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忽视07考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析

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2021-01-20 19:21
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2021年1月20日发(作者:dominated)

考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析
--2007


Text 1



If
you
were
to
examine
the
birth
certificates
of
every
soccer
player
in
2006’s
World
Cup
tournament,
you
would
most
likely
find
a
noteworthy
quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the
earlier
months of
the
year
than
in
the
late
months.
If
you
then
examined
the
European
national
youth
teams
that
feed
the
World
Cup
and
professional
ranks,
you
would
find
this
strange
phenomenon
to
be
ever
more
pronounced.


What
might
account
for
this
strange
phenomenon?
Here
are
a
few
guesses:
a

certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b

winter
born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer
stamina; c

soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in
springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d

none of the above.


Anders
Ericsson,
a
58-year-old
psychology
professor
at
Florida
State
University,
says
he
believes
strongly
in
“none
of
the
above.”
Ericsson
grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he
would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched
to
psychology.
His
first
experiment,
nearly
30
years
ago,
involved
memory:
training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.
“With
the
first
subject,
after
ab
out
20
hours
of
training,
his
digit
span
had
risen
from
7
to
20,”
Ericsson
recalls.
“He
kept
improving,
and
after
about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”



This
success,
coupled
with
later
research
showing
that
memory
itself
is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of
memorizing
is
more
of
a
cognitive
exercise
than
an
intuitive
one.
In
other
words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their
abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each
person
“encodes”
the
information.
And
the
best
way
to
learn
how
to
encode
information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as
deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply
repeating
a
task.
Rather,
it
involves
setting
specific
goals,
obtaining
immediate
feedback
and
concentrating
as
much
on
technique
as
on
outcome.


Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert
performers
in
a
wide
range
of
pursuits,
including
soccer.
They
gather
all
the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical
details
but
also
the
results
of
their
own
laboratory
experiments
with
high
achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we
commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert


performers


whether
in
memory
or
surgery,
ballet
or
computer
programming

are nearly always made, not born.
1. The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned to

[A] stress the importance of professional training.

[B] spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.

[C] introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.

[D] explain why some soccer teams play better than others.
2. The word “mania” (
Line 4, Paragraph 2

most probably means

[A] fun.

[B] craze.


[C] hysteria.

[D] excitement.
3. According to Ericsson, good memory

[A] depends on meaningful processing of information.

[B] results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.

[C] is determined by genetic rather than psychological factors.

[D] requires immediate feedback and a high degree of concentration.
4. Ericsson and his colleagues believe that

[A] talent is a dominating factor for professional success.

[B] biographical data provide the key to excellent performance.

[C] the role of talent tends to be overlooked.

[D] high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture.
5.
Which
of
the
following
proverbs
is
closest
to
the
message
the
text
tries
to convey?


[A] “Faith will move mountains.”



[B] “One reaps what one
sows.”



[C]
“Practice
makes
perfect.”




[D]
“Like
father,
like
son.”

Unit 14

2007


Part 1



试题解析:

1
.【正确答案】【
C


【解析】结构题,题干中的“is mentioned to”表明本题是结构题。本题考查
考生对文章第一段内容的理解。题干中的信号词是“soccer player”,出自文
章第一段第一句话中。
文章第一段提到检查足球运动员的出生证明时指 出,
你最
可能发现一种引人注意的巧合——优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个
月而不是后几个月,
第二段接着指出,
什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢?随后介
绍了几 种猜测。这说明,提到生日现象是为了引出本文的主题。
C
为正确选项。
第一段中没有 提到专业训练,
所以
A
属于无中生有;
本文是通过检查世界杯上的
足 球运动员而得出“生日”现象的,
说明
B
属于本末倒置;
文中并没有提到某些
足球队比其他足球队表现更好,所以
D
与文意不符。

2.
【正确答案】【
B


【解析】词义题,题干中的“most probably means”表明本题是词义题。本题
考查考生对文章第二段内容的理解。
题干中的信号词出自文章第二段最后一句话
中。
文章第二段首先指出,
什么可以解释这 种奇怪的现象呢?接着提到了一些猜
测,其中的
c
)指出,热爱足球的父母更可能在春 季怀孕,随后提到了该词所在
的句子。这说明,该词可能与“soccermad”的意思相近。
B
是对该词的同义替
换,为正确选项。
A

