转接线Communication is the process of attempting to suggest inform

2021年1月20日发(作者：rump)
Communication is the process of attempting to suggest information from a sender to a
receiver with the use of a medium. Communication requires that all parties have an
area of communicative commonality.

There are auditory means, such as speaking,
singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body
language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing.


Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an
attempt to create shared understanding. This process requires skills in the processing,
listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating.

Use of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home,
internet, and community. It is through communication that collaboration and
cooperation occur.


Communication is the articulation of sending a message through different media,[2]
whether it be verbal or nonverbal, so long as a being transmits a thought provoking
idea, gesture, action, etc. Communication is a learned skill. Most people are born with
the physical ability to talk, but we must learn to speak well and communicate
effectively. Speaking, listening, and our ability to understand verbal and nonverbal
meanings are skills we develop in various ways. We learn basic communication skills
by observing other people and modeling our behaviors based on what we see. We also
are taught some communication skills directly through education, and by practicing
those skills and having them evaluated.

Communication as an academic discipline relates to all the ways we communicate, so
it embraces a large body of study and knowledge. The communication discipline
includes both verbal and nonverbal messages. A body of scholarship all about
communication is presented and explained in textbooks, electronic publications, and
academic journals. In the journals, researchers report the results of studies that are the
basis for an everexpanding understanding of how we all communicate.
Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many
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different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all,
fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking
about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of
communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely,
some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human
beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the
parameters of human symbolic interaction.

Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major dimensions:
Content (what type of things are communicated), source, emisor, sender or encoder
(by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination,
receiver, target or decoder (to whom), and the purpose or pragmatic aspect. Between
parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give
advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of
the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the
group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages
that are sent towards a destination. The target can be oneself, another person or being,
another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings).

Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by
three levels of semiotic rules:

Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),

pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users)
and

semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent).

Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents
share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. This commonly held
rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal
communication via diaries or self-talk.
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In a simple model, information or content (e.g. a message in natural language) is sent
in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/
receiver/ decoder. In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked
reciprocally. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. In the
presence of
reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not
achieve the desired effect. One problem with this encode-transmit-receive-decode
model is that the processes of encoding and decoding imply that the sender and
receiver each possess something that functions as a code book, and that these two
code books are, at the very least, similar if not identical. Although something like
code books is implied by the model, they are nowhere represented in the model,
which creates many conceptual difficulties.

Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic
continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media
scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to
communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possiblities for the
shape and durablility of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this
is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media
with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space
Binding'. it made possible the trasnsmission of written orders across space, empires
and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial adminstration. The
other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the
pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they
can change and shape communciation in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

Contents [hide]
1 Types of communication

1.1 Language

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1.1.1 Dialogue

1.1.2 Nonverbal communication

1.1.3 Cultural Approach to Communication

1.2 Non-human living organisms

1.2.1 Plants and fungi

2 Sources

3 External links





[edit] Types of communication
There are only 3 major parts in any communication which is body language, voice,
tonality and words. According to the research (Mehrabian and Ferris,'Inference of
Attitude from Nonverbal Communication in Two Channels' in The Journal of
Counselling Psychology Vol.31, 1967,pp.248-52), 55% of impact is determined by
body language--postures, gestures, and eye contact, 38% by the tone of voice, and 7%
by the content or the words used in the communication process. Although the exact %
of influence may differ from variables such as the listener and the speaker,
communication as a whole strives for the same goal and thus, in some cases, can be
universal.


[edit] Language
Main article: Language
A language is a syntactically organized system of signals, such as voice sounds,
intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or
feelings. If a language is about communicating with signals, voice, sounds, gestures,
or written symbols, can animal communications be considered as a language?
Animals do not have a written form of a language, but use a language to communicate
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