mountains英语国家概况名词解释2

2021年1月20日发(作者：狂欢是一群人的孤单)
Unit1
1 The kivi
.The
Kiwi
The
kiwi
is
the
name
of
one
of
the
native
birds
in
New
Zealand. It is flightless. In colloquial English, the Kiwi, capitalized, is
also used to refer to a New Zealander.
2. The Resource Management Act:

The
Resource
Management
Act
reflects
New
Zealanders'
environmental
awareness.
Under
the
Act,
laws
governing
land,
air
and water resources are combined together to ensure the sustainable
management of natural resources. It focuses on the effects of human
activities on the whole environment as well. The Act came into force
in
1991.
With
it,
New
Zealand
leads
the
world
in
environmental
legislation.
3 .Maoritanga

Maoritanga is the Maori word for “Maori culture.” It refers to all the
elements of the rich culture heritage of the indigenous people in New
Zealand, including their language, customs and traditions.
4. Maui
Maui was a legendary hero of the Maori people. He was clever, magic
and resourceful. He outwitted his elder brothers in a fishing trip and
caught a great fish. It is believed that the great fish he caught turned
into today`s North Island of New Zealand.
5. The North Island:

The
North
Island
is
one
of
the
three
parts
of
New
Zealand.
It
is
famous
for
spectacular
volcanoes
and
the
thermal
region.
About
three-quarters of New Zealand's population live on the North Island.
Wellington, the national capital, and Aukland, the country's largest
city, are located on this island.
Unit 2
New Zealand Parliament

Since
1950
Parliament
has
had
a
single
chamber,
the
House
of
Representatives.
Its
functions
include
passing
laws,
supervising
the
government’s
administration
and
receiving
petitions
from
citizens
with grievances. Currently there are 120 Members of Parliament, all
elected by voters.
2. MMPR
MMPR
stands
for
Mixed
Member
Proportional
Representation.
Under
this
new
election
system,
each
voter
has
two
votes,
the
first
one
for
a
candidate in their electorate, the second for a political party. The second
vote, when counted nation-wide, decides the number of seats each party
will take in Parliament.

Ombudsman The ombudsman
The Ombudsman The ombudsman is appointed by Parliament. His r
esponsibilities are to investigate
people’s
complaints against governm
ent departments and local authorities and to make sure that appropri
ate official information is freely available in accordance to the Officia
l Information Act. There are the Chief Ombudsman and specialist om
budsmen in various fields
4

The Open Polytechnic in New Zealand
It is the largest educational institution in New of its stu
dents study offers more than 700 courses in a wide range
of edia learning is
5

New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone


New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone extends 200 nautical miles
out from the low water mark around New Zealand and its offshore
islands. It is one of the largest fishing areas in the world. There are a
rich
variety
of
sea
species
in
the
zone,
of
which
100
have
great
commercial values.
Unit 3
1. The first English permanent settlement in North America
The
first
English
permanent
settlement
was
organized
in
1607
by
the
London
Company
with
a
charter
from
the
English
king.
The
colonists
settled
in
Virginia
and
survived
by
imposing
strict
discipline
on
themselves
and by
transplanting tobacco into
the
colony
of
Virginia.
In
1619,
the
settlers
elected
their
delegates
and
set
up
the
House
of
Burgesses,
and the
same
time
they
bought
and enslaved black servants.
These two events greatly influenced the political and social development
of the United States later.

2. Puritanism
Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted
to
purify
the
Church
of
England.
They
believed
that
human
beings
ere
predestined
by
God
before
they
were
born.
Some
were
God’s
chosen
people
while
others
were
damned
to
hell.
No
church
nor
good
works
could save people. The sign of being God’s elect was the success in his
work or the prosperity in his calling. They also argued that everyone must
read the Bible in order to find God’s will and establish a direct contact
with God. These beliefs had great impact on American culture.
3. The Declaration of Independence
The
Declaration
of
Independence
was
mainly
drafted
by
Thomas
Jefferson
and
was
adopted
by
the
Congress
on
July
4,
1776,
when
the
people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their
freedom and independence from the British colonial rule. The document
declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some
unalienable rights such as life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. It also
explained
the
philosophy
of
governments:
the
powers
of
governments
came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments
was to secure the rights mentioned above. The theory of politics and the
guiding
principles
of
the
American
Revolution
mainly
came
from
John
Locke.
4. George Washington
George
Washington
was
one
of
the
founding
fathers
of
the
American
Republic.
He
was
the
Commander-in-Chief
of
the
Continental
Army
in
the
War
of
Independence
against
the
British
colonial
rule
and
the
first
President of the United States.
5. Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin
Franklin
was
one
of
the
founding
fathers
of
the
American
Republic. He participated in writing the Declaration of Independence and
making the U.S. Constitution.
Unit 4
1. The Articles of Confederation
After
the
War
of
Independence
was
won,
the
new
nation
of
the
United
States
was
organized
under
the
agreement
of
the
Articles
of
Confederation with a weak national government called the Congress Each
state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal
affairs.
The
states
did
not
cooperate
with
the
Congress
and
with
each
other. The Congress had no power to force any state to contribute money
to
the
national
government
and
the
Congress
could
not
tax
any
citizen
either. As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.
2. A federal system
A
federal
system
is
one
in
which
power
is
shared
between
a
central
authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.