C
是误解了该 词的意思;
D
不准确。

3.
【正确答案】【
A


【解析】细节题,题干中的“According
to
Ericsson”表明本 题是观点细节题。
本题考查考生对文章第三、
四段内容的理解。
题干中的信号词是“E ricsson”和
“memory”,
出自文章第三、
四段。
文章第三段提 到了有关记忆的试验,
第四段
介绍了埃里克森有关记忆的结论——记忆过程是一种认知练习,< br>不是一种本能练
习;了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程,< br>而有意练习需要的不只是简单地重复一个任务,
它涉及到确定明确的目标、
获得
即时反馈以及注重方法与结果。
这说明,
他认为,
好的记忆力依赖于人们对信息
的有目的应用。
A
为正确选项。
B

C
明显与文意不符; 不准确;与有关的信息
是第一段第四句话,而这个假设被一项研究证实是错误的,所以
B
不对;
D
是在
解释有意练习,与题目的要求不符。

4.
【正确答案】【
D


【解析】细节题,题干中的“Ericsson and his colleagues belie ve”表明本
题是观点细节题。
本题考查考生对文章最后一段内容的理解。
题干中的信 号词是
“Ericsson and his colleagues”,出自文章最后一段。文章最后 一段介绍了
埃里克森和他的同事有关成就优秀者的研究,
指出,
他们的研究得出了一个 非常
令人惊奇的结论——成就优秀者几乎总是培养的,不是天生的。
D
为正确选项。< br>A

C
与文意相反;
B
与最后一段第二句话的意思不符。


5.
【正确答案】【
C


【解析】
主旨题,
题干中的“closest
to
the
message
the
text
tries
to
convey”
表明本题是主旨题。
本题考查考生对全文内容的理解。
文章通过足球运 动员的出
生证明引出了本文的主题,
随后的段落解释了这种现象,
得出的结论是,成就优
秀者几乎都是后天培养的,
而不是天生的。
这说明,
本文主要讲的 是,
优异成就
是后天习得的,不是天生的。
C
为正确选项。
A

B

D
都是误解了文意。

全文翻译:



如果你打算检查
2006
年世界杯锦标赛上所有足球运动员的出 生证明,那么
你最可能发现一种引人注意的巧合:
优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个< br>月而不是后几个月。如果你检查进入世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话,
那么你会发现这种 奇怪的现象甚至更明显。



什么可以解释这种奇怪的现象呢?下面是一些 猜测:
a
)某种占星术征兆使
人具备更高的足球技能;
b
)冬季出生 的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力,这提高
了踢足球的耐力;
c

热爱足球的父 母更可能在春季
(每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期)
怀孕;
d
)以上各项都不是。< br>


安德斯
?
埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一位
58
岁的心理学教授,
他说,

坚信“以上各项都不是”这一点。埃里克森在 瑞典长大,他一直在研究核工程,
直到他认识到,
如果他转向心理学领域,
他会有更多 机会从事自己的研究。
他的
首次试验是在大约
30
年以前进行的,与记忆有关 ——训练一个人先听一组任意
挑选的数字,然后复述这些数字。“在接受大约
20
个小 时的训练后,第一个试
验对象
(复述)
的数字组合从
7
个上升到20
个,
” 埃里克森回忆说。
“该试验
对象不断进步,在接受大约200
个小时的训练后,他复述的数字已经达到
80

个。”



这次成功,
连同后来证明“记忆本身不是遗传决定的”研究,
使 得埃里克森
得出结论——记忆过程是一种认知练习,
不是一种本能练习。
换句话说,< br>无论两
个人在记忆力方面可能有什么样的天生差异,
这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地< br>“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。
埃里克森确信,
了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳
方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。
有意练习需要的不只是简单地重复一个
任务。相反,它 涉及到确定明确的目标、获得即时反馈以及注重方法与结果。



因此,< br>埃里克森和他的同事开始研究广泛领域的成就优秀者,
包括足球。

们收集了能 够收集的所有资料,
不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料,

包括他们自己对取 得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。
他们的研究得出了
一个非常令人惊奇的结论——我们 通常称为才能的特征被高估了。
或者,
换句话
说,
成就优秀者
(无论 是在记忆还是手术方面,
在芭蕾还是计算机编程方面)

乎总是培养的,不是天生的。

Text 2





For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade
has
featured
a
column
called
“Ask
Marilyn.”
People
are
invited
to

query
Marilyn
vos
Savant,
who
at
age
10
had
tested
at
a
mental
level
of
someone
about 23 years old; that gave her an IQ of 228

the highest score ever
recorded. IQ tests ask you to complete verbal and visual analogies, to
envision
paper
after
it
has
been
folded
and
cut,
and
to
deduce
numerical
sequences, among other similar tasks. So it is a bit confusing when vos
Savant fields such queries from the average Joe

whose IQ is 100

as,
What’s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature
of
luck
and
coincidence?
It’s
not
obvious
how
the
capacity
to
visualize
objects
and
to
figure
out
numerical
patterns
suits
one
to
answer
questions
that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.


Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just
what
does
it
mean
to
be
smart?
How
much
of
intelligence
can
be
specified,
and how much can we learn about it from neurology, genetics, computer
science and other fields?


The
defining
term
of
intelligence
in
humans
still
seems
to
be
the
IQ
score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be.
The test comes primarily in two forms: the Stanford-Binet Intelligence
Scale and the Wechsler Intelligence Scales

both come in adult and
children’s version)
. Generally costing several hundred dollars, they
are usually given only by psychologists, although variations of them
populate bookstores and the World Wide Web. Superhigh scores like vos
Savant’s are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a
statistical
population
distribution
among
age
peers,
rather
than
simply
dividing
the
mental
age
by
the
chronological
age
and
multiplying
by
100.
Other
standardized
tests,
such
as
the
Scholastic
Assessment
Test

SAT

and
the
Graduate
Record
Exam

GRE

,
capture
the
main
aspects
of
IQ
tests.


Such standardized tests may not assess all the important elements
necessary to succeed in school and in life, argues Robert J. Sternberg.
In his article “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg
notes
that
traditional
test
best
assess
analytical
and
verbal
skills
but
fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also
critical to problem solving and life success. Moreover, IQ test do not
necessarily predict so well once populations or situations change.
Research
has
found
that
IQ
predicted
leadership
skills
when
the
tests
were
given
under
low- stress
conditions,
but
under
high- stress
conditions,
IQ
was negatively correlated with leadership

that is, it predicted the
opposite.
Anyone
who
has
toiled
through
SAT
will
testify
that
test-taking
skill
also
matters,
whether
it’s
knowing
when
to
guess
or
what
questions
to skip.


6. Which of the following may be required in an intelligent test?

[A] Answering philosophical questions.

[B] Folding or cutting paper into different shapes.

[C] Telling the difference between certain concepts.

[D] Choosing words or graphs similar to the given ones.
7. What can be inferred about intelligence testing from Paragraph 3?

[A] People no longer use IQ scores as an indicator of intelligence.

[B] More versions of IQ tests are now available on the Internet.

[C] The test contents and formats for adults and children may be
different.

[D] Scientists have defined the important elements of human
intelligence.
8.
People
nowadays
can
no
longer
achieve
IQ
scores
as
high
as
vos
Savant’s
because

[A] the scores are obtained through different computational
procedures.

[B] creativity rather than analytical skills is emphasized now.


[C] vos Savant’s case is an extreme one that will not repeat.


[D] the defining characteristic of IQ tests has changed.
9. We can conclude from the last paragraph that

[A] test scores may not be reliable indicators of one’s ability.


[B] IQ scores and SAT results are highly correlated.

[C] testing involves a lot of guesswork.

[D] traditional test are out of date.
10. What is the author’s attitude towards IQ test?




[A] Supportive. [B] Skeptical. [C] Impartial. [D] Biased.
Unit 14

2007


Part2

试题解析:

6.
【正确答案】【
D


【解析】细节题,题干中的“Which
of
the
followin g”表明本题是判断正误细
节题。
本题考查考生对文章第一段和最后一段内容的理解。
文章第一段指出,

商测试要求你完成口头和视觉分析,
要求你在纸张被折叠、
剪切后想象它的形状,
要求你推论数字的顺序,
以及其他类似的项目,
最后一段指出 ,
传统的测试最恰
当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,但没有测量创造性和实际知识。这说明 ,
在智力测试中可能需要创造性和实际知识。
D
为正确选项。
A
和< br>C
属于无中生有;
B
与文意不符。

7.
【正确答案】【
C


【解析】推论题,题干中的“can be inferred”表明本题是推论题。本题考查
考生对文章第三段内容的理解。
文章第三段指 出,
智商测试主要表现为两种形式,
也就是斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表,
这两种都有成人和儿童测试类
型。由此可知,对成人和儿童的测试内容可能不相同。
C
为正确选项。
A
与该段
第一句话的意思不符;
B
与该段第三句话中“ although”引导的句子意思不符;
D
属于无中生有。

