占座-傲气
chapter 13 geography
地理位置
美国的全称是美利坚合众国。我们通常简称它为美国。
The full name of the United States is the United States of America
，
Often we just call it
the United States, the U. S. or simply America.
1.
阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州
(1959
年
)
。阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北
部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
Alaska
and
Hawaii
are
the
two
newest
states
in
American(1959
年
).Alaska
lies
in
northwestern Canada
，
and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.
2.
美国陆地面积为930
万平方公里。就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，仅次于俄罗
斯、加拿大和中国。< br>
The
U.S
has
a
land
area
of
9.3
million
square
is
the
fourth
largest
country in the world in size after Russia
，
Canada and China.
3.
所有州中，阿拉 斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克
萨斯州。
Of
all
states
of
American
，
Alaska
is
the
lagest
in
area
and
Rhode
Island
the
on the
mainland
Texas is the largest sate of the country.
4.
落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。
The Rockies
，
the backbone of the North American Continent
，
is also known as the
Continental Divide.
5.
阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国 的两座大山脉。阿巴拉契亚山脉有点西南
-
东北走
向，而落基山脉微呈西南
-
西北走向。
The two main mountain ranges in American are the
Appalachian
mountains and the
Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the
Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast.
河流与湖泊
2. Rivers and lakes
6.
位于阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉之间的是世界上大陆长 河之一
--
密西西比河。密西西
比河是美国最长河流，长达
6000
多公里，有被称作
―
众水之父
‖
或
―
老人河
‖。
Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the
world's great
continental rivers
--the
Mississippi
. The Mississippi River is the largest river
in
American
，
over
6000
Mississippi
has
been
called
father
of
waters
or
old man river
7.
俄亥俄河被称作美国的鲁尔河，就像德国一样， 沿河有丰富的高品质的炼焦煤，并
且因其钢铁而著名。另外，该河还为原材料提供了廉价的水路运输。< br>
The
Ohio
river has been called the American
Ruhr
，
As in Germany
，
the area along
the river is rich in valuable deposits of high-grade
coking coal
and is well known for its
steel river provides cheap water transportation for raw materials.
8.
太平洋沿岸有两大河：一条是南部的科罗拉多河，另一条是发源于加拿大的哥 伦比
亚河。美国西南部地区的所有农场和城市都依赖这条河。
On
the
Pacific
side
there
are
two
great
rivers
：
the
Colorado
in
the
south
and
the
Columbia
，
which rises in Canada. All the farms and cities of the southwestern corner of
the country depend on its water.
9.
格兰德河是墨西河和美国之间的一条天然分界线。
The
Rio
Grande
River
forms
a
natural
boundary
between
Mexico
and
the
United
States.
其他著名的河流还有哈得孙河和波多马克河。哈得孙河在纽约流入大西洋，波 多马克
河则流经首都华盛顿。
Other well-known rivers include the
Hudson
which meets the Atlantic Ocean at New
York City and the
Potomac bordering
the national capital of Washington.
10.
美国最重要的湖泊是五大湖：苏必利尔湖，密歇根湖，休 伦湖，伊利湖和安大略
湖，其中，苏必利尔湖为世界最大淡水湖，密歇根湖完全是美国境地内。
the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake
Superior
，
which is the largest fresh water lake in the world
，
Lake
Michigan
，
the only
entirely in the U.S.
，
Lake
Huron
，
Lake
Erie
and Lake
Ontario
.They are located between
Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.
除密歇根湖全部属美国外，其他均为美国和加拿大之间的界湖。
They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.
11.
美国气候概述
< br>1
）美国东北部
(
新英格兰地区
)
属湿润的大陆性气候。
A
humid
continental climate, is found in the north-eastern part of the country.
2
）美国的东南部属温润的亚热带。夏季炎热，冬季温暖。
In
the
south-eastern
United
States
you
can
find
a
humid
subtropical
climate.
The
summers are usually hot and winters mild.
3
）太平洋沿岸——西北部像英国一样属于海洋性气候。
The Pacific northwest is favored with a maritime climate
12.
美国的气候除受所在纬度影响外，还受其他许多因素的影响。最重要的影响还 是来
自太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。
Many factors besides
latitude
influence the climate in the United s the
most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans
，
the
Gulf of Mexick
，
and the
Great Lakes.
这些巨大水域使其周边地区保持适中的温度，还产生大量水蒸气转化成降水。
These large bodies of water help keep temperatures moderate in the regions bordering
them. They supply much of the water
vapor
that falls as rain.
其他的影响气候的因素：洋流、西部山脉的分布。
Ocean
currents
、
The
western
mountain ranges
Ⅳ
.
地理区划
IV. Geographical Regions
ionally
from
the
east
to
the
west
the
United
States
can
be
divided
into
seven geographical regions.
美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。
14. 新英格兰由美国东北部六个州组成，有时被称为美国的诞生地。这里是美国
1776
年独立 战争的主要中心，也是美国第一个工业区。
New England is made up of six states of the Northeast . it is sometimes called the
birthplace of America. It was the chief centre of the American War of Independence of
1776 and was also the nation's first industrial area.
15.
新英格兰人最初曾被称为美国佬，这一名称后来逐 渐指所有的美国人。许多重点大
学如耶鲁大学，哈佛大学和麻省理工学院都坐落于此。
New
Englanders
were
originally
known
as
Yankees
,
which
came
to
stand
for
all
Americans.
Many
famous
universities
and
colleges
such
as
Yale
，
Harvard
，
thd
Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
（
MIT
）
are located here.
16.
