expressions哈佛大学幸福课中英文讲义

2021年1月20日发(作者：brick是什么意思)
哈佛大学幸福课第一课中英文讲义

各位

早上好

Hi Good morning.
很高兴能回到这里

It's wonderful to be back here.
很高兴见到你们

Wonderful to see you here.
我教授这门课是因为

I'm teaching this class
在我读本科阶段时

because I wish a class like this had been taught
非常希望能学习这样一门课程

when I was sitting in your seat as an undergrad here.
可能这门课并不是你希望的那样

This does not mean it is a class you wish to be taught,
也可能并不适合你

nor does it mean that it is the right class for you.
但希望几堂课后

你能有个大概印象

But I hope to doing the next couple of lectures is giving you an
idea what this class is about
让你决定这门课是否适合你

so that you can decide whether or not it is for you.
我
1992
年来到哈佛求学

I came here in

大二期间

突然顿悟了

And
then
I
had
a
mini
epiphany
half
way
through
my
sophomore year.
我意识到我身处让人神往大学校园

I realized that I was in a wonderful place
周围都是出色的同学

优秀的导师

with wonderful students around me, wonderful teachers.
我成绩优异

I was doing well academically.
擅长体育运动

I was doing well in athletics.
70:01:19,830 --> 00:01:22,670
我当时在校队打壁球

i was playing varsity squash at the time.
社交也游刃有余

I was doing well socially.
一切都很顺利

Everything was going well.
除了一点

Except for the fact.
我不快乐

That I was unhappy.
而且我不明白为什么

And I didn't understand why.
也就是在那时

It was then in a matter of moments,
我决定要找出原因

变得快乐

that I decided that I had to find out why and become happier.
于是我将研究方向

And that was when I switched my concentration
从计算机科学转向了哲学及心理系

from computer science to philosophy and psychology
目标只有一个

with a single question:
如何变得更快乐
?
how can I become happier?
渐渐地

我的确变得更快乐了

Over time I did become happier.
主要因为我接触了一个新的领域

What
contributed
most
to
my
happiness
was
when
I
encountered a new emerging field
那时并未正式命名

that at that time didn't have the name that it has today.
但本质上属于积极心理学范畴

But essentially research that falls under or within the field of
positive psychology.
研究积极心理学

Positive psychology, studying it,
把其理念应用到生活中

让我无比快乐

applying
the
ideas
to
my
life
has
made
me
significantly
happier.
而且这种快乐继续着

It continues to make me happier.
于是我决定将其与更多的人分享

And it was when I realized the impact that it had on me that I
decided to share it with others.
选择教授这门学科

That's when I decided that I wanted to be a teacher and teach
in this field.
这就是积极心理学

So this is positive psychology,
9504
号心理学课程

psychology 1504.
我们将一起探索这一全新

And we'll be exploring this new,
相对新兴

令人倾倒的领域

relatively new and fascinating field.
希望同时还能探索我们自己

And
hopefully,
we
will
be
exploring
more
than
the
field
ourselves.
我第一次开设这门课程

是在
2002
年

When I first taught this class that was back in 2002,
是以讨论会的形式

只有
8
名学生

I taught it at a seminar and had eight students.
两名退出了

Two dropped out.
只剩我和其他六个人

That left me with six.
一年后

The year after,
学生稍微多了一点

the class became slightly larger.
有
300
多人参加

I had over three hundred students.
到了第三年

也就是上一次开课

And then third year when I taught it which was the last time,
有
850
人参加

I had 850 students in the class,
是当时哈佛人数最多的课程

making it at that point the largest course at Harvard.
这引起了媒体的关注

And that's when the media became interested.
因为他们想知道为什么

Because they wanted to understand why.
他们对这一奇特现象非常好奇

They wanted to understand this phenomenon that
have a class,

竟然有比经济学导论更热门的课程

that's larger than Introduction to Economics
怎么可能呢
?
How could that be?
于是我被请去参加各类媒体采访

So I was invited by the media for interviews,
报纸

广播

电视

whether it was newspapers, radio, television.
从这些采访中

我发现了一种有趣的模式

And I started to notice a pattern during those interviews.
我前去参加采访

So I would walk into the interview.
进行采访

We would have the interview.
结束后

制片人或主持人会送我出来

And
afterwards,
the
producer
or
the
interviewer
would
walk
me out
说些诸如

多谢你抽空参加采访

and say something to the effects of
interview.

不过你跟我想象的不太一样

的话

But you know I expected you to be different
我漫不经心地问

And I would ask, as nonchalant as I could of course.
我无所谓

不过总得回应

I didn't really care but had to ask anyway,

有何不同
?
他们会说



这个嘛

我们以为你很外向


下一次采访

结束时仍是如此

Next interview, the end of the interview, same thing.

多谢接受采访



不过
Tal
你跟我想象得不太一样

But you know Tal, I expected you to be different.
又一次

我漫不经心地问

And once again, nonchalant of course.

有何不同
?
would ask
她说

And she would say,

这个嘛

我们没想到你会这么内向


下一次采访

仍是如此

Next interview, same thing.

有何不同
?


这个嘛

更开朗

更外向


下一次采访


这个嘛

太害羞了

Next interview.
因为采访中我容易紧张

Coz I get very nervous in interviews.
差不多有几十次采访

Interview after interview, literally dozens.
每次都是

好交际

更开朗

More outgoing, more cheerful.

