barriers语言学

2021年1月20日发(作者：larva)

单选


1
．

超音段特征：

The principle suprasegmental feature are
syllable, stress, tone and intonation.
(
汉语是声调语言，英语不是
)

Syllabic structure:
different languages permit different kinds of syllables.

In Chinese Putonghua
syllable typically consists of a consonant cluster. In English, a word

may be monosyllabic(
单音
节
) or polysyllabic(
多音节
)
。

A syllable must have a nuclear or peak, which is often a vowel. ,
however sometimes it is also possible for a consonant to play the part of nuclear, as in the word
“
table
”
, which consist of a syllable
【
tei
】
and a syllable
【
bl
】
.
We can divide s syllable into two parts, the rhyme (
韵音
) and the onset (
节音
).

A s


the
vowel
within
the
rhyme
is
the
nuclear,
the
consonant(s)
after
it
will
be
termed
the
coda
(
韵尾
)
。
All
syllables must have a nuclear but not all syllables contain an onset and coda.

2
．

Language
function
（判断句子的语言功能）
ative(
信息功能
)
2.
interpersonal
function
（人际功能）

3. performative
（施为功能）

4. emotive function
（情感功能）

5.
phatic
communion
（交感性谈话）

tional
function
（娱乐性功能）

ngual
function
（元语言功能）

8. directive
指示功能

第
4
面

3
．

Synchronic and Diachronic(
共时研究于历时研究
)
A synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Most grammars are of
this
kind.
Saussure
’
s
diachronic
linguistics
is
the
study
of
a
language
through
the
course
of
its
history.



Synchronic
linguistics:
共时语言学

an
approach
to
linguistics
which
studies
a
language system at one particular point in time, for example the change in the sound system of
Modern
British
English.
是一种研究语言的方法，它研究特定时间的语言体系，例如现代英
国英语的语言体系。


Diachronic
linguistics:
历史语言学

an
approach
to
linguistics
which
studies how a language changes over a period of time, for example the change in the sound system
of English from Early English to Modern British English.
是一种研究语言学的方法，它研究语
言在 一段时间被怎样变化，例如研究语音体系从早期的英语到现代英国英语变化。

4
．

Voicing
：声带震动是

voiced
声带不震动是

voiceless
发声器官是

（
vocal
choric
）

voicing is a feature of all vowel and some consonants in English. Air coming from the lungs
and through the windpipe, passes through the glottis. Lying across the glottis are the vocal
cords. When vocal cords are held together tautly, the air stream will vibrate them at different
speeds when forcing its passage through them. Vibration of the vocal cords results in voicing.
5
．

理论的提出者：
CP
（
cooperative principle
）
Grice, PP (Politeness principle ) Geoffrey leech
转化生成语法（
TG
transformational
generative
grammar
）
：
Chomsky/
系统语法：
Halliday
(systemic-functional grammar)
还有功能语法（
functional grammar
）

6
．

我们分析词义内容是用的方法是

CA
（
componential analysis
）
CA is propose by structure
semantics to analyze word meaning. According to
their view, meaning can be divided into
meaning components, called semantic features.
7
．

Competence
是
Chomsky
提出来的。

8
．

发音：
Artiulatory
Phonetics
(
发音语音学
)
Acoustic
Phonetic(
声学语音学
)
Auditory
Phonetics(
听觉语音学
)
9
．

判断一个词有几个
morpheme
10
．

是
那种类型的
Synonym: dialectal synonyms (
地域同义词
)
例如：
autumn
，
fall/


stylistic synonym
（风格同义词）例如：
old man, daddy, dad
synonym that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning(
感情或评价同义词
)
例如：

collocational synonyms(
固定搭配
) accuse
…Of
, charge
…
..with



semantically different synonym(
语义不同
)amaze, astound .
都含有
surprise
的意思。
但是意思
不同。
These synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.
11
．

Word formation (
构词法
)1. invention/ coinage.(
一般是把一些知名的企业或公司的名字
当成一个新词
)

ng
（去两个词的一部分构成一个新词）


-formation
（逆构词法）
iation
缩略
:clipping
省略词的一部份
6. acronym(
大
写字母
) 7. Analogical Creation 8. Borrowing
12. CP
合作原则：
manner
：
obscurity ambiguity
，

Quantity
数量
: your contribution as informative as is required(for the current purposes
of the exchange) not make your contribution more informative than is required
Quality:

not
say
what
you
believe
to
be
false,
not
say
that
for
which
you
lack
adequate evidence
Relation: be relevant
matic
横组合关系：
the
relation
between
one and
others
in
a
sequence,
or
between
elements,
which
are
all
present.
In
a
syntagmatic
relation,
there
are
syntactic
and
semantic
conditions the words must meet. For instance, we would only say, the boy kicked the ball instead
of boy the ball kicked the (
是线性的关系
)



Paradigmat ic
（
associative
）纵聚合：
it
refers
to
the
relation
holding
between
elements
replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and
the others absent. For instance, expression like
”
Tom
”
OR
”
He
”
can be filled in the blsnk of the
sentence
“
--------is smiling
”

第二部分：名词解释

1.

Arbitrariness: is one of the design features of language. It is defined as the fact that the
forms
of
linguistic
signs
bear
no
relationship
to
their
meaning.
For
instance,
we
cannot
explain why a book is called a /buk/. The language users establish the connection between
a linguistic symbol and its referent in convention, or social agreement. But language is not
an absolutely arbitrary because there are causes where there are or at least seem to be some
meaning association. For example: onomatopoeia, compounds, syntactic structures etc. So
we can say arbitrariness is a matter of degree.
2.

Morpheme: is the basic unit of words, which defined as a unit that cannot be divide into
smaller unit without destroying or dramatically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical
or grammatical. For example: dogs has two morpheme
“
dog
”
and
“
s
”
. morpheme can be

divided into different types: morpheme and bound morpheme (
自由语素与黏着语
素
)

2. root, affix and stem (
词根，词缀与词干
)

3 .inflectional affix and derivational
affix (
曲折词缀与派生词缀
)

3.

Hyponymy:
is
one
of
the
sense
relations
in
semantics.
It
defines
as
the
relationship
between
a
more
general,
more
inclusive
word
and
a
more
specific
word.
For
example,
animal and dog are related in such a way that dog refers to a type of animal, and animal is
a
general
term
that
includes
dogs
and
other
types
of
animals.
The
specific
term,
dog
is
called a hyponym, and the general term, animal, is called a superorodinate. Hyponyms of
the same surperordinate are co- hyponymy to each other.

4.

Pragmatics:
is
one
major
branch
of
language
study.
It
is
a
generally
the
study
of
nature
language
understanding,
and
specifically
the
study
of
how
context
influences
the
interpretation of meaning. Meaning in pragmatics is different from the meaning we studied