seats浅析《第二十二条军规》中的黑色幽默英语毕业论文

2021年1月20日发(作者：尺寸表)


本科毕业设计（论文）

题

目
:
学

院：
专

业：

A
Brief
Study
on
Black
Humor
in
Catch-22


浅析《第二十二条军
规》中的黑色幽默





外语学院



英

语


1



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3

Contents

English Outline..........
………………………………………………………
I
Chinese Outline
……………………………………………………
...
……
.II
English Abstract
…………………………………………………………
..III
Chinese Abstract
………………………………………………………
.
…
IV
Chapter I Introduction
……………………………………………………
...1
Chapter II General

Explanation of the Black Humor
………
...
……………
1
Chapter III An Brief Introduction to Joseph Heller
………………………
..2
Chapter IV Black Humor in Catch-
22……………………………………
..6
Chapter V Conclusion
……………………………………………………
.11
Works Cited
…………………………………………………………….
...12

4

目

录


英文提纲
. .................................................. I
中文提纲
.................................... .............III
英文摘要
..................... .............................IV
中文摘要
...... .............................................V
第一章

引言
............................ ....................1
第二章

黑色幽默简介
.......................................1
第三章

约瑟夫
.
海勒简介
.............. .......................2
第四章

黑色幽默在《第二十二条军规》中的体现
.................6
第五章

结论
............................ ...................11
参考文献
................ ..................................12


5

Outline

Thesis
statement
:
This
paper
makes
a
tentative
analysis of black humor
in
Joseph
Heller
’
s
catch-22
aiming
at
deepening the
reader
’
s
understanding of
the black humor and
catch-22.

Chapter I Introduction
Chapter II General Explanation of the Black Humor
Chapter III Brief Introduction to Joseph Heller
3.1 Heller
’
s Life
3.2 Heller
’
s Writing Style and Works
3.3 Heller
’
s
Catch-22

3.3.1 The Background of
Catch-22
3.3.2 A Gist of the Novel
Chapter IV Black Humor in c
atch-22

4.1 The Description of Main Characters

4.2 The Theme of the Novel
4.3 The Structure of the Novel
4.4 The Characteristics of the Language

Chapter VI Conclusion
Works Cited

6

提


纲


论文主旨：
本文通过分析约 瑟夫
.
海勒的作品《第二十二条军规》中的黑
色幽默加深读者对这部作品以及黑色幽默 的理解。

第一章

引言

第二章

黑色幽默简介

第三章

约瑟夫简介

3.1
约瑟夫
.
海勒的一生

3.2
约瑟夫
.
海勒的写作风格及作品

3.3
海勒的《第二十二条军规》

3.3.1
《第二十二条军规》的创作背景

3.3.2
《第二十二条军规》的内容梗概

第四章

黑色幽默在《第二十二条军规》中的精彩体现

4.1
人物塑造

4.2
小说主题

4.3
结构特点

4.4
语言特色

第五章

结论

参考文献


7

Abstract

Catch-22

is
one
of
the
typical
representative
books
of
black
humor.
Joseph
Heller,
the
author
of
this
novel
described
many
absurd
images
in
a
symbolic way. Many words, phrases, and dialogues in this novel are disorder,
repeating,
dubious
and
paradoxical.
It
is
the
wonderful
deduction
of
black
humor.
The
author
of
this
paper
mainly
analyzed
black
humor
in
catch-22

through
concrete
discussing
the
black
humor
in
portraying
the
characters,
deepening
the
theme,
arranging
the
structure
and
selecting
the
words
and
sentences
in
this
fiction.
All
in
all,
catch
-22
is
one
of
the
most
important
works
of
black
humor
and
this
paper
is
to
make
the
readers
have
a
better
understanding of the novel
catch-22.


Key Words
:
black humor; catch-22; absurd


8

摘


要


《二十二条军规》是黑色幽默文学的代表作之一。
《二十二条 军规》
的作者约瑟夫
.
海勒以象征主义手法创造了许多经典的角色。这部著作的
许多词、短语、对话都是处于无序、重复、模棱两可和自相矛盾中，是
黑色幽默的完美演绎。
这篇论文主要通过详细探讨黑色幽默在塑造人物、
深化主题、安排结构以及选词造句上的运用来分析黑色 幽默在这部小说
中的完美展现。
总之，
《第二十二条军规》
是黑色幽默最重要 的著作之一，
这篇论文旨在加深读者对它理解。



关键词
：
黑色幽默；第二十二条军规；荒诞



9

A Brief Study on Black Humor in
Catch-22



Chapter I Introduction
Catch-22 is the first and most important long novel of Joseph Heller. Since catch-22
was published in 1961 in America, it has always been a crucial part of modern literature.
With the time passing, the novel has not been out of date. On the contrary, it attracts wide
attentions around the world because of the novel’s theme, writing style and value.

