bargaining何凯文考研英语长难句精讲完备讲义(完美打印版)

2021年1月20日发(作者：karry)

考研英语长难句突破讲义


适用对象：
考研学子，四级，六级英语学习或相当者。

课程目的：
打破英语阅读学习的幻觉，真正获得一扇通向别样美丽世界的窗户，
人生从此再无长难句。为英语写作夯 实基础。

课程安排：
方法论讲解；难句解析；考试实战演练


第一部分


方法论讲解


引子


我们为什么要精读句子



1.
精读能力的要求

（消除障碍的阅读）





目标：准确



【重要】精读

2
．泛读能力的要求

（广泛获取信息的阅读）

目标：快速























































技能：高职

阅读的实际过程是什么































知识：本科

Input
（英文 ）
-mind
（句子层面）
-output
（中文）









思维：研究生
























































思想：博士


阅读在句子层面的障碍





1
．含义





2
．语序


简单句的障碍来源

简单句：只有一套谓语的句子









基本句型包括：主
+
谓，主
+
谓< br>+
宾，主
+
谓
+
双宾，主
+
谓
+< br>宾
+
宾补，主
+
系
+
表










定语，状语，同位语，插入语

简单句的障碍识别及处理方法








定语：
在句子中修饰名词的成分




prob lem-
定义
-
细化
-solution
（思维方式）








前置定语：
adj+
名词






后置定语：





















形容词短语：形容词
+
介词
+
名词

this is a book useful for your future





















Ving


a woman walked on the road





















Ved



a painting painted by Jane













n. +




to do


a way to solve the problem





















介词短语：介词
+
名词

a bottle of water on the table





















表语形容词：
alive




a cat alive














解决方案：前置

































P
．
S
：
I want to be part of something big.






Something
属于不定代词。

【不定代词定语置后】





定语从句（不属于简单句范畴）











关系代词：人称代词：
who whom which that as +
非完整句

引导词














物主代词：
whose +
完整句


自由笔记区











关系连（副）词：
where why when how +
完整句

介词
+
关系代词：
1
宾语
+
非完整句

This is the expert/( to whom )we are turning.

2
状语
+
完整句

There is something([ by the virtue of] which)(
指代
something) the man is the man .

that/as
不
能
加











介词





3
定语
+
完整句

There are a lot of problems (of which )the fetching fresh water is
the forest.

in that=because

【

1
拆分

2
找指代

3
定成分】





同位语
:
在句子中和名词处于相同位置的成分。

普通同位语

A, B

A or B

A of B
正式


同位语从句

that+
完整句；处理办法：删除（中文中没有同位语）






插入语

处理办法：删除







状语


：

处理方法：剥离
/
隔离












修饰谓语——

修饰动词副词







adv
，

介词短语
,

修饰定语——修饰形容词











Ving,


Ved,


to do,


独立主格结构












第三课时

例
1
：
Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and gas industry, the DSDP
’
s drill ship, the
Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a steady position on the ocean
’
s surface and drill in very
deep waters, extracting samples of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.



例
2
：
A few art collectors James Bowdoin
Ⅲ

of Boston, William Byrd of Virginian, and the Aliens And
Hamilton of Philadelphia introduced European art traditions to those colonists privileged to visit their
galleries,
especially aspiring artists, and established in their respective communities the idea of the
value art and the need for institutions devoted to its encouragement.



非简单句的障碍来源





非简单句的障碍解决方案






关联词和主句专一原则


关联词





主句专一原则

句子之间的关联方式


1.
并列


并列联词的用法



2.
嵌套


常见的复杂句形式


层次化句子阅读方法


1.
层次化结构的表示形式





2.
括号匹配法

画左括号的条件



画右括号的条件









例



3

：

The history of clinical nutrition or the study of the











































relationship between health and how the body takes in

and
utilizes
food
substances,
can
be
divided
into
four

distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century

and extended into the early twentieth century when it

was
recognized
for
the
first
time
that
food
contained

constituents
that
were
essential
for
human
function

and that different foods provided different amounts of

these essential agents.