大西洋中部各州的人口占美国总人口的
1/5.
工业高度发达，是美国的神经中枢。
The
Middle
Atlantic
States
have
about
one
fifth
of
the
total
population
of
the
united
states. It is a highly industrialized area and the
nerve centre
of the country.
首都华盛顿和纽约市都在此地区。纽约市是 世界上最繁忙的港口之一，同时也是美国
的金融、制造业和交通运输的中心。
The nation's capital city Washington D. C. and New York are located here. New York
is one of the world's busiest ports, and the financial, manufacturing and transportation
centre of the country.
17.
土壤肥沃、降水量充足、生长期长
,
这些因素 让中西部地区成为美国最重要的农业
区，也是主要的制造业区各最主要的重工业区。
The
soil
is
rich
，
the
rain
usually
plentiful
and
the
growing
season
long
，
These
factors make the Midwest Americas most important agricultural area .It is also a major
manufacturing region and the nations leading center of heavy industry.
芝加哥是五大湖最大最忙的港口，美国最大的粮食交易市场，最大的农业机械制造
地，也是钢铁产品的主 要生产地，还是全国最主要的畜禽市场。同时，芝加哥也是中西部
的文化中心，该地区最大的工商业中心 。
Chicago
，
the
largest
and
busiest
port
on
the
Great
Lakes
，
It
is
the
leading
grain
market
of
the
United
States,
the
largest
manufacturer
of
farm
machinery,
a
major
manufacturer of iron and steel products, and a leading livestock market of the country.
Chicago is also the cultural capital of the Midwest. the largest industrial and commercial
centre of the area.
中西部的底特律被称作
―
汽车之都，奥马哈被称作农业之都。
Detroit
of
the
Midwest
is
known
as
the
automobile
capital
of
the
world.
Omaha
is
known as the agricultural capital of the United states.
19.
南方一直以农业为主。由于气候适宜，南方的 部分地区成为主要的度假胜地。佛罗
里达对冬季度假者有特殊的吸引力，而大雾山和蓝岑山则倍受夏季旅 游者的青睐。
agriculture was for long the South's chief occupation. Climate has also made parts of
the
South
leading
vacation
resorts.
Florida
holds
a
special
attraction
for
winter
vacationers,
whereas
the
Great
Smoky
and
Blue
Ridge
Mountains
are
popular
with
tourists during the summer months.
南部矿产资源丰富，是世界上最丰富的石油产地之一。
The
South
is
rich
in
mineral
resources.
The
South
is
also
one
of
the
richest
oil-
producing regions in the world.
南部的纺织工业占美国的
90%
，
The South now contains 90 % of the American textile industry.
20.
旱地农业，灌溉农业和牛羊牧业是美国西部大平原地区的主要活动。
Dry
farming
，
irrigation
farming
，
and
the
cattle
and
sheep
herding
are
the
main
activities
of the Great Plains of the American West.
21.
科罗拉多市被称为西部的
钢铁之城
。丹佛是大平原地区最大的城市
Colorado
has been called the steel city of the west
，
Denver
is the largest city of the
Great Plains.
西部的胡佛水坝就建在内华达和亚利桑那接界处的科罗拉多河上 ，这是美国最高的水
坝。
Dams
have
been
built
on
the
rivers,
Hoover
Dam
built
on
the
border
between
Nevada
and
Arizona
is one of the highest dams in the United States.
22.
美国最大的土著群落位于科罗拉多高原。
the largest groups of Native Americans are found on the Colorado Plateau.
23.
因纽特人
(
即人们常说的爱斯 基摩人
)
以及其他美国土著居民都住在阿拉斯。
Inuits,
who
are often
called
Eskimos
by other
people,
and other Native
Americans
live Alaska
夏威夷群岛是由海底火山喷发而形成 的。莫纳洛阿火山是世界上最大的活火山，位于
夏威夷群岛，经常喷发。
The
Hawaii
Islands
were
formed
by
volcanoes
that
erupted
on
the
ocean
floor.
Mauna Loa
, the world's largest active volcano, is located on Haiwaii and erupts from time
to time
，
甘蔗和菠罗是夏威夷的两大作物，旅游业是夏威夷最重要的产业。
Sugar cane
and
pineapples
are Hawaii's two main crops.
Tourism is Haiwaiis most
important industry.
24.
Honolulu
is the capital of Haiwaii and
Juneau
is the capital of Alaska.
火奴鲁鲁是夏威夷的首府，朱诺是阿拉斯加的首府。
第十四章
人口与民族
1.
美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
The United States of the American is the third most populous country in the world
after China and India.
2
。移民是人口增长的主要来源
,
在
1992
年，几乎有
2
，
000
万人，也就是美国国家总
人口中的
7.8%，是来自海外的移民。
Immigration
accounts
for
a
major
source
of
population
growth,Almost
20
million
people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.
自美国独立到
20
世纪
60
年代，美国的移民政策基本上是开放的。
The
United
States
has
a
more
or
less
open-door
policy
to
immigtants
from
independence until 1960s.
19
世纪末
20
世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入 境接待点。
Ellis
Island
of New York
was
an
important
immigration reception
spot
in
the
1890s
and at the turn of the century.
3
。如今美国 移民的
80%
到
90%
主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。
Between 80% and 90% of immigration to the United States now is from Asian and
Hispanic
countries.
4
。在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
Arizona,Nevada,and
Florida
have
been
the
fastest
growing
states
in
population
for
the last 20 years.