In
China,
an
increasing
number
of
scholars
write
books
and
essays
to
expound
different aspects of the novel. Through detailed search and analysis, it was found that at
present
there
are
at
least
130
academic
papers
about
Catch-22

on
the
CDMD
(Chinese
Doctor and Master’s Database). Among all these papers, 48 papers focus on its theme and
the author and 66 papers are concerned with its writing skills. Some others mainly study on
the absurdity as well as other things related with
Catch-22
, for example, Wu Shaohui(2006)
Free
Choice
in
an
Absurd
World
—
An
Interpretation
of
the
Existentialism
and
Wang
Yimei(2005)The
Gradual
Return
to
Self
—
A
Tentative
Analysis
of
Self-awareness
in
the
20th Century’s Western Modernist Literature. Besides, several papers are about characters
of
Catch-22
such as Wan Shihua (2006)The Black Figure Salon
—
Analysis of the Figures
on
Catch-22
. Undoubtedly no matter what subjects the scholars study, theme, writing skill
or
others,
it
is
inevitable
for
them
to
touch
on
the
literature
gene
of
this
novel
—
black
humor.

This
paper
makes
a
tentative
study
on
the
relationship
between
black
humor
and
Catch-22
. From the perspective of black humor, the author of this paper is trying to make a
detailed
analysis
on
its
main
character,
theme,
structure
and
language
aims
to
comprehensively
display
the
deduction
of
black
humor
in
Catch-22

and
let
the
readers
have a better understanding of this novel.




Chapter II General Explanation of the Black Humor

Black humor is credited to the
Anthology of Black Humor
, a 1939 French anthology
of 45 writers edited by Andre Breton. In the United States, black humor as a literary genre
came to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s. Later, an English-language anthology edited
by Bruce Jay Friedman, titled
Black Humor
, assembles works of 12 writers of the genre. It
is one of the most representative genres in the American literature in 1960s. For instance,
the works of such writers as Kurt V
onnegut, Thomas Pynchon, John Barth, Joseph Heller,

10

and Philip Roth contain elements of black humor.
It
was
usually
used
in
literature,
drama,
and
film,
is
a
kind
of
grotesque
or
morbid
humor
retaining
a
serious
tone .The
purpose
of
black
humor
is
to
express
the
absurdity,
insensitivity, paradox, and cruelty of the modern world. Ordinary characters or situations
are usually exaggerated far beyond the limits of normal satire or irony. Black humor uses
devices
often
associated
with
tragedy
and
is
sometimes
equated
with
tragic
farce.
For
example, Stanley Kubrick's film Dr. Strangelove or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and
Love the Bomb (1963) is a terrifying comic treatment of the circumstances surrounding the
dropping
of
an
atom
bomb,
while
Jules
Feiffer's
comedy
Little
Murders
(1965)
is
a
delineation
of
the
horrors
of
modern
urban
life,
focusing
particularly
on
random
assassinations. Popular themes of the genre include murder, suicide, war, barbarism, drug
abuse, terminal illness, domestic violence, insanity, nightmare, disease, racism, disability
(both physical and mental), chauvinism, corruption, and crime. Besides, some comedians
use it as a tool for exploring vulgar issues, thus provoking discomfort and serious thought
as well as amusement in their audience.
The
author
of
this
paper
thinks
that
black
humor
as
one
of
the
American
literature
genres must have its origin.
Looking
back into the history, it is
not difficult to
find that
there are two aspects
of reasons
for the appearance of black humor. First
of all, the war
trauma and social disturbance make people have a foreboding of the end of the world. In
1960s, the WWII has
just
finished, but
the effects
of the war lasted for
many
years.
All
facts in American disclosed the lies of so-called justice and patriotism resulting in shaking
people
’
s belief in God, humanitarianism and reason. In addition, the lopsided development
of technology caused the loss of personality. An increasing number of people were stressed
out
materially
and
spiritually.
Under
that
circumstance,
black
humor
came
out
as
a
necessary method to express people
’
s inner feelings.


