猴子的英文Frederick Douglass

2021年1月20日发(作者：答谢会)
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey was born into slavery in Talbot County, Maryland,
(on the state's Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay), and was named by his mother,
Harriet Bailey. The plantation was located between Hillsboro and Cordova. His birthplace
was likely his grandmother's shack east of Tappers Corner and west of Tuckahoe
Creek. Years later, after escaping to the North, he took the surname Douglass, having
already dropped use of his two middle names.
The exact date of Douglass's birth is unknown. He later chose to celebrate it on February
14.
[3]
The exact year is also unknown (on the first page of
Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.
[10][13]
He was of mixed race,
which likely included Native American on his mother's side as well as African and
European.


He spoke of his earliest times with his mother:

correctness of this opinion I know nothing.... My mother and I were separated
when I was but an infant.... It [was] common custom, in the part of Maryland from
which I ran away, to part children from their mothers at a very early age.

with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was gone.

After this early separation from his mother, young Frederick lived with his maternal
grandmother, Betty Bailey. Meanwhile, at the age of seven, he was separated from
his grandmother and moved to the Wye Houseplantation, where Aaron Anthony
worked as overseer.
[15]
Douglass's mother died when he was about ten. After Anthony
died, the boy was given to Lucretia Auld, wife of Thomas Auld, who sent him to serve
Thomas' brother Hugh Auld in Baltimore.
When Douglass was about twelve years old, Hugh Auld's wife Sophia started
teaching him the alphabet, although Maryland state law prohibited teaching slaves to
read. Douglass described her as a kind and tender- hearted woman, who treated the
boy the way one human being ought to treat another. When Hugh Auld discovered
her activity, he strongly disapproved, saying that if a slave learned to read, he would
become dissatisfied with his condition and desire freedom. Douglass later referred to
this as the
[16]
In his
autobiography, Douglass related how he learned to read from white children in the
neighborhood and by observing the writings of men with whom he worked. One day
Mrs. Auld saw Douglass reading a newspaper; she ran over and snatched it from him,
with her face showing that education and slavery were incompatible with each other.
Douglass continued, secretly, to teach himself how to read and write. He later often
said,
[17]
As Douglass began to
read newspapers, pamphlets, political materials, and books of every description, this
new realm of thought led him to question and condemn the institution of slavery. In
later years, Douglass credited The Columbian Orator, an anthology which he
discovered at about age twelve, with clarifying and defining his views on freedom and
human rights. The book, first published in 1797, is a classroom reader, containing
essays, speeches and dialogues, to assist students in learning reading and grammar.
When Douglass was hired out to William Freeland, he taught other slaves on the
plantation to read the New Testament at a weekly Sunday school. As word spread,
the interest among slaves in learning to read was so great that in any week, more
than 40 slaves would attend lessons. For about six months, their study went relatively
unnoticed. While Freeland remained complacent about their activities, other
plantation owners became incensed about their slaves being educated. One Sunday
they burst in on the gathering, armed with clubs and stones, to disperse the
congregation permanently.
In 1833, Thomas Auld took Douglass back from Hugh (
Hugh,
a poor farmer who had a reputation as a
regularly and nearly broke him psychologically. The sixteen-year-old Douglass finally
rebelled against the beatings and fought back. After Douglass won a physical
confrontation, Covey never tried to beat him again.

From slavery to freedom
Douglass first tried to escape from Freeland, who had hired him out from his owner
Colonel Lloyd, but was unsuccessful. In 1836, he tried to escape from his new master
Covey, but failed again. In 1837, Douglass met and fell in love with Anna Murray,
a free black woman in Baltimore about five years older than he. Her free status
strengthened his belief in the possibility of gaining his own freedom.

On September 3, 1838, Douglass successfully escaped by boarding a Philadelphia,
Wilmington & Baltimore Railroad train (the line was newly merged) to the great
Northern cities. He jumped aboard the train a short distance east of the previous
temporary P.W.& B. train depot in the just-developed industrial, commercial and
residential neighborhood of Canton at President and Fleet Streets, east of
Basin
depot was replaced by the historic President Street Station, constructed 1849-1850; it
was noted as a site of other slave escapes along one of many routes of the famous

Young Douglass reached Havre de Grace, Maryland, in Harford County, in the
northeast corner of the state, along the southwest shore of the Susquehanna River,
which flowed into the Chesapeake Bay. Though this placed him some 20 miles from
the free state of Pennsylvania, it was easier to travel through Delaware, another slave
state. Dressed in a sailor's uniform provided to him by Murray, who also gave him part
of her savings to cover his travel costs, he carried identification papers which he had
obtained from a free black seaman. Douglass crossed the wide Susquehanna
River by the railroad's steam-ferry at Havre de Grace to Perryville on the opposite
shore in Cecil County, then continued by train across the state line to Wilmington,
Delaware, a large port at the head of the Delaware Bay. From there, because of the
incompleted rail line at that time, he went by steamboat along the Delaware
River further northeast to the
anti- slavery stronghold, and continued to the safe house of noted abolitionist David
Ruggles in New York City. His entire journey to freedom took less than 24 hours.


Frederick Douglass later wrote of his arrival in New York City:
I have often been asked, how I felt when first I found myself on free soil. And
my readers may share the same curiosity. There is scarcely anything in my
experience about which I could not give a more satisfactory answer. A new
world had opened upon me. If life is more than breath, and the 'quick round of
blood,' I lived more in one day than in a year of my slave life. It was a time of
joyous excitement which words can but tamely describe. In a letter written to a
friend soon after reaching New York, I said: 'I felt as one might feel upon
escape from a den of hungry lions.' Anguish and grief, like darkness and rain,
may be depicted; but gladness and joy, like the rainbow, defy the skill of pen
or pencil.

Once Douglass had arrived, he sent for Murray to follow him north to New York. She
brought with her the necessary basics for them to set up a home. They were married
on September 15, 1838, by a black Presbyterian minister eleven days after
Douglass's arrival in New York.

At first, they adopted Johnson as their married name,
to divert attention.

Mohamed A. El- Erian
El-Erian has published widely on international economic and finance topics. He is a
member of the Financial Times
”
. of writers, has a monthly column in Foreign
Policy and is a contributing editor at the FT. He is also a regular op-ed contributor
to Project Syndicate. His columns have appeared in The Atlantic, Bloomberg, The
Economist,
Journal, The Washington Post, The Financial Express, and other outlets. He is a
columnist for Bloomberg.
[16]
His book When Markets Collide was a New York
Times and Wall Street Journalbestseller. The book won the Financial Times and
Goldman Sachs Business Book of the Year Award in 2008, was named a book of the
year by The Economist, and called one of the best business books of all time by The
Independent.

El-Erian was named to Foreign Policy's list of Top 100 Global Thinkers for
2009,
[20]
2010,
[21]
2011,
[22]
and 2012.
[23]
He appears regularly on CNN, CNBC,