual from society; guilt of
sin
The Scarlet Letter,

adultery


1.

About the story:
(1)

The story of Hester Prynne Set: the 17
th
century
(2)

What is situated immediately outside the door of
the prison in which Hester is kept: A rosebush
(3)

How does Hester support herself financially: as a
seamstress
(4)

She always wears: black
(5)

―A‖ represents: adultery

2.

Major characters in the story:
(1)

Hester Prynne: wears ―A‖; ―A‖ defines her identity

(2)

Arthur Dimmesdale: wears ―A‖ in his heart; his
soul never in peace (invisible wearer)
(3)

Roger Chillingworth: the maker of scarlet letter
(4)

Pearl: the p
roduct/result of ―A‖

3.

Symbolism: (special movement in literature; the use
of symbols)
In ―The Scarlet Letter‖:

(1)

The rosebush: passion
(2)

The forest: an ungovernable place
(3)

The scarlet letter: adultery; sin
(4)

Pearl: wildness; passion
(5)

The meteor: community
4.

Refuse to
take off ―A‖:

(1)

For Hester, to remove scarlet letter would be to
acknowledge the power it has in determining who she is
(2)

She is determined to transform its meaning and
her identity
(3)

She wants to be the one who controls its meaning
(4)

She stands as a self-appointed reminder of the
evils society can commit
Young Goodman Brown
1. Psychological interpretation
——
Sigmund Freud (the
founder of psychology):
(1)

superego
——
consciousness
——
the principle of
morality
超我

(2)

ego
——
subconsciousness
——
the principle of
reality
自我

(3)

id
——
unconsciousness
——
the principle of pleasure
本我

Brown’s journey is psychological as well as physical:

Village, a place of light and order
——
Forest, a place of
darkness and wildness















consciousness
——
unconsciousness
village
——
superego
——
Faith
Brown
——
ego
forest
——
id
——
Satan
Hawthorne saw the dangers of an overactive suppression
of libido and the consequent development of tyrannous
superego.
2. Men, Women, and the loss of Faith:
Despite the literary sexism of his day, Hawthorne
portrays women as powerful moral agents.
Although Faith is not a three-dimensional character, the
story centers on her husband’s rejection of her. Women are
victimized.
Women
——
angle in the house
——
do not have desires,
rights and needs
Fallen women
——
prostitutes, witches, and mad women
Faith to Brown is female sexuality; Satan to Brown is
patriarchal authority
3. Female images:
Innocents vs. Temptresses:
(1)

Governor’s wife, Goody Cloyse, prostitutes,
maidens, witches, Quaker women, Faith
(2)

Sex is seen as alluring and dangerous
(3)

Brown is an empty and failed husband and father

Herman Melville (
赫尔曼
·
麦尔维尔
)

2.

works
(1)

Typee
《泰皮》

(2)

Omio
《殴穆》

(3)

Mardi
《玛地》

(4)

Redburn
《雷德本》

(5)

White Jacket
《白外衣》

(6)

Moby Dick

《白鲸》

(7)

Pierre
《皮埃尔》

(8)

Billy Budd
《比利
·
巴德》

3.

point of view
(1)

He never seems able to say an affirmative yes to
life: His is the attitude of ―Everlasting Nay‖ (negative
attitude towards life).
(2)

One of the major themes of his is alienation (far
away from each other).
Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism
(individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest,
confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the
comforting 19c idea of progress
4.

style
(1)

Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the
effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of
multiple view of his narratives.
(2)

He tends to write periodic chapters.
(3)

His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power
have been profusely commented upon and praised.
(4)

His works are symbolic and metaphorical.
(5)

He includes many non-narrative chapters of
factual background or description of what goes on board
the ship or on the route
(Moby Dick)

Moby Dick
《白鲸》


Moby-Dick, often considered the greatest American novel,
is a masterpiece with many layers. It is a sea adventure, an
exciting chase after a destructive and mysterious creature.
The enormous white whale Moby-Dick torments Captain Ahab,
who is obsessed with finding and killing Moby-Dick, having lost
a leg in a previous encounter with the whale, and Ahab’s burning
desire for revenge really is the center of the story. At the
novel’s end, Ahab finds and attacks Moby
-Dick, but the terrible
whale takes Ahab, his ship Pequod, and nearly all its crew down
to a watery grave with him.
1. An encyclopedia of everything
A Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fates
(extreme individualism)
2. Image of ship: ship on the sea is the human soul search
the meaning in the universe.
3. Purpose
——
noble: he think Moby Dick as an evil
Hero: he is a hero but not a traditional hero (he does not
stand for goodness); a villain hero
4. Byronic hero (create by Byron): mad, bad, dangerous to
know, obsessive
——
rebellions: challenge the authority;
unconventional; right the wrong
Satanic: revengeful; rebellious; the fight between God &
Satan
5. The Pequod
——
a symbol of doom(named after a native
American tribe in Massachusetts; did not long survived of
white men(extincted); is painted gloomy black and covered in
whale teeth and bones)
The sailors are of different ethics
——
all people in
American (individual)
Queequeg’s Coffin——
life boat; life
6. Theme of Moby Dick:
(1)

Melville’s bleak view (negative attitude) the sense
of futility and meaninglessness of the world. His attitude to
life is ―Everlasting Nay‖. Man in this universe lives a
meaningless and futility.
The adventure of killing Moby Dick is meaningless. Ahab
tries to control it, which leads to his doom.
Modern life
——
the loss of faith, the sense of
futility
——
well expressed in Moby Dick
(2)

Alienation (far away from each other): exists
between man & man, man & society, and man & nature.
(3)

Loneliness and suicidal individualism
——
the basic
pattern of 19
th
century American life
(individualism causing disaster and death)
——
Moby Dick is
a negative reflection upon Transcendentalism.
(4)

Rejection and quest:
Voyaging for Ishmael has become a journey in quest of
knowledge and values

Henry David Thoreau
(亨利
·
戴维
·
梭罗)


2.

works
(1)

A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River

《科
德河和梅里麦克河上的一个星期》

(2)

Walden
《瓦尔登湖》

(3)

Civil Disobedience
《论公民的不服从权利,
又译作消
极反抗》

(4)

Life Without Principle
3.

point of view
(1)

He did not like the way a materialistic America was
developing and was vehemently outspoken on the point.
(2)

He hated the human injustice as represented by
the slavery system.
(3)

Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw
nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s
spiritual well-being.
(4)

He has faith in the inner virtue and inward,
spiritual grace of man.
(5)

He was very critical of modern civilization.
(6)

―Simplicity…simplify!‖

(7)

He was sorely disgusted with ―the inundations of
the dirty institutions of men’s odd
-
fellow society‖.

(8)

He has calm trust in the future and his ardent
belief in a new generation of men.
Walden

Edgar Allen Poe (
埃德加
·
爱伦
·

)
I.

Life
诗人、小说家和文学
评论家

II.

Works
(1)Ms Found in a Bottle


The Purloined Letter


The Fall of the House of Usher


The Masque of the Red Death


Annabel Lee


To Helen


Sonnet

To Science


The Raven

四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文


四档-胶水英文



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