Chapter III Brief Introduction to Joseph Heller
3.1
Heller’
s Life
Joseph Heller (1923-1999) was born in Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York on May
1, 1923. He is the son of poor Jewish parents from Russia. He died of a heart attack at the
age of 76 years old at his home in East Hampton, on Long Island, in December 1999.

Even as a child, he loved to write; as a teenager, he wrote a story about the Russian
invasion of Finland and sent it to New York Daily News, which rejected it. His works were
first published in 1948, when the Atlantic ran one of his short stories. That first story nearly

11

won
the ―Atl
antic First.
Catch-22
and it was published in
1961. Shortly after
Catch-22
was published, Heller thought of an idea for his next novel,
which would become
Something Happened
. After that, he became a professional writer and
kept on writing until the completion of his last novel
, Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man.

Reality is the setting of literature. Heller
’
s life experience affected his writing career.
He
was
born
into
a
Jewish
family.
Because
of
racial
persecution
in
Russia,
his
family
immigrated to America in 1913. When he was young, his family was very poor. In 1942, at
the age of 19, he joined the U.S. Army Air Corps. Two years later, he was sent to Italian
Front as a bombardier. Yossarian, the main character in
Catch-22
is similar to him in many
aspects. After the war, Heller studied English at the University of Southern California and
New
York
University.
During
that
period,
he
began
to
write
short
stories.
He
was
once
suffered
from
gullian-barre
syndrome.
His
illness
and
recovery
are
recounted
at
great
length in the autobiographical
No Laughing Matter
(Heller 1986). In 1998, he released a
memoir,
Now and Then
:
From Coney Island to Here
, in which he relived his childhood as
the son of a deliveryman and offered some details about the inspirations for
Catch-22.



3.2 Heller
’
s Works and Writing Style
Joseph
Heller
began
his
writing
career
as
the
author
of
short
stories
but
won
immediate
acclaim
with
Catch-22
(1961;
film,
1970).
A
protest
novel
underscored
with
black
humor,
Catch-22
satirizes
the
horrors
of
war
and
the
power
of
modern
society,
especially
bureaucratic
institutions,
to
destroy
the
human
spirit.
Heller's
second
novel,
Something Happened (1974), an expose of the capacity of the business world to crush the
individual,
is
a
pessimistic
statement
about
the
effects
of
prosperity
on
the
human
condition.
We
Bombed
in
New
Haven,
a
play
produced
on
Broadway
in
1967,
is
a
tragicomedy
similar
in
theme
and
mood
to
Catch-22.
Good
as
Gold
(1979)
involves
a
humorous portrayal of Jewish family life and a satire of national politics, including attacks
on real
people such as
Henry Kissinger. God Knows (1984) is
a humorous retelling and
analysis
of
the
biblical
account
of
King
David.
Among
his
later
works
are
the
novels
Poetics (1987) and Picture This (1988) Closing Time (1994) Portrait of an Artist, as an Old
Man
(2000).
No
Laughing
Matter
(1986)
is
a
chronicle
of
Heller's
recovery
from
Guillain-Barre
syndrome,
which
contains
alternating
chapters
by
Heller
and
his
good
friend
Speed
V
ogel.
The
book
reveals
the
assistance
and
companionship
Heller
received
during
this
period
from
a
number
of
his
prominent
friends
—
Mel
Brooks,
Mario
Puzo,
Dustin Hoffman and George Mandel among them.

Heller's
works
are
characterized
by
a
satirical
sense
of
the
absurd,
speaking
out

12

against
the
military-industrial
complex
and
those
organized
institutions
which
seem
to
manipulate people's lives in the name of reason or morality. The author of this paper just
takes Heller
’
s
Catch-22 and something wrong
as examples.
In
Catch-22,
the author discarded the traditional realism, made whole works without a
complete plot development clue. There was not a prominent character image. Instead, it is
full
of
chaos,
noisy,
crazy
atmosphere.
But
the
authors
also
stressed
a

absurd
describing
the
whole
American
society
from
its
internal
dirty,
corruption,
and
fall,
especially
those
bureaucrats.
Joseph
Heller
’
s
second
novel,

Something
Wrong,

written
in
1974,
described
a
company
staff
’
s
mental
anguish.
It
reflects
the
psychological
state
of
American middle class.
Something Wrong
focused on writing external forces causing the
person
’
s oppression and corrosion.
Catch-22
mainly told the characters
’
inner spiritual life.
The author in this novel made use of jokes to show that there was really something wrong
with
the
society.
He
also
satirized
the
reality
and
politics
through
absurd
and
deforming
description.