例
4
：
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the

fact
that
reconstruction
had
to
be
undertaken
also
in

the North, though less spectacularly.






















































例
5
：
The technique of direct carving was a break with

the nineteen-century tradition in which the making of a

clay
model
was
considered
the
creative
act
and
the






work




was




then





turned






over





to


studio






assistants









to


be





cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.





3.
完整信息链法


规则描述：




笔记区

笔记区

小结区






















例

impressive
gain
in
output
stemmed
primarily
from
the
way
in
which
workers
made
goods,
since
the
1790's,
and
North
American
entrepreneurs
—
even
without
technological
improvements
—
had
broadened
the
scope
of
the
outwork
system
that
made
manufacturing
more
efficient
by
distributing
materials
to
a
succession
of
workers
who
each performed a single step of the production process.


例
2
．

Tracking
whales
is
but
one
example
of
an
exciting
new
world
just
opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the Navy starts to share
and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built
over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.

例
3.
The fact that artisans, who were looked on as mechanics or skilled






倒
装
句
的
分
析
方法








1.
部
分倒装的处理方
法











2.
完
全倒装的处理方
法









完
全倒装的存在环
境










能
够在句子中充当
workers
in
the
eighteenth
century,
are
frequently
considered
artists
today
is
directly
attributable
to
the
Arts
and
Crafts
Movement
of
the
nineteenth century.

例
4
：
Anyone who has handled a fossilized bone knows that it is usually not
exactly like its modern counterpart, the most obvious different being that it
is often much heavier.


主语和表语的成份




















完全倒装的判断流程





例
1
：
Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately


turned






from





ignorance








to


denial






of


the




value





of















笔记区


nutritional therapies in medicine.




例
2
：
Surrounding
the
column
are
three
sepals

and
three
petals,
sometimes
easily
recognizable

as such, often distorted into gorgeous, weird, but

always functional shapes.




例
3
：
With the growing prosperity brought on by

the
Second
World
War
and
the
economic
boom

that
followed
it,
young
people
married
and

established households earlier and began to raise

larger families than had their predecessors during
the Depression.


例
4
：
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the
20
years
after
the
Second
World
War
is
the
country
’
s impressive population growth.












































例


8

：


Accustomed










though







we



are



to


speaking








of


the



films

笔记区

made

before 1927 as
“
silent
”
, the film has never been, in the full sense
of the word, silent.


例
9
：
Coincident
with
concerns
about
the
accelerating
loss
of
species
and
habitats
has
been
a
growing
appreciation
of
the
importance
of
biological
diversity,
the
number
of
species
in
a
particular
ecosystem,
to
the
health
of
the
Earth
and
human
well-being.


例
10
：
Matching
the
influx
of
foreign
immigrants
into
the
larger
cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a
domestic migration from town and farm to city, within the United
States.

例
11
：
Indeed, had it not been for the superb preservation of these
fossils, they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.



强调句的分析方法





1.
强调句的构成






2.
强调句的处理方法





例
1
：
It
was
just
a
decade
before
this
that
many
drug
companies
had




found






their





vitamin







sales





skyrocketing











and




were






quick





to



supply










practicing
physicians
with
generous
samples
of
vitamins
and
literature


extolling
the
virtue
of
supplementation
for
a
variety
of
health-related

conditions.




例
2
：
It
was
she,
a
Baltimore
printer,
who
published
the
first
official

copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its

signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.




例
3
：
It was in the cities that the elements that can be
associated with

modern
capitalism
first
appeared
—

the
use
of
money
and
commercial

paper
in
place
of
barter,
open
competition
in
place
of
social
deference

and
hierarchy,
with
an
attendant
rise
in
social
disorder,
and
the

appearance
of
factories
using
coal
or
water
power
in
place
of

independent craftspeople working with hand tools.




小结区


笔记区











1
、对句子的完整处理流程








2
、强调：阅读句子时要对关联词和谓语动词敏感。


第二部分

难句解析

一、隔离结构：

1
．
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined,
led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive
one.