佛罗里达的人口增长归因于它既是退休后的好去处，又是美国和中美南 美做生意及到
中、南美旅游的方便之地。
Florida's population growth owes much to its attractiveness both as a place to retire
and as a convenient place for business with and travel to Central and South America.
Ⅱ
.
移民
Immigration
长久以来美国一直被称为移民国家，因为许多美国人是来自世界各地的早期开拓者的
后裔，以上 移民来到这块当时由土著美洲部落居住的新大陆建立自己的家国。
The United States has long been known as a nation of immigrants because many of
its people descend from settlers who came from all over the world to make
their homes in the new land then populated by native American tribes.
美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。
The first immigrants in the American history came from England and
Netherlands.
6
。第一次移民浪潮始于
1805
年左右
The first of these waves began in the mid 1810s,
第二次移民浪潮贯穿
1860
到
1890
的三十年。
The second wave covered the period between 1860 and 1890.
第三次移民浪潮，也是最大的一次，是从
1890
年 到
1914
年，给美国送来了
1500
万
移民，他们分别来自奥匈帝 国，意大利、俄国、希腊、罗马尼亚和土耳其。
The third wave, the largest of the three waves,bringing to the United States a
total of I5 million immigrants between 1890 and 1914, was drawn
very largely from Austria-Hungary, Italy, Russia, Greece
,
Rumania
and
Turkey
.
7.
流动性被认为 是美国人的特点之一。有
1/5
的美国人每年搬一次家
,
为了寻找新的工作机会，或为更好的气候或为其他别的目的。
Mobility is considered to he one of the characteristics of the American in
five American moves to a new home every year seeking new job opportunity,a better
climate of other goals.
8
。美国的四次大规模的人口流动：
there are four great population movements in the history of the United States.
第一次，从人口密集的东海岸向人口稀少的西部迁移
the First: from the densely-populated east coast to the sparsely-populated west.
第二次迁移从农村涌向城市
the Second 1980-1920 rural areas ------cities
第三次人口流动是大批黑人离开南方涌入外地
the Third 1920 ----1960 the south/black people moved out of the south to other areas.
第四次到目前为止，人口不断从东北部和北部向西部和南部也就是阳光地带迁移。
the fourth 1960-now Northeast /Central-N---- the West/the South
Ⅳ
.
少数民族和种族
Racial and
Ethnic
Minorities
1
、黑人
. Blacks
美国人口最多的少数民族是黑人，约有
3090
万人，大约占总人口的
12
。
1%
，第一批
黑人作 为奴隶于
1619
年运抵北美。
The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U. S. is the blacks who number
about 30.9 million, or 12.1 per cent of the population. The first blacks were brought
to North America as slaves in 1619. 1863
年林肯的《解放奴隶宣言》和
1865
年的《宪法》第十三条修正案正式 结束了奴
隶制。
The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln's
Emancipation
Proclamation
in 1863
and the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.
缓慢的废止种族隔离的进程，即 结束公用分开使用的制度。这一进程遭到白人种施主义者
的强烈反对，他们有时用武力阻挠黑人行使法定 权力。因此导致了
60
年代的民权运动。纽
约、芝加哥、洛杉矶和其他许多城市都发生 了暴乱
the slow process towards
desegregation
, that is , the end of separate public facilities. This process
met
strong
opposition
from
white
racists
who
sometimes
used
force
to
prevent
black
people
from exercising their legal rights. This led to a strong civil rights movement in
the 1960s.
Riots
broke out in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles and many other cities.
2
、讲西班牙语的美国人
Hispanics
三大对美国影响最大的讲西班 牙语的群体为：墨西哥后裔美国人，波多黎各人，古巴
裔美国人。
three
major
Hispanic
groups
historically
have
had
the
greatest
influence
on
the
United
are
Mexico-Americans
of
Chicanos
,the
Puerto
Ricans
and
the
Cuban-
Americans.
古巴裔美国人在经济上搞得很出色
,
在过去的
30
年里，他们在迈 阿密地区创造了一个
繁荣的
小古巴
。
the Cuban-Americans have done the best economically. over the past 30 years, they
have created a prosperous
Miami
area.
讲西班牙语的美国人在其他种族 的民族中失学率最高，因此，阻挡他们在劳动力市场
获得成功的最主要是教育程度低。
The
most
important
obstacle
to
Hispanic
success
in
the
labor
maket
is
their
low
ics
have
the
highest
school
dropout
rate
of
any
major
racial
and
ethnic group.
3.
亚裔美国人
Asian-Americans
美国少数民族人口中增长 最快是亚裔美国人，亚裔美国人中又以华裔美国人最多，专
家指出亚洲三大传统可以用来解释亚裔美国人 的成功：教育，工作努力和家庭。
The
Asian-Americans
are
the
fastest-growing
racial
and
ethnic
group
in
the
United
States,The largest group of Asian- Americans are the s say
three
Asian
traditions
best
explain
the
success
of
Asian-
American:eduction ,hardwork,and family.
4.
印第安人
Indians 在第一批欧洲人到来之前的几个世纪里，今日被称为美国的这块土地上居住着有不同
文化的许多部落 。哥伦布称他们为
印第安人
，这个名字一直沿用到现在。
For centuries before the arrival of the first Europeans, the lands of what
is now the United States were populated by many tribes of culturally
distinctive
peoples.
It
was Columbus who
called
them
and
the
name
has
come to stay.
内战 之后，美国政府建立了印第安人保留地，即政府为印第安人专门划拨的土地。印
第安人的社会和经济状况 都很糟糕。
After the civil war
, government reservations, land specially set aside for the Indians,
were established. The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often poor
.