3.3 Heller
’
s
Catch-22
3.3.1 The Background of
Catch-22

After
WWII,
America
experienced
a
period
of
unprecedented
economic
boom.
In
1950s, America became the big brother of the capitalism world. The Cold War broke out
between America and Soviet Union. With the stronger of Soviet Union, many American
began
be
afraid
of
communism.
They
thought
that
the
lives
of
American
would
be
in
danger.
The
republican
from
Wisconsin
Joseph
R
McCarthy
speak
out
the
fear
of
the
American.
McCarthyism
made
the
young
be
resentful
and
limited
the
development
of
literature. Besides, exhausting all resources to build up American military power aroused
the anti-war sentiment. Under such political circumstances,
Catch-22
came out to express
the author
’
s feeling to a chaotic America.
At
the beginning of 20
th
-century, the
famous new humanism critic More found that
there was a kind of
―
the power of blackness
‖
in American literature. O. Henry made use of
―
tearful humor
‖
to tell the miserable life of ordinary people. Mark Twain used a kind of
humor,
which
described
bleeding
with
pleasure
and
made
jokes
on
corpse.
This
kind
of
humor
was
very
close
to
black
humor
literature
created
by
Mark
Twain
has
significant
effects on the following writers. With the time passing, the humor literature was developed
by leaps and bounds. Some scholars pointed out that ridicule was one of the characters in
20-th century literature. In 1960s, black humor became prevalent. It was a new period of
humor after Mark Twain. Just at that time, Joseph Heller began to write his
Catch-22
. And

13

after it was published, he became the representative writer of this period.
There are social factors for Joseph
Heller’
s
Catch-22
. Although the WWII ended in
1945, it was difficult for people to get rid of the fear and unpeaceful feelings caused by war.
The crime of Nazi and the using of atom all left a very deep impression on people. Because
of the using of atom, people doubted whether technology benefit human or not. In 1950s,
the
success
of
superatomatic
experiments
and
artificial
satellite
all
made
people
feel
pollution
made
people
unpeaceful.
In
1960s,
population
explosion
and
deteriorated
environment
pollution
made
people
feel
ideological
confusion.
Democracy,
individual
pursuit
religious
belief
all
did
not
exist.
Traditional
moral
beliefs
and
value
system
lost
their effects. The people in modern society lost connect with history and were tapped in
lone and alienation.

3.3.2 Gist of the Novel

Catch-22

is
a
satirical,
historical
novel
of
Joseph
Heller.
It
was
set
during
the
later
stages of World War II from 1944 onwards, which is frequently cited as one of the great
literary works of the twentieth century. It has a distinctive non-chronological style where
events are described from different chara
cters’ points of view and out of sequence so that
the time line develops along with the plot.

Joseph
Heller
wrote
the
novel
without
a
complete
plot.
There
are
42
chapters
and
every chapter tells a story of one person. The novel follows Yossarian, a U.S. Army Air
Forces B-25 bombardier, and a number of other characters. Most events
occur while the
airmen
of
the
fictional
256th
squadron
are
based
on
the
island
of
Pianosa,
in
the
Mediterranean
Sea
west
of
Italy.
During
the
WWII,
the
protagonist
Yossarian
lived
in
a
strange and unusual world, where everyone placed the war in the center. As a bombardier
of
an
U.S.
Army
Air
Forces,
he
was
committed
to
war
out
of
justice.
Because
of
his
achievements
in
war,
he
was
promoted
to
captain.
However,
after
he
witnessed
a
lot
of
hypocritical,
absurd,
crazy
and
cruel
phenomena,
Yossarian
became
cynical
and
antipathetic to war. He wanted neither to be promoted nor to contribute. He just wanted to
go
home
after
his
companions
were
killed
one
after
another.
So
he
devised
multiple
strategies to avoid combat missions, but the military bureaucracy is always able to use the
catch-22
to
make
him
stay.
Gradually,
Yossarian
came
to
realize
that
catch-22
did
not
actually exist, but because the powers that claimed it does, and the world believes it does.
At last, he had to escape to Sweden.
The author of this paper thinks that although many events in the book are repeatedly
described, it is from different points of view. In that way the reader learns more about each
event
from
each
point
of
view,
with
the
new
information
often
completing
a
joke,
the

