成名曲-认为
2019
年全国
I
卷
D
During the rosy years of elementary school (
小学
)
, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which
allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens
and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking
cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity
is
a
well-explored
subject
in
social
psychology.
Mitch
Prinstein,
a
professor
of
clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The
likables’plays
-well-with-others
qualities
strengthen
schoolyard
friendships,
jump-start
interper
sonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s
the
kind
of
popularity
that
appears
in
adolescence:
status
born of
power and even dishonorable
behavior.
Enviable
as
the
cool
kids
may
have
seemed,
Dr.
Prinstein’s
studies
show
unpleasant
consequences.
Those
who
were
highest
in
status
in
high
school,
as
well
as
those
least
liked
in
elementary school, are “most likely to engage (
从事
)
in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the
least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (
调查研究
). “We found
that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But
so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy
adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date
—
sharing, kindness, openness
—
carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and
connect with others.
In
analyzing
his
and
other
research,
Dr.
Prinstein
came
to
another
conclusion:
Not
only
is
likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is al
so responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being
liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody
gain an advantage, ” he said.
32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?
A. Unkind.
B. Lonely.
C. Generous.
D. Cool.
33. What is the second paragraph mainly about
？
A. The classification of the popular.
B. The characteristics of adolescents.
C. The importance of interpersonal skills.
D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34. What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids?
A. They appeared to be aggressive.
B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status.
D. They performed well academically.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Be Nice
—
You Won’t Finish Last
B. The Higher the Status, the Better
C. Be the Best
—
You Can Make It
D. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
2019
年全国
II
卷
D
Bacteria
are
an
annoying
problem
for
astronauts.
The
microorganisms
(
微生物
)
from
our
bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours
cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? It’s turning to
1
a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school
classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport
High School in Fairport, New York.
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers. For the past
two years, Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think
they’re close to a solution (
解决方案
). “We don’t give the students any breaks. They have to do it
just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager.
“There are no tests,” Gordon says. “There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades,
other than ‘Are you working towards your goal?’ Basically, it’s ‘I’ve got to produce this product
and then, at the end of the year, present it to NASA.’ Engineers come and really do an in-person
review, and…it’s not a very nice thing at times. It’s a hard business review of your product.”
Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact (
影响
) on college admissions and practical
life skills. “These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don’t teach.” And that
annoying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the
problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.
32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?
A. They are hard to get rid of.
B. They lead to air pollution.
C. They appear in different forms.
D. They damage the instruments.
33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?
A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B. To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C. To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D. To link space technology with school education.
34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?
A. Check their product.
B. Guide project designs.
C. Adjust work schedules.
D. Grade their homework.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. NASA: The Home of Astronauts
B. Space: The Final Homework Frontier
C. Nature: An Outdoor Classroom
D. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform
2019
年全国
III
卷
D
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols
consisting
of
numbers
and
selective
letters
with
0-25
drops
of
water
or
juice
as
a
reward. The
researchers then tested how the monkeys combined — or added — the symbols to get the reward.
Here’s
how
Harvard
Medical
School
scientist
Margaret
Livingstone,
who
led
the
team,
described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one
2
part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were
shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would
have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven
drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the
numbers — 17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher
values
more
than
half
the
time,
indicating
that
they
were
performing
a
calculation,
not
just
memorizing the value of each combination.
When
the
team
examined
the
results
of
the
experiment
more
closely,
they
noticed
that
the
monkeys tended to underestimate (
低估
) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were
close
in
value
—
sometimes
choosing,
for
example,
a
13
over
the
sum
of
8
and
6.
The
underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to
the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction (
小部分
) of the smaller number to it.
“This
indicates
that
there
is
a
certain
way
quantity
is
represented
in
their
brains,”
Dr.
Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big
number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them.
B. They named them.
C. They trained them.
D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle.
B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos.
D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition.
B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily.
D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment.
B. Health.
C. Education.
D. Science.
2018
年全国
I
卷
D
We may think we’re a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something
shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (
装置
) well after they go
out
of
style. That’s
bad
news
for
the
environment—and
our
wallets—as
these
outdated
devices
consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the
Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product
throughout
its
life—from
when
its
minerals
are
mined
to
when
we
stop
using
the
device. This
method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices
were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box- set TVs defined
1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs
3
entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.
As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn’t throw out our old ones. “The living-room
television is replaced and gets planted in the kids’ room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in
every room of the house,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from
four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We’re not just keeping these old devices—we continue to
use
them. According
to
the analysis
of
Babbitt’s
team,
old
desktop
monitors
and
box TVs
with
cathode
ray
tubes
are
the
worst
devices
with
their
energy
consumption
and
contribution
to
greenhouse gas emissions (
排放
) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
So what’s the solution (
解决方案
)? The team’s data only went up to 2007, but the researchers
also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve
more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more
on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy
consumption by 44%.
32. What does the author think of new devices?
A. They are environment-friendly.
B. They are no better than the old.
C. They cost more to use at home.
D. They go out of style quickly.
33. Why did Babbitt’s team conduct the research?
A. To reduce the cost of minerals.
B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology.
D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
34. Which of the following uses the least energy?
A. The box-set TV
.
B. The tablet.
C. The LCD TV
.
D. The desktop computer.
35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?
A. Stop using them.
B. Take them apart.
C. Upgrade them.
D. Recycle them.
2018
年全国
II
卷
D
We’ve all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who
are,
like
us,
deeply
focused
on
their
smartphones
or,
worse,
struggling
with
the
uncomfortable
silence.
What’s the problem? It’s possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It’s
more likely that none of us start a conversation because it’s awkward and challenging, or we think
it’s annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that
small
talk
is
worth
the
trouble.
Experts
say
it’s
an
invaluable
social
practice
that
results
in
big
benefits.
Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can’t forget that deep relationships wouldn’t
even
exist
if
it
weren’t
for
casual
conversation.
Small
talk
is
the
grease
(
润滑剂
)
for
social
communication,
says
Bernardo
Carducci,
director
of
the
Shyness
Research
Institute
at
Indiana
University Southeast. “Almost every great love story and each big business deal begins with small
4
talk,” he explains. “The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just
communicate with them.”
In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on
their way into a coffee shop. One group was asked to seek out an interaction (
互动
) with its waiter;
the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server
reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. “It’s not that
talking
to
the
waiter
is
better
than
talking
to
your
husband,”
say
Dunn.
“But
interactions
with
peripheral (
边缘的
) members of our social network matter for our well-being also.”
Dunn
believes
that
people
who
reach
out
to
strangers
feel
a
significantly
greater
sense
of
belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes developing such a sense of belonging starts with
small talk. “Small talk is the basis of good manners,” he says.
32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?
A. Addiction to smartphones.
B. Inappropriate behaviours in public places.
C. Absence of communication between strangers.
D. Impatience with slow service.
33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?
A. Showing good manners.
B. Relating to other people.
C. Focusing on a topic.
D. Making business deals.
34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?
A. It improves family relationships.
B. It raises people’s confidence.
C. It matters as much as formal talk.
D. It makes people feel good.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Conversation Counts
B. Ways of Making Small Talk
C. Benefits of Small Talk
D. Uncomfortable Silence
2018
年全国
III
卷
D
Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that
more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own
kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.
I found the pre- holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less-used things,
and it worked. Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys
to a little girl whose mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness. She chose to sell a few
larger objects that were less often used when we promised to put the money into her school fund
(
基金
) (our kindergarten daughter is serious about becoming a doctor).
For weeks, I’ve been thinking of bigger, deeper questions: How do we make it a habit for them?
And how do we train ourselves to help them live with, need, and use less? Yesterday, I sat with my
son, Shepherd, determined to test my own theory on this. I decided to play with him with only one
toy for as long as it would keep his interest. I expected that one toy would keep his attention for
about five minutes, ten minutes, max. I chose a red rubber ball — simple, universally available. We
passed it, he tried to put it in his mouth, he tried bouncing it, rolling it, sitting on it, throwing it. It
was totally, completely enough for him. Before I knew it an hour had passed and it was time to move
on to lunch.
5
We both became absorbed in the simplicity of playing together. He had my full attention and I
had his. My little experiment to find joy in a single object worked for both of us.
32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?
A. The more, the better.
B. Enough is enough.
C. More money, more worries.
D. Earn more and spend more.
33. What made Georgia agree to sell some of her objects?
A. Saving up for her holiday.
B. Raising money for a poor girl.
C. Adding the money to her fund.
D. Giving the money to a sick mother.
34. Why did the author play the ball with Shepherd?
A. To try out an idea.
B. To show a parent’s love.
C. To train his attention.
D. To help him start a hobby.
35. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Take It or Leave It
B. A Lesson from Kids
C. Live More with Less
D. The Pleasure of Giving
2017
年全国
I
卷
D
A build-it-yourself solar still (
蒸馏器
) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in
areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment
with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required,
though, are a 5′
?
5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container
— perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little
pack and fastened on your belt.
To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three
feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity. Place
your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way
in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole.
Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and
weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone (
圆锥体
) with
45-degree-angled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than
three inches above, the cup.
The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (
蒸
发
) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into
the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t
have to break down the still every time you need a drink.
32. What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?
A. It’s delicate.
B. It’s expensive.
C. It’s complex.
D. It’s portable.
33. What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A. The tube.
B. The still.
C. The hole.
D. The cup.
34. What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?
6
A. Dig a hole of a certain size.
B. Put the cup in place.
C. Weight the sheet’s center down.
D. Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.
35. When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from _____________.
A. the plastic tube
B. outside the hole
C. the open air
D. beneath the sheet
2017
年全国
II
卷
D
When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn’t sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack
Schultz
and
Ian
Baldwin,
reported
that
young
maple
trees
getting
bitten
by
insects
send
out
a
particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the
plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals
known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It’s a plant’s
way of crying out. But is anyone listening? Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They
pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.
Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage
is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because
they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know. Maybe the first plant just
made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to
itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry. So information was exchanged,
but it wasn’t a true, intentional back and forth.
Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate
(
亲密的
) than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There’s a whole lot going on.
32. What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A. It makes noises.
B. It gets help from other plants.
C. It stands quietly.
D. It sends out certain chemicals.
33. What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?
A. The attackers get attacked.
B. The insects gather under the table.
C. The plants get ready to fight back.
D. The perfumes attract natural enemies.
34. Scientists find from their studies that plants can
.
A. predict natural disasters
B. protect themselves against insects
C. talk to one another intentionally
D. help their neighbors when necessary
35. What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A. The word is changing faster than ever.
B. People have stronger senses than before.
C. The world is more complex than it seems.
D. People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative.
2017
年全国
III
卷
7
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
成名曲-认为
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