自
60
年代以来，出现了激进的社会运动
--
美国印第安人运动。印第安人正在用合法的
手段来恢复过去被白人非法夺走的土地和资源。他们还努力保 留和发展他们的文化。
帕瓦仪式的复现就是一个例子。
Since
the
1960s,
a
militant
social
movement,
the
American
Indian
Movement,
has
arisen.
Indians
are
taking
legal,
steps
to
recover
land
and
resources
that
were
illegally
taken
away
from
them
in
the
past.
They
are
also
making
great
efforts
to
keep and develop their cultures. One example is the reappearance of the < br>powwow
帕瓦仪式是一种庆祝活动，包括巫术、食物、舞蹈、唱歌和击鼓。他们还将 建立美国印第
安人国家博物馆来保护、支持和促进土著文化和土著社区的保持与发展。
the
crafts
, food, dance, song and the
playing of drums. A National Museum of the American Indians will also be set up to
protect,
support
and
push
forward
the
development
and
maintenance
of
Native
culture and community.
5.
白人
White ethnics
传统上读，美国人的主流是祖先为英国新教徒的白人。
Traditionally,the
mainstream
American were called WASPs,that is ,White Anglo-Saxon
Protestants.
美国人的祖先有
13%
是英国血统，
2 3.2%
是德国血统，
15.5%
是爱尔兰血统。
13.
1%
of
the
U.
S.
population
had
English
roots,
23.2
%
had
German
roots
and
15.5 % had Irish roots.
Chapter 15
:
American History(1)
美国历史（一）
1)
发现新大陆
The
―discovery‖ of the New World
①最早的美国人是印第安人
The ―first Americans‖ were the Indians
②
15
世纪后期，意大利航海家克里 斯多弗
.
哥伦布，在西班牙女王的支持下
,
于
1492
年率
领船队穿越浩瀚的大西洋，抵达了现在西印度群岛的一些小岛。他误以为到达了亚洲，并
不知道 自己已经发现了一个新大陆。
In the late 15th century,
Christopher Columbus
, an Italian navigator, supported by the
Spanish queen, he led his men to sail across the vast ocean in 1492 and reached some
small islands in the now west thought he had reached Asia and didn‘t know he
had disvovered a New Continent.
③阿美利歌。韦斯普奇证明了这是新大陆，因此，以他的名字命名。
Ameriga Vespucci
proved that the land was a new ore, the land was
named America after him.
2)
吸引移民至新大陆的原因
Causes of the colonization of the New World
机遇是一个神奇的词。
1
）他吸引了英国的贵族（那些 梦想在荒原上创建庞大的新地产的）
2
）吸引那些在英国无法找到工作的人。
3
）尤其是吸引了欧洲农场和乡村的穷人和无家可
归的人。
4
）许多人为寻求宗教自由 而在这英国殖民地定居下来，因为他们在英国受到早叫
迫害。
Opportunity was a magic word.
①
The new Would drew English nobles (who dreamed of
getting more land and establishing great new estates.).
②
Drew other people who could
not find jobs in England.
③
Most of all , it drew the poor and the homeless from the
farmlands and villages of Europe.
④
Many settlers came to the English colonies in search
of religious freedom because they had been persecuted in England.
3)
美洲的第一块英国殖民地于
1607
年在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯建立。从< br>1607
年到
1733
年
间，英国在北美的东海岸建立了
13
个殖民地。它们是弗吉尼亚、缅因、新罕布什尔、马
塞、康涅狄格、纽约、罗得岛、马里兰、北 卡罗来纳，南卡罗来纳、新泽西、宾夕法尼亚
和佐治亚。
The first English colony in the Americas was founded at
Jamestown, Virginia,
in 1607.
Between1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North
were
Virginia,
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Connecticut
, New
York, Rhode Island, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, New
Jersey,
Pennsylvania
and
Georlina
.
1620
年，清教徒前辈中的
201
人乘坐
―5
月花号
‖
船来到新大陆，在普利茅斯建立了殖民
地。
In 1620,201 of Pilgrims sailed to the New World in a ship called arrived
at Plymouth and built the Plymouth colony.
清教徒和身 为手艺人或农夫的清教徒前辈不同，他们富有，是受过良好教育的绅士。清教
徒不允许异教存在。
The Puritans,unlike the Pilgrims(
清教徒前辈
)who were artisans and peasants,were
wealthy,well-educated Puritans did not allow religious dissent.
殖民者在新大陆建立了一种新 的生活方式。以下几点为美国特色的形成起到一定作用：政
府的代表形式，法制，对人权的尊重，宗教的 宽容和强大个人进取精神。
The colonists were building a new way of life in the New were a number of
features which would play a role in forming the American
were:representative from of government,rule of law,respect of individual rights,religious
tolerance and a strong of individual
enterprise
.
3
）美国独立战争极其影响
The American War of Independence and its consequences.
①
.
原 因：随着经济的发展，殖民地人民要求更多的自决权。而英国政府的政策是要把经济
发展控于股掌，并向 殖民地征收更多的税。
the causes:With the development of economy,the people in the colonies wanted more
power to determine their own the policy of the British government was to
bring the development under control and collect more taxes from the colonies
②
殖民地人民反对不公平待遇和所有这些政策。他们宣 称
没有代表权就不交税
，没
有他们代表参加决策，他们就没有义务纳 税。
The people in the colonies opposed the unfair treatment and all these policies. They
declared,
taxation
without representation
that
is, without
their representatives
taking part in decision- making, they had no obligation to pay taxes.