2
．
It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one
to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.


3
．
Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test- taking
skill also matters,
whether it
’
s
knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.


4
．
During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work
and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.


5
．
Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as
landing
from the truth.


6
．
According to their latest paper published in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill
and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of
exploitation.



7
．
Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been
available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.


8
．
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-- suicide debate
has
been
fueled
in
part
by
the
despair
of
patients
for
whom
modern
medicine
has
prolonged
the
physical agony of dying.


9
．
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical
or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United
kingdom.


10
．
The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $$ 22 a barrel for a
full year, compared with $$13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only

of GDP.


11
．
It identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of
procedures
that
may
prolong
and
even
dishonor
the
period
of
dying
as
the
twin
problems
of
end--of--life care.


12
．
The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater
part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.


13
．
The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well
from
past
periods
of
agricultural
use
that
the
regrowth
has
been
mistaken
by
generations
of
biologists for “virgin” forest.


14
．
An
invisible
border
divides
those
arguing
for
computers
in
the
classroom
on
the
behalf
of
students
radical education reform.


二、并列结构：

1
．
Their
methods
do
not
attempt
to
estimate
the
actual
biomass
(the
amount
of
living
biological
matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.


2
．
Many things make people think artists are weird and the weirdest may be this: artists' only job is to
explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel bad.


3
．
And
one
leading
authority
says
that
these
intensely
powerful
mental
events
can
be
not
only
harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better.



4
．
But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less
human supervision and be able to make at least
real challenge.


5
．
But
the
human
mind
can
glimpse
a
rapidly
changing
scene
and
immediately
disregard
the
98
percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road
or the single suspicious face in a big crowd.


6
．
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply
an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes
an acceptable research paper.


8
．
I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&M wave are the same that underlie
the
globalization
process:
falling
transportation
and
communication
costs,
lower
trade
and
investment
barriers
and
enlarged
markets
that
require
enlarged
operations
capable
of
meeting
customers


9
．
The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical
or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United
kingdom.


10
．
Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample
supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical
books
who
takes
his
meals
in
three-star
restaurants;
the
journalist
advocating
participatory
democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.


11
．
But
it
is
a
little upsetting
to
read
in
the
explanatory notes
that
a
certain
line
describes
a
fight
between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge
/off which /they both fall into the river--and
then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers,
Pluff!


12
．
It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are
going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the
cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.


13
．
Because
current
federal
law
already
forbids
the
use
of
federal
funds
to
create
embryos
(the
earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or to knowingly endanger an embryo
NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.


14
．
The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind
of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.


三、同位语：

1
．
They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also
the results of their own laboratory experiments with high achievers.


2
．
During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month
that
who uses rap to communicate with students.


3
．
Although
it
ruled
that
there
is
no
constitutional
right
to
physician- assisted
suicide,
the
Court
in
effect supported the medical principle of
an
action
having
two
effects-- a
good
one
that
is
intended
and
a
harmful
one
that
is
foreseen--is
permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.


4
．
There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub
millimeter accuracy--far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands
alone.


5
．
The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for

amateurs,
a
result
that
has
been
reinforced
by
the
widespread
introduction
of
refereeing,
first
by
national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.


6
．
At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose
recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies
need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.


7
．
Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and
importance
of
shareholders
as
a
class,
an
element
in
national
life
representing
irresponsible
wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached
from the responsible management of business.


四、后置定语：

1
．
Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure
creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success.


2
．
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our
nation
and
the
world
base
important
policies
on
the
best
judgments
that
science
can
provide
concerning the future consequences of present actions.
”（看翻译）


附加句：

3
．
They
should
be
quick
to
respond
to
letters
to
the
editor,
lest
animal
rights
misinformation
go
unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.


4
．
It
’
s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then
E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.


5
．
If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look
for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.


6
．
Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and
spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the
world those readers really want.


7
．
A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply