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出现英语中的限定词

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2021-01-20 18:36
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2021年1月20日发(作者:复活节快乐)
限定词





DETERMINER


















SPECIFIC
REFERENCE
〕、类指(
GENERIC
REFERENCE
〕以及表示确定数量(
DEFINITE
QUANTITY
〕和非确定数量(
INDEFINITE QUANTITY
〕等限定作用的词类
.
名词词组除
有词汇意义外
,
还有其所指意义

REFERENTIAL MEANING

,
是特指
( 即指特写的对象〕
,
还是类指(即泛指一类人或物〕;是有确定的数量
,
还是 没有确定的数量
.
能在名词词组中表
示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词
.英语的限定词包括:

定冠词(
DEFINTITE ARTICLE

,
不定冠词(
INDEFINITE ARTICLE

,
零冠词(
ZERO
ARTICLE


物主限定词(
POSSESSIVE DETERMINER

,my, your, his, her, our, your, their,
one's, its.
名词属格(
GENITIVE NOUN

,John's, my friend's.
指示限定词(
DEMONSTRATIVE DETERMINER

,this, that, these, those, such.
关系限定词(
RELATIVE DETERRMINER

,whose, which.
疑问限定词(
INTERROGATIVE DETERMINER

,what, which, whose.
不定限定词(
INDEFINITE DETERMINER

,no, some, any, each, every, enough,
either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other,
another.
基数词(
CARDINAL NUMERAL
〕和序数词(
ORDINAL NUMERAL


倍数词(
MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERAL
〕和分数词(
FRACTIONAL NUMERAL


量词

QUANTIFIER

a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large
of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of

.
限定词与名词词组中心词之间有 着某种固定的搭配关系;
如果名词之前带有两个或两个以上
的限定词
,
则限定 词与限定词之间也有某种固定的搭配关系
.
本讲主要解决这两种搭配关系
问题
.
1
限定词与三类名词的搭配关系

限定词的选择决定于随后的名词 的类别
,
是单数名词、复数名词
,
还是不可数名词
.
1
〕能与三类名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如
the, some, any, no, other, whose
以及
my, your
等物主限定词和名词
属格(
John's, my friend's
〕等能与三类名词搭配
.
例如:

the book, my book, my friend's book, John's book, any book, some book, no
book, the other book, whose book, the books,
my books, my friend's book, John's books, any books, some books, no books, the
other books, whose books, the money, my money, my friend's money, John's
money, any money,
some money, no money, the other money, whose money.
2
〕只能与单数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如
a(n), one, another, each, every, either, neither, many a, such a

只能与单数名词搭配
.
例如:

each worker, either book, an apple, another book, such a book, every student,
neither sentence, one copy, many a book.
3)
只能与复数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如
both,
two,
three,
another
two
/
three,
many,
(a)
few,
several,
these, those, a (great) number of
等只能与复数名词搭配
.
例如:

both workers, several students, a number of essays, many students, (a) few
words, these / those books, two / three visitors, another two / three students.
4)
只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如
a (little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much
等只能与不可数名词搭配
.
例如:

a bit of water, a great amount of labour, a great deal of work, (a) little space,
much noise.
5
〕能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如
the first, the second, the last, the next
等既可与单数名词搭 配
,
也可与
复数名词搭配
.
例如:

the first rose, the last man, the next meeting, the first roses, the last men, the
next meetings.
6
〕能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词

有些限定词如
this, that, (the) least
等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配
.
例如:

(the) least sign (of prejudice), this / that job, (the) least knowledge, this / that
work.
7
〕能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词

还有些限定词如
a lot of, lots of, enough, more, most, such, other
等可与复数名词
和不可数名词搭配
.
例如:

a lot of books, a lot of money, lots of chickens, lots of food, plenty of chairs,
plenty of water, enough copies, enough coal, more articles, more time, most
people, most work, such men, such bread, other men, other bread.
不定量限定词
less
原先只与不可数名词搭配
,
但在现代英语中
,less
既可与不可数名词也可与
复数名词搭配
.
例如:

less money, less mistakes.
2
限定词与限定词的搭配关系

以上讲的是限定词与三类名词的搭配关系
.< br>除上述搭配关系外
,
限定词与限定词之间还存在
着一定的搭配关系
.< br>在名词词组中心词之前如果有两个或两个以上限定词出现时
,
就会产生
限定词的 先后顺序问题
.
按其不同的搭配位置
,
限定词可分为:

1
〕中位、前位、后位限定词


















,












CENTRAL
DETERMI NER








PRE DETERMINER








POSTDETERMINER

.
a)
中位限定词
包括
a(n), the, zero; this, that, these, those; my, your, etc; Merry's,
my friend's; some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough; what(ever),
which(ever), whose


b)
前位限定词
包括
all,
both,
half;
double,
twice,
three
times,
etc;
one-third,
two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)


c)
后位限定词
包括
one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other,
another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the)
least, more, most; several, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good
number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such


2)
三类限定词的搭配关系

如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,
其搭配关系总是按照

前位--中位--后位

的顺
序排 列
.
例如:

all

the

four

teachers.
all

your

three

books.
all

these

last

few

days.
如果只有上述两类限定词
,
其搭配关系仍按上述顺序
.
例如:

half

his

lecture.
those

last

few

months.
several

hundred

guests.
all

other

students.
such

a

misfortune.
some

such

alloy.
由上述诸例可以看 出
,
中位限定词之间和前位限定词之间是互相排拆的
,
即一个名词中心词之前不可并用两个中位限定词或两个前位限定词
.
所以
,
我的那本书
不是
*
my
that
book
而是
that
book of
mine,
因为
my

that
同是中位限定词
,
不可同时并列
.
但后位限定词
的使用却不受此限
.
除上述
those last few months, several hundred guests
之外
, this
last two books, the first two chapters, three other girls, two more sheets, the
next few weeks, many more copies, a few more samples, another twenty tons
等都是后位限定词重叠使用的实例
.
个 别限定词有跨类现象
,

such
既属于前位限定词
,
又可 归入后位限定词
.
由于它只是在
such
a...

such
an...
这样的搭配中属于前位限定词,
而在与其他限定词
(some,
any,
no,
all, few, another, other, many, one, two, etc)
搭配时
,such
则是后位限定词
,
一律放
在上述这些限定 词的后面
,

some such, any such, nosuch, few such, one such
等。

3
若干限定词用法比较

前两节介绍了限定词与三类名词以及限定词与限定词之间的搭配关系
.
下面介绍一些限 定词
(包括相应的不定代词〕的某些习惯用法问题
.(
本节所讲的

不定代词

多属于

名词性替代



NOMI NAL SUBSTITUTE

,
参见
37.1)
1

many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of
表示



的意思
,
可用
many, much, a lot of, lots of, plenty of

.
但是
many, much
常用于否定句和疑问句
,

a lot of
等则常用于肯定句
.
例如:

I haven't seen many English films.
多数英文电影我没看过
. many
修饰可数名词

Have you seen many English films?
多数的英文电影你都看过吗
? many
修饰可数名


I haven't done much work today.
我还没有做多少活呢
. much
修饰不可数名词

Have you done much work today?
今天你已经做了很多活吗
? much
修饰不可数名


I have seen a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great number of English films.

已经看了多部英文电影
. number
修饰可数名词

I have done a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a great amount of work today.
今天
我已经做了很多活
.amount
修饰不可数名词

many / much
既可作限定词
,
也可作不定代词(
INDEFINITE PRONOUN

,a lot

可单独用作名词词组:

Have you done all these exercises?
----No, I haven't done very many.
Have you done much work today?
----Yes, I've done a lot.

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