(
波士顿茶叶事件
)the Boston Tea Party: 1773
年，几十名波士顿居民化装成印第安人，登
上英国东印度公司的船，将茶叶倾入海中。
In 1773, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships of the
British East India Company and threw the tea into the harbor.
③第一届大陆会议：
1774
年
9< br>月，在费城召开，鼓励美国人抵制英货。
the First continental Congress: In September 1774, the First Continental Congress was
held in
Philadelphia
which encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods.
④
(
列克星顿和康克特
)
Lexington and Concord
：
The War of Independence began at there
in 1775. 1775
年，北美的独立战争在此爆发
⑤ 第二次大陆会议（
1775
年的列克星顿战役三周之后）：建立了大陆军和海军，任命华盛顿为总司令；指定了一个委员会负责起草一份正式宣言（托马斯。杰斐逊起草），
1776.6.4
，通过了独立宣言。
The Second Continental Congress(three weeks after the battle at Lexington in
1775 ):founded a Continental Army and Navy under the command of Washington;
appointed a committee to
draft
a formal declaration(
Thomas Jefferson
was the man who
draft it), the Declaration of Independence, And adopted the Declaration of Independence
on July 4, 1776.
⑥宣言清晰地解释了指导这场革命的政治理论，这一理论源于英国哲学家约翰。洛克。
The Declaration is a clear explanation of the political theory behind the revolution and
this theory came from the British philosopher John
Locke
.
⑦意义：
1783
年
9
月，《巴黎条约》签署，英国承认美国独立；战争从
1775-1781
，表
明，在一 场正义的战争中，弱者可以战胜强者。美国人民获得了独立，资本主义得到发
展。同时具有深远的国际影 响。
The consequences: IN September ,1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed. Britain
recognized the independence of the United States; the war was from 1775 to 1781, it
shows that, in a justice war ,a weak nation can defeat a strong one. American people
gained independence and capitalism developed in America. It also had great international
influence.
4)
联邦政府的建立
Establishment of a federal form of govermen:
①十三洲联邦条例的不同之处在于 ：
1
）它不设国王；
2
）条例把国会作为中央政府，但仍
然侧重各州 的权力。
3
）是美国的明文宪法。
The Articles of Confederation was unusual in many ways.1)it provided for no king;2)while
the Articles created a central government in the form of
a Congress,the emphasis was
still
on
state
powers.3)the
Articles
of
Confederation
was
a
written
constitution
for
the
U.S..
但也 存在严重缺陷：无人主持行政工作，政府事务很难执行。国会是一个太庞大的机构，
因而起不到政府的作 用，而且国会无权征税。
1787
年
5
月于费城召开了一次大会，讨论如何改进十三洲联邦条例。
But
there
were
serious
weaknesses,it
was
difficult
to
carry
on
the
business
of
the
government without someone to do the executive‘s ss was too large a body to
function
as
Congress
had
no
power
to
raise
taxes
.A
conference
was
held in Philadelphia in May 1787 to consider what should be done to make the Articles of
Confederation
adequate.
②
7
月
16
日通过的
大妥协
最 终解决了各方分歧
:
各州在参议院中享有相等席位，而众议
院的席则应按各州的人口分 配。
In the end, the differences were resolved by the
“
Great Compromise
each state an equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House reflect
the size of each state's population.
③那些在制宪会议上主张全国一体化并获 胜的代表
们，又
领导了一场要求通过宪法的运
动，他们自称为联邦派
;
而那些反对通过此宪法的人们则被称为反联邦派。
Those
who
had
argued
successfully
in
the
convention
for
a
national
system,
and
who
took the lead in urging
ratification,
called themselves
Federalists
. Those who opposed the
Constitution became known as the Anti- federalists.
反对宪法的一些观点涉及到宪法中缺少《人权法案》。直到联邦派接受了《 人权法案修正
案》，宪法才得以确定通过。
Some of the arguments for opposition to the Constitution concerned the absence of a Bill
of Rights in the Constitution. It was not until the federalists agreed to the Bill of Rights
Amendments that
ratification
of the Constitution was assured.
1791
年通过的，成为对《宪法》最早的十项修正案
—
人权法案。一般认为至此美国宪法体
制的建立全部完成。
The Bill of Rights (1791)
，
became the first ten amendments to the constitution of the
American constitutional
—
the Bill of then,it is agreed, the foundation of the
American constitutional system was completed.
④第一届国会于
1789
年在纽约举行
the first Congress: met in New York In 1789.
第一位总统是乔治·华盛顿，
the first President:Washington
Ⅴ
.1812
年英美二次战争
V. The War of 1812
1812
年美国向英国宣战，这是英美间的最后一次战争。导致战争爆发的原因如下
:
The United States went to war with Britain in 1812, the last war fought between
these two countries. The causes leading to the war were the following:
1.
欧洲正在打仗，美国认为法国将取消对美国船只的封锁，就对法 解除了这一禁令。此举
激怒了英国。
A war was going on in Europe
，
the United States, on its understanding that France
would
drop
its
blockade
against
American
shipping,
lifted
the
ban.
This
angered
the
British.
2.
美国人痛恨英国强征美国海员，
The
Americans
resented
the
British
practice
of
impressing
or
forcibly
removing
seamen from American ships
3.
杰斐逊总统从法国手中购买了路易斯安娜地区以后，许多拓荒者渴望把国土扩 展至
加拿大或西属佛罗里达。这就损害了英国的利益。
After
President
Jefferson
bought
the
Louisiana
territory
from
France,
there
was
a
desire for territorial expansion among many
frontiersmen
. They wanted to expand
into
Canada or Spanish Florida. This harmed the interests of the British.