14

punch line of it was told several chapters previously. The novel often describes events out
of sequence, but events are referred to as if the reader is already familiar with them, so that
the reader must ultimately piece together a timeline of events.



Chapter IV Black Humor in
Catch-22
4.1 The Characters in this Novel
The writer directly exposes every real aspect of American bureaucracy society after
WWII by depicting those people in single of multiple dimensions. Being the representative
of
the
literature
of
black
humor,
the
work
contains
tremendous
styles
of
utterances
and
behaviors of various persons which circle the principle of
―
catch-22
‖
.Yossarian, a typical
anti-heroic character of black humor, is the protagonist in
Catch-22
. Yossarian had a lot of
heroic characteristics, for instance, he was very smart and knew the world literature very
well. Therefore, he was familiar with various classical heroic characters. He was not like
Henry having too many fancies. In the Air Force Training, Clevinger thought Scheisskoph
really need suggestions when he asked for advices, while Yossarian knew that was not true.
At
the
same
time,
Yossarian
was
admired
and
respected
by
others.
Without
his
support,
Dobbs
’
s
plan
of
assassinating
Colonel
Cathcart
was
failed.
Besides,
the
capitalists
Milo
admired Yossarian very much, for instance, he always asked Yossarian for advices to run
his business.
Most of his
behaviors are regarded
as
immoral
and coward, for example, he would
pretend to be ill and then be sent to the hospital every time when he was afraid of the war
or his friends have been killed. He tried many ways to be proved that he is a maniac so that
he can be exempted from flying any mission.

But
In
many
aspects,
Yossarian
always
lived
a
moral
life.
He
refused
to
be
a
hero
when he knew that it was just a transaction, which was designed by the bureaucrat Colonel
Cathcart to conceal his illegal behaviors; he would not have a relationship with the women
he
did
not
love.
In
fact,
Yossarian
can
be
regarded
as
a
hero
to
some
extent.
He
was
opposed
to
the
corruption
among
soldiers.
Even
nowadays,
very
few
people
have
the
courage to do like that. Yossarian rejected to accept
―
catch-22
‖
and wanted to escape from
the
army,
which
were
not
only
regarded
as
the
demonstration
of
his
cowardice
but
also
reflected he was a hero. In conclusion, Yossarian is the representative of the common in the
society, whose destiny is dominated by others. The difference is Yossarian can not stand
that his life is in other people
’
s hands.
Everyone in this novel is very special. They represent the attitudes of this system. The

15

canteen
Minder
Milo
is
a
calculating
entrepreneur.
He
symbolized
the
international
monopoly. He engaged in speculation in the name of food purchasing. He even established
a
multinational
corporation
in
this
way.
He
smuggled
goods
through
planes
and
even
employed the enemy
’
s planes to transport for his company. What was more ridiculous is
that
he
bombed
his
own
airfield
when
the
enemy- Germans
offered
him
an
extra
6%.
In
order to cut the costs, he let the solider eat chocolates with cotton inside. However, such a
capitalist
who
ignored
the
soldiers’

lives,
became
an
international
celebrity.
He
even
became the may of many European cities and the vice governor of Malta.
Colonel Cathcart and Scheisskoph signify the bureaucratic
group. Colonel Cathcart,
who kept raising the number of missions, was a cold, ambitious commander. Just because
he wanted to be the general and be appreciated by the senior officer, he kept raising the
number of missions neglecting the lives of the soldiers. At last he tried to make a dirty deal
with
Yossarian
to
conceal
his
illegal
behaviors.
The
second
lieutenant
Scheisskoph
graduated from the reserve force. He was very happy for the war because that made him
have the chance to wear the army uniform everyday and give the word of command with
dignified and clear voice to those soldiers who are going to die. For himself, because of the
poor sight and fistula, he was not required to risk his life to participate in the war. In this
fiction, Scheisskoph was obsessed with reviewing troops. He was committed to training the
soldiers with their own personalities into monotonous robot. It was his addiction that made
him have the chance to be promoted and praised by his senior officers. He even won the
title of
―
military genius
‖
and became a general. It is obvious that the top level rulers aimed
to destroy human
’
s personality and will. Only in this way, can they be in the ruling class
forever without any resistance.
The
―
soldier in white
‖
was the most miserable character in this novel. He was encased
from head to toe in plaster and gauze. He had two useless legs and arms. His legs were
hoisted
from
thee
hips
and
the
two
strange
arms
anchored
up
perpendicularly,
all
four
limbs
pinioned
strangely
in
air.
Sewn
into
the
bandages
over
the
insides
of
both
elbows
was zippered lip through which he was fed clear fluid from a jar. A silent zinc pipe rose
from
the
cement
on
his
groin
and
was
coupled
to
a
slim
rubber
hose
that
carried
waste
from his kidneys and dripped efficiently into a clear, stopped jar on the floor. When the jar
on the floor was full, the jar feeding his elbow was empty and the two switched so that the
staff
could
drip
back
to
him.
All
others
ever
really
saw
of
―
the
soldier
in
white
‖

was
a
frayed black hole over his mouth. No one talked to him except the Texan.
―T
he soldier in
white
‖
represent those whose soul and spirit have been destroyed by the rulers. The other
pitiable man was a. He was always afraid of being sent to pacific. Because in

16

spite of telling others he was alive again and again, he was still regarded as dead in a plane
accident. He became a dead -alive person. Even his families for the sake of money thought
that he was killed in the accident without any evidence.
What
is
more,
there
were
a
lot
of
other
unique
characters,
for
example,
the
boring
Texan who is the only one talking with the
―
soldier in white
‖
. Dunbar, the ward mate of
Yossarian, always told Yossarian some strange dreams and liked to shoot skeet to kill his
time. Clevinger, who was lost in the clouds, was full of theories but was lack of experience.
The wounded gunner Snowden, though never appeared was known by the readers through
Yossarian
’
s memory. Every time when Yossarian recalled his death, the readers are deeply
affected.
He
lay
dying
in
the
tail
of
Yossarian
’
s
plane
and
at
last
revealed
his
terrifying
secret.
Major
Majormajor,
whose
tragedy
in
life
is
that
he
resembles
Henry
Fonda
and
Major_de Coverley, whose face was
so
forbidding and no one has ever dared to
ask his
first name.


4.2 The Theme of this Novel
The
main
theme
is
to
expose
the
expose
the
absolute
power
of
bureaucratism.
The
most frightening and miserable thing in
Catch-22

is that Yossarian and his colleagues’
lives
were not decided by themselves in danger but by those savage and terrifying bureaucrats.
Catch-22

is
the
typical
symbol
of
bureaucratism.
No
novel
before
or
since
has
matched
Catch-22
’
s intensity and brilliance in depicting the brutal insanity of war. Heller satirizes
military bureaucracy with bitter, sting humor, all the while telling the darkly comic story of
Yossarian, a bombardier who refused to die. According to the
Catch-22
, the soldiers must
risk
their
lives
to
obey
the
orders
in
spite
of
knowing
the
goal
was
meaningless
or
dangerous. At the end of this novel, the soldiers were still ordered to keep finishing their
missions although they had known their allies have won the war. The soldiers did try their
efforts to express their anger, but the bureaucrats just neglect their voices.

Affected by bureaucratism, individualism can not exist. Just as other novels set in war
period,

Catch-22
shows
that
the
soldiers
lost
their
self- esteem.
But
the
loss
is
not
only
owing
to
the
war
but
also
caused
by
the
bureaucratism.
The
typical
example
is
that
lieutenant
Scheisskoph
was
so
immersed
in
parade
that
the
soldiers
were
puppets
rather
than human. He even thought about bonding the soldiers together so that they can march in
step with each other. In addition, the colonel Cathcart was also the same. He kept raising
the number of missions not out of the needs of war but because he wanted to improve his
military prestige among the soldiers. The
―
soldier in white
‖
is a different example for the
extinguishing
of
individualism.
The
soldier
appeared
twice
in
the
novel.
Every
time

17