8.
【正确答案】【
A


【解析】细节题,题干中的“because ”表明本题是原因细节题。本题考查考生
对文章第三段内容的理解。题干中的信号词是“IQ scores ”和“Vos
Savant’s”,
出自文章第三段第四句话中。
文 章第三段指出,
得到像沃斯
?
萨文
特这样的超高分数再也不可能了,
因为现在的分数依据的是相同年龄者的统计学
群体分布状况,而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以
1 00
来划分智能年龄。这说明,
原因是现在的计算方法与以前不同。
A
为正确 选项。
B
是第四段的信息,与题目
的要求不符;
C
明显与文意不符;
D
属于无中生有。

9.
【正确答案】【
A


【解析】归纳题,题干中的“We can conclude”表明本题是归纳题。本题考查
考生对文章最后一段内容的理解。
文章最后一 段指出,
有专家认为,
标准测试不
可能评估在学校和生活中取得成功所需的所有重要因 素,随后解释了这种观点,
指出,
传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,
而且,
一旦人口或
环境发生变化,
智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确,
并且 应试能力也很重要。

说明,智商测试不可能真实反映一个人的能力。
A
为正 确选项。
A
不准确;
B

文意相反;
C
属于夸大其 词;
D
属于无中生有。



10.
【正确答案】


B


【解析】态度题,题干中的“the
author’s
attitude”表明本 题是态度题。本
题考查考生对全文内容的理解。作者文中使用了“有点困惑”、“ 但没有测量
创造性和实际知识,这些也是解决问题、在生活中取得成功的关键因素”以及
“ 它 预测的结果是相反的”等词句,说明作者对智商测试持怀疑态度。
B
为正
确选项。A
与作者的态度相反;
C

D
是误解了作者的态度。

全文翻译:



过去几年,
《星期日报》的增刊《检阅》 开设了一个名叫“询问玛丽琳”的
专栏。人们被邀请去询问玛丽琳
?
沃斯
?< br>萨文特——她在
10
岁时测试的智力水平
达到别人
23
岁时的 水平,这使得她的智商高达
228
(是有记录的最高水平)。
智商测试要求你完成口头 和视觉分析,
要求你在纸张被折叠、
剪切后想象它的形
状,要求你推论数字的顺序,以 及其他类似的项目。所以,当沃斯
?
萨文特面对
普通人(其智商为
100)提出的像“热爱与喜爱之间的区别是什么?”或者“运
气与巧合的特征是什么?”这样的问题时,
她感到有点困惑。
设想物体、
判断数
字模式的能力如何使一个人能够回答难倒 了一些最杰出的诗人和哲学家的问题,
这一点并不明显。



很明 显,
智力包含的不只是一次测试所得的分数。
而聪明意味着什么?可以
明确显示多少智 力?我们能够从神经学、
遗传学、
计算机科学以及其他领域了解
多少智力?



人类有关智力的定义性术语似乎仍然是智商分数,
即使人们并不像以前那 样
经常进行智商测试。
智商测试主要表现为两种形式:
斯坦福—比奈智力量表和威斯勒智力量表
(两种都有成人和儿童测试类型)

由于这些测试一般要花费几百< br>美元,
所以通常只有心理学家才进行这些测试,
尽管这些测试的变种在书店和环
球网上流行。得到像沃斯
?
萨文特这样的超高分数再也不可能了,因为现在的分
数依据 的是相同年龄者的统计学群体分布状况,
而不是简单地通过实足年龄乘以
100
来划分 智能年龄。其他标准测试,比如学术能力检测以及研究生入学考试,
包含了智商测试的主要方面。



罗博特
?J?
斯顿伯格认为,这样的标准测试不可能评估在 学校和生活中取得
成功所需的所有重要因素。
在其名为“智力测试如何明智?”这篇文章中,< br>斯顿
伯格指出,
传统的测试最恰当地评估了分析能力和语言表达能力,
但没有测 量创
造性和实际知识,
这些也是解决问题、
在生活中取得成功的关键因素。
而 且,

旦人口或环境发生变化,
智商测试就不一定预测得那么准确。
研究发现 ,
如果在
低压力状况下进行智商测试,
那么这种测试就可以预测领导才能,
但 是,
在高压
力状况下,
智商测试所得的结果与领导才能的关系是否定的,
也就 是说,
它预测
的结果是相反的。任何经历过学术能力检测的人都会认为,应试能力也很重要,< br>无论是知道何时应该进行推测还是知道应该忽略什么问题。

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