1814
年
12
月，英美外交官签署了一项和平条约，条约规定一切都要恢复到战前的样
子，双 方侵占的土地都退还对方，并且互不赔偿。
In December 1814, British and American
diplomats
signed a peace
treaty
which
said
that
all
was
to
be
as
it
had been
before
the
war.
Territory
taken by
each side was to be returned and neither side was to pay any
compensation
to the other
side.
5)
领土扩张和西进运动
Consequences of territorial expansion and the westward Movement
①迫使英格兰放弃旧西北地区
forced England to give up the Old Northwest;
②向拿破伦购买路易斯安那州
Purchased the Louisiana from
Napoleon
.(1790‘s)
③迫使西班牙放弃弗罗里达和墨西哥海岸。
forced Spain to cede Florida and the Gulf
coast.
④
1845,
德克萨斯加入联邦
Texas added to the Union(1845).
⑤从墨西哥战争
1846-4848
，得到加利福尼亚和新墨西哥。
Obtained California and New Mexico From Mexico by the war with Mexico (1846-1848)
⑥
The Gadsden Purchase(1853)
1853
年的
?
加滋登购 地
‘
中，又有
3
万平方英里的墨西哥变成了美国领土，美国付了
1< br>千万
美元的补偿。
another 30,000 square miles of Mexican land were added to the territory of the U.S.,in
return,the 10 million dollars.
6)
美国内战及它对美国发展的影响
The American Civil War and its impaction on the development of the U.S
①
19
世纪早期，由于工业的发展，黑奴在北方消失。但在南方仍然 存在。在南方，农耕是
最主要的谋生手段，农场主耕种了大片土地。奴隶劳动力似乎最适于这些农作物的 生产。
The conflict bet
ween the North and the South: In the early 1800‘s, black slavery
disappeared in the north because of industry development. But it continued to exist in
the South. In the South, farming remaind the most important way of making a living and
the planter farmed a large area of land. Slave labours seemed best suited for producing
these crops.
②
1850
年通过了一个折中的方案：规定加利福尼亚以自由州加入联邦，新墨西哥和 犹他组
成领地，对是否允许奴隶制不作立法规定，建立更有效的机构以返还逃跑的奴隶。
the Compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as
a free state, New Mexico and
Utah
to be organized as territories without
legislation either for or against slavery and a more efficient machinery to be set up for
returning runaway slaves to their masters.
③亚伯拉罕
.
林肯成为美国总统后，南方诸州退 出了联邦，成立了一个新的国家
--
美利坚邦
联国
(
美利坚联盟)
。林肯决心维护联邦的统一，于是
1861
年
4
月
12
日战争爆发了。
When
Abraham
Lincoln
was
elected
president,
the
southern
states
broke
away
and
formed
a
new
nation,
the
Confederate
States
of
America.
However,
Lincoln
was
determined to maintain the Union, so war broke out on April 12, 1861.
林肯认为通过把这场战争变成反对奴隶制
正义战争，他就可以赢得国 内外对联邦的支持。
于是他发表了著名的《解放宣言》
。英国和法国因此都站在联邦的立场上。
许多黑奴加入了
联邦军。
Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making
the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous
Emancipation
Proclamation.
Thus England and France stood by the Union's side. Many black slaves joined the Union
Army.
林肯演说的结束语
民有 、民治、民享的政府将不会从地球上消失
。
Lincoln‘s speech:―That government of the people,by the people, for the people,shall not
perish from the earth.
废除奴隶制的第十三修正案于
1865
年
12
月写入宪法。
The Thirteenth Amendment,which banned slavery,was added to the Constitution in
December,1865.
⑦内战后资本主义的迅速发展
Rapid Growth of Capitalism after the Civil War
内战后
,
美国的工业、农业、科技迅速发展人口迅速增加。
After the war, the U.S. saw great developments in Industry, agriculture, science and
technology, and population.
①原因：战后稳定的政治环境； 黑奴自由，新移民都提供了足够的劳动力；科学和发明在
美国的工业发展中起到重要作用；联邦政府对进 口商品课以高税，丰富的自然资源。
reasons: a stable political environment after the war was over; enough labour supply
after black slaves were free; new immigrants; Science and invention played a very
important role in
accelerating
America‘s industrial development; the federa
l goverment
put high taxes on foreign imports; the Rich natural resources.
② 结果：生产和资本越来越集中。早期的小工厂和家庭工业被大公司取代，大企业的垄断
成为美国经济的发 展趋势。
consequences: Both production and capital became increasingly concentrated. The small
factories and home industries of early days gave way to giant corporations, Monopoly by
big business became a strong trend in the American economy
第十六章
美国历史
(
Ⅱ
)(1900-1945)
1
、
20
世纪初的经济发展
Economic growth in the early 20th century
.
内战结束到
1900
年 间，美国经济取得了巨大发展；蒸汽和电力取代了人力，钢取代了
铁。机器和石油得到了应用，客运和货 运可以通过铁路进行。钢和铁以巨大产量位居世界
之首。
①
tremendous growth of the American economy(between the end of the civil war and
1900): Steam and electricity replaced human muscle,steel took the place of
es and oil were and goods could move by 1900 it
became the largest producer of coal and steel in the world
②经济发展的特点：
features in the growth of the economy:
1
）出现了工业和金融合并发展的势头。到
1910
年， 联合企业已成为主导形式；
there emerged a growth of industrial and financial mergers. By 1910, incorporation had
become the dominant type;
2
）随着工业和铁路网络的扩张，城市如雨后春笋般发展起来（都市化）；
With the development of industry and the extension of railroad network,there was a
mushroom
growth of cities and urbanization;
3
）新工业技术的发展迅猛。汽车和无线电也发展起来，美国 正在成为一个车轮上的国家。
there was a rapid development of new technology. The automobile and radio also
developed. America was on the way of becoming a nation on wheels.