3. The making of the U.S. Constitution
The
Articles
of
Confederation
failed.
The
Congress
decided
to
hold
a
constitutional
convention
to
revise
the
Articles
of
Confederation.
The
delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island refused to participated) gathered
in Philadelphia in 1787 and ended up in writing a new constitution and
set a federal system with a strong central government. The Constitution
provided that an election of the president would be called, federal laws
would
be
made
only
by
a
Congress
made
up
of
the
House
of
Representatives
and
the
Senate
and
a
Supreme
Court
would
be
set
up.
This
new
Constitution
was
finally
approved
by
the
majority
of
the
citizens
in
over
9
of
the
13
states
and
was
officially
put
into
effect
in
1787.
4. The executive
The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four-year term. A
president
can
be
elected
to
only
two
terms
according
to
an
amendment
passed
in
1951.
The
president
can
propose
legislation
to
Congress.
He
can veto any bill passed by Congress. The veto can be overridden by a
two-thirds vote in both houses. The president can appoint federal judges
as
vacancies
occur.
He
is
the
commander
in
chief
of
the
armed
forces.
The
president
has
other
broad
authorities
in
running
the
government
departments and handling foreign relations.
5. The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added
to the Constitution in 1791. The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee
freedom
and
individual
rights
such
as
freedom
of
speech,
the
right
to
assemble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.

6. Homeland Security
Homeland Security is short for the United States Department of Homelan
d Security (often abbreviated as DHS). It is founded on March 1, 2003, an
d is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with th
e primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrori
st attacks and responding to natural disasters. With more than 200 000 em
ployees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departmen
ts of Defense and Veterans Affairs. Other agencies with significant homel
and security responsibilities include the Department of Health and Huma
n Services, Justice, and Energy.
Unit 5
1. Eli Whitney
Eli Whitney is an American inventor who invented the cotton gin, which
made removing the seeds from the bolls of cotton much easier. He also
began manufacturing rifles with machinery, using interchangeable parts.
This contributed to the American system of mass production.
2. Samuel Slater
In
1793,
Samuel
Slater
built
the
first
factory
in
the
United
States
-
a
cotton cloth factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. He built the factory from
memory, because it was a crime to carry factory plant out of England. The
success
of
his
factory
started
a
process
of
change
that
turned
the
northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing
center and helped the nation become a major cotton producer.
3. Industrial Revolution in America
After independence, America was principally an agricultural country. The
Industrial
Revolution
in
England
brought
many
changes
to
American
industry
between
1776
and
1860.
One
key
development
was
the
introduction
of
the
factory
system.
A
second
development
was
the

system
of
mass
production.
A
third
development
was
the
application of new technologies to industrial task. A fourth development
was the emergence of new forms of business organization - the bank and
the corporation.
4. Corporation
Corporation is a form of business organization. Compared with the sole
proprietorship and the partnership, the corporation may survive the death
of its founder or founders. Because it could draw on a pool of investors, it
is
a
much
more
efficient
tool
for
raising
the
large
amounts
of
capital
needed by expanding business. And it enjoys limited liability, so investors
only risk the amount of their investment and not their entire assets.
5. Service industries
Service
industries
are
industries
that
sell
a
service
rather
than
make
a
product. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to
the
provision
of
meals
in
restaurants.
As
more
and
more
people
are
employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said that the US
has moved into a
6. Stock
When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money.
They
may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they
become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they
receive
a
share
of
it.
Likewise,
if
the
company
loses
money,
the
stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop -
they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk.
7. Agribusiness
Because
American
agriculture
is
big
business,
people
coined
the
term

in
the
modern
US
economy.
The
term
covers
the
entire
complex
of
farm-related
businesses,
from
the
individual
farmer
to
the
multinational
maker
of
farm
chemicals.
It
also
includes
farmer
cooperatives,
rural
banks,
shippers
of
farm
products,
commodity
dealers,
firms
that
manufacture farm equipment, food-processing industries, grocery chains
and many other businesses.
8. Migrant workers
Many big farms hire temporary workers only for a specific chore
- such
as picking crops.

Many of these seasonal workers travel from farm to
farm,
staying
only
until
the
crops
are
picked.

They
are
known
as
migrant workers.
Unit 7
1. Transcendentalists
In his book Nature, Emerson claimed that by studying and responding to
nature,
individuals
could
reach
a
higher
spiritual
state
without
formal
religion.
A
circle
of
intellectuals
who
were
discontented
with
the
New
England
establishment
gathered
around
Emerson.
They
accepted
Emerson's
theories
about
spiritual
transcendence.
They
are
known
as
Transcendentalists.
2. The Scarlet Letter
A
novel
written
by
Nathaniel
Hawthorne.
Set
in
the
Puritan
past,
this
masterpiece
is
the
stark
drama
of
a
woman
harshly
cast
out
from
her
community for committing the sin of adultery. In this novel Hawthorne
explored
certain
moral
themes
such
as
guilt,
pride
and
emotional
repression.
3.. Moby Dick
A
novel
written
by
Herman
Melville.
Moby-Dick
is
the
name
of
a
big