1903
年莱特兄弟在北卡罗来纳州的基蒂霍克驾 自制飞机飞行，时间为
12
秒钟，这是飞机
出现的开始。
1911
年 ，格伦·
E
·库利斯设计了一架飞机并试飞成功。
In
1903,
the
Wright
brothers
flew
an
aeroplane
for
a
brief
12
seconds
at
Kitty
Hawk
,
North
Carolina.
This
was
the
beginning
of
the
appearance
of
the
aeroplane.
In
1911
Glenn
E.
Curis
designed and flew a successful plane.
2
、进步主义和改革
progressivism and some of the reform efforts.
进步运动出现在
20
世纪初，是一场要求政府调控经济和社会生活条件的运动
Progressivism,
also
known
as
the
Progressive
Movement,
appeared
in
America
at
the
turn of the 20th century. It demanded government regulation(
规范
) of the economy and
social conditions
社会领域：改善城市贫民的居住条件，禁止使用童工， 限制女工工作时间以及工伤事故保
险。
–
social area:to improve living conditions of the poor, to ban child labour, work hour limit
for women workers,and industrial accident insurance.
在政治方面，要求改革市政府和州政府，结束镀金时代的腐败。
In the political area, there were demands for reforming the city and state governments,
and ending
corruption
which was evident in the
Gilded
Age.
在经济领域，也试图节制大企业，以防止人为定价和操纵市场。
In the economic area, there was an attempt
to regulate big business to prevent price-
fixing and control of the market.
①黑幕揭发者，一群锐意改革的新闻记者 ，揭露了表面繁荣的社会的各种阴暗面。进步运
动不是一个有组织和有明确目标的运动，而是为改革政治 、社会和经济所作的多种努力。
the
Muckrakers
and Progressive Movement: The Muckrakers, a group of reform-minded
journalists,
made
investigations
and
exposed
various
dark
sides
of
the
seemingly
prosperous society. Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly-
defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic
reforms.
3)
、一战中的美国
role of the U.S. in WWI
.
战争初期，威尔逊声明美国中立，但事实上采用了亲同盟国的偏狭 政策。美国于
1917
年
4.6
对德宣战。
1919.1.18,< br>巴黎和会召开，这个会议实质上是瓜分德国，奥匈帝国，奥斯曼
帝国殖民地，尽可能掠夺战败国的 会议。
会议被美、英、法、意四大国控制。
at
the
beginning
of
the
war,
Wilson
said
American
policy
was
neutrality,
But
in
fact
it
pursued a policy of pro-Ally(
支持同盟国
) partiality. American declared war on Germany
on
April
6,
Peace
Conference,the
Paris
Conference,began
on
January
18,
conference
was
actually
a
conference
of
division
of
colonies
of
Germany,Austro-Hungary
and
the
Ottoman
Empire
and
the
grabbing
of
as
much
as
possible from the defeated nations. It was dominated by the Big Four (the United States,
Britain, France, and Italy).
巴黎和会的结果是欧洲凡尔赛 条约体系的出现，后来在亚洲建立的华盛顿体系是对这一体
系的补充。这两个体系从
1919< br>年一直延用到
1939
的第二次世界大战爆发。
The result of the Paris Conference was the emergence of the
Versailles
Treaty System in
Europe
and
later
it
was
supplemented
by
the
Washington
System
in
Asia,
These
two
systems lasted from 1919 to 1939 when the Second World War broke out.
4
、
20
年代的美国特征
characteristics of the 1920s
20
世纪
20
年代的美国被很多历史学家描绘成一个一 个物质上成功、精神上颓废或迷惘和
漫无目标的时期。战争将美国从债务国变成债权国。进一步的都市化 ，技术和大规模生产
有了新的发展。更多的人有了车。政府给予工业和商业帮助。产生了一种激进、偏狭 的民
族主义。
The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material
success and spiritual
frustration
or confusion and
purposelessness
.the war changed the
U.S. from a debtor nation into a creditor. There was further urbanization, new
development of technology and mass production. More people had cars. The government
gave help to industry and business. There existed a highly aggressive and
intolerant
nationalism.
一是
1919-1920
的
?
红色恐惧
‘
；三
K
党的复兴，宣布已有
5
百万党员。三
K
党进行恐怖活
动，不 仅攻击黑人，而且还迫害进步人士、工会组织者、共产党或社会主义党的成员。
There
was
the
Red
Scare
in
1919
and
1920.
There
was
the
revival
of
the
Ku
Klux
Klan(KKK)which
claimed
a
membership
of
5
million.
The
KKK
terrorized
and
attacked
not
only
blacks,
but
also
progressives,
labor
union
organizers,
Communist
or
socialist
party members.
5
、大萧条和新政
the Great Depression(1929-1937) and the New Deal
①对各种投资 公司没有法律规定和控制，银行体系缺乏稳定性。股票市场的投机和过度膨
胀的信贷
no regulation or control over various kinds of investment banking system
lacked stability. stock market
speculation
（股票市场投机）
and over expansion of
credit.(
借贷过度膨胀
)
股票崩盘：
1929.10.24
，被称为黑色星期四。
数千万股的股票在市场上倾销 ，使股票价格
大跌。
stock
market
crash
(1929):America‘s
stock
market
crash
came
on
October
24,1929,
called
the
black
Thursday
，
Tens
of
millions
of
shares
were
dumped
on
the
market,
which drove down the share prices.
②国民生产总值从
1929
年的
870
亿降到
1933年的
410
亿美元。失业率增加，不幸和痛苦
到处可见。
the gross national product(GNP) shrank(
收缩
) from $$87 billion in 1929 to $$41 billion in
1933. the unemployed went up; Misery and personal sufferings were widespread.
富兰克林·罗斯福的新政
Franklin Roosevelt
and the New Deal
①罗斯福于
1932
年成为美国总统，他能准确辨别什么是现实的 或可行的。他是一个伟大
的交际者，能够和各界人事谈的来。他通过无线电播出的
―
炉 边谈话
‖
拥有数百万的听众。
Roosevelt became the U.S. president in 1932. He had a sure sense of what seemed
practical or possible. He was a great communicator, able to talk to people in all walks of
life. His ―
fireside chats
‖over the radio were listened to by millions of people.
②新政：建立和加强政府对银行的管理和控制；联邦政府对救济进行管理，建立社会救济
保障体 系；刺激工农业的复苏；
制定和实施联邦劳工法
；改善少数民族和某些宗教团体成
员的 状况。这些措施的目的是
―
拯救美国的民主
‖
，帮助美国克服了当时资本主义 所经历的
最严重的经济危机。
the
New
Deal:
Measure
of
the
New
Deal
include
establishment
and
strengthening
of
government
regulation
and
control
of
banking;
Federal
government
management
of
relief
and
security
system
（社会救济保障体系）
;
recovery
of
industry
and
agriculture;
formulation and implementation of federal labor laws; improvement of the situation of
minorities
and
members
of
certain
religious
measures,was
to
―save
American
democracy‖.and
help
overcome
the
most
serio
us
economic
crisis
of
the
capitalist system up to that time.
6
、二战中的美国
America in W W II ①二战是由大国为争夺世界霸权，以及纳粹德国，法西斯主义的意大利和军国主义的日本
进行军事扩 张而导致的。
The Second World War was the result of struggle between the great powers for control
of the world and military expansion of the countries of Nazi Germany,Fascist Italy and
militarist
Japan.
在
30
年代，二战前，美 国奉行孤立主义的外交政策，也就是说，使美国远离欧洲和亚洲的
战争。
In the early 1930s, before WW II
，
the American foreign policy was isolationist, that is,
to keep the United States out of the fighting that was going on in Europe and Asia
.
②
1941.12
月的珍珠港事件
the Pearl Harbour Incident in December,1941
轰炸珍珠港改变了整个局势。美国正式对轴心国，即德国、意大利和日本宣战。
The bombing of Pearl Harbor changed the whole situation. The nation yeas formally in
war with the
Axis
powers, that is, Germany, Italy and Japan.
③美国的战时目标和战时外交的指导原则。
American wartime objectives and guiding principles for wartime diplomacy
战时目标是彻底摧毁轴心国势 力，并在取得无条件胜利后建立与美国理想与利益符合的世
界秩序。
The objectives were the total destruction of the Axis powers and the establishment of a
world order after unconditional victory in accord with American ideals and interest;
两个指导原则：一是取得战争胜利， 二是建立一个符合美国利益的战后政治结构，并防止
苏联过度扩张。
Two guiding principles: the first was to win the war, the second was to establish a
postwar political structure in accord with American interest and to prevent the
Soviet
Union from over-expansion.
④英美在欧洲的战略和分歧
Anglo- American Strategy and differences in Europe.
一致的欧洲战略：首先先击败德国，
2
是对苏联的政策，
延缓开辟第二战场就反映出不 让
前苏联有快速扩张的可能性。
A Stratergy of Europe : to defeat Germany first; The second issue was poliy towards the
Soviet Union.
Th
e
postponement
of the opening of the Second Front was a reflection of
the desire not to give the Soviet Union the possibility of quick expansion.
不同的分歧之处：美国渴望英、 法的殖民地摆脱英、法而成为独立国家。
那样的话，美国
很容易影响这些国家。
英不同 意。
The differences: The United States was eager to take away from France and Britain their
former
colonies
and
let
them
become
independent
states.
In
that
way,
it
would
be
easier for the United States to influence these countries.
Britain did not like the America‘s
policy
⑤美国对的对苏政策：
American policy towards the Soviet Union
1
）让苏联继续参战
to keep the Soviet Union in the war;
2
）使苏联卷入对日抗战；
to get the Soviet Union into the war against Japan;
3
）给苏联外交政策一定的影响，同时十分警惕苏联的扩张意图。
to influence Soviet policy
and to be very watchful about Soviet expansive intention.
⑥波茨 坦会议：这次会议确认了雅尔塔会议关于欧洲格局的暂时分配。同时会议也显示出
三大国间的巨大分歧。
Potsdam
Conference(1945) confirmed the temporary division of Europe agreed to at
Yalta
. At the same time, showed that there were great differences among America,
Britain and the Soviet Union.
Chapter 17 America in Postwar Era
(1945-1980s)
二次大战后的美国
1
）冷战的起源
Origins of the Cold War
①时间：二战结束后；
time: began with the ending of the WW II;
原因：美苏之间的冲突基本源于他们对战后世界格局的不同想法；
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
占座-傲气
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