不含蓄

更外向

Less introverted, more extroverted.
诸如此类

And on and on.
最绝的一次

But here is the best one.
是波士顿一家地方台

So this is one of the local channels here around Boston.
我去参加采访

I was going to the interview.
聊了很多

We had a quite long interview,
我觉得进行得不错

which I thought was actually pretty good.
采访结束

And at the end of the interview,
主持人是个热情开朗的男生

the interviewer is a very jolly guy.
他送我出门

拍着我的肩说

He walks me out and puts his hands on my shoulder,

多谢接受我们采访

and says,
然后又是那句

And then the usual comes.

不过

Tal
你跟我想象得不太一样


我问

And I said,

有何不同

你要知道


那时候

我已经完全被打击了

by this time, my self-esteem is short.
不过我还是漫不经心地问

But still with some resemblance of nonchalance I asked,

有何不同
?

他看着我说

And he looks at me and says,

我也说不上

Tal
我以为你会更高些


更高些
?
什么
?
Taller? What?
05
米
70...
是
1米
69
不够格传授快乐吗

Five seven, well ok five six and a half is not enough to teach
happiness?
我考虑了很久

仔细思量了

And I thought about it. I thought about it a lot.
整件事从头到尾

The whole pattern from the beginning.
我似乎明白为什么他们期望不同了

And
I
think
I
understand
why
they
expected
someone
different.
因为他们要说服自己

说服观众

You
see
they
had
to
explain
to
themselves
as
well
as
the
audience,

这门课怎么会比经济学导论更热门
?

come
this
lecture
is
larger
than
the
Introduction
to
Economics?
唯一的解释就是

And the way to explain it must be that
导师非常外向

the teacher is very outgoing,
充满领袖气质

extremely charismatic,
乐观开朗

当然了

还很高

very cheerful and extrovert and of course, tall.
可惜我的名字少了一个
L
Well, there is one L missing there.
但是

But...
是啊

Yeah.
真可惜

If only.
所以问题是

So the problem though is
他们找答案找错了地方

that they were looking in the wrong place for the explanation.
也就是说

他们不该关注信息传达者

In other words, they were looking at the messenger.
而应该关注信息本身

What they needed to look at was the message.
我怎么知道的呢

Now how do I know that?
因为我参与过其他大学积极心理学课

You
see
because
I
see
other
positive
psychology
classes
on
other campuses
遍及全国

乃至全球

around the country and around the world.
美国有超过
200
所大学开设了本课程

There are over
200
hundred campuses here in
United
States
that teach positive psychology.
而且几乎其中所有院校

这门课

On almost every campus where this class is taught,
都是参与人数最多的或者最多的之一

it's either one of the or the largest class.
信息是关键

It's about the message.
越来越多的机构组织开设这门课

I
see
more
and
more
organizations
taking
up
positive
psychology in their,
还有咨询公司

as consultant companies,
其中一些甚至是全球知名咨询公司

some of them the leading big consultant companies are taking
it on.
越来越多的中学开始引入积极心理学

More
and
more
high
schools
are
introducing
positive
psychology class.
小学也是

Elementary schools are introducing it.
各国政府都对这一新领域表现出兴趣

The governments around the world are expressing interest in
this new emerging field.
为什么
?
因为它有效

Why? Because it works.
它的的确确有效

Because it really works.
殷盛人生

快乐

幸福感这一整个领域

You see this whole realm on life flourishing,
在此之前一直被心理自助运动统治

on
happiness,
on
well-being
has
been
until
recently
dominated by the self-health movement.
心理自助运动带来了什么

What do we have in the self-health movement?
生动有趣

We have books that are very interesting,
通俗易懂的书籍

that are very accessible.
热情外向的宣讲者

We have speakers who are very outgoing,
颇具领袖气质

且身材高大

very charismatic and tall,
吸引大众参与他们的专题讨论讲座

attracting
the
masses
into
these
workshops,
seminars
and
lectures.
但是

有一个大大的转折

But, there is a very big
其中许多书籍讨论都缺少实质内容

Many of these books, many of these workshops and seminars
lack substance.
通常都言过其实

无法兑现

Very often, overpromising and under-delivering.
比如

快乐的五个关键

So these are five things you need to know to be happy.
成功领袖的三个要素

The three things to be the great leader.
51
成功

快乐

完美爱情的唯一秘诀

The one secret of success, happiness and a perfect love life.
夸大其词

效果甚微

Overpromising. Under-delivering.
再来说说学术界

On the other hand, we have academia.
学术界给我们带来了什么

What do we have in academia?
大量精确的实质内容

We have a lot of rigor, a lot of substance.
数据被一而再

再而三地反复分析

We have datas analyzed, reanalyzed and meta-analyzed.
行之有效的好东西

Things that actually work, good stuff.
但是

又有一个大大的转折

But, and there is also a very big
很少有人会阅读专业学术期刊

Very few people read refereed academic journals.
想想看

这间教室之外有多少人

I mean Think about it: how many people outside this room of
course
读过最近
12
期《个性与社会心理学》杂志
?
have read the last twelve issues of the Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology?
大多数人甚至不知道那是什么东西

Most people don't even know what that means.
我博士班的主任估算过

The head of my PHD programs actually estimated the average
academic journal article
学术期刊上的一篇论文平均只有
7
人阅读

is read by seven people.
这话
...
You know...
其中还包括作者的母亲

And that includes the author's mother.
这话虽然是半开玩笑

但其实很可悲

So you know I say half in jest but it's actually really sad.
因为
...
作为学者

我觉得很可悲

Because...certainly sad for me, as an academic.
因为这些论文都非常精彩

Because these things are good.
非常重要

They are important.
能大有作为

These things make a difference,
甚至不仅仅是作为

can even make more of a difference.
但是对大众来说晦涩难懂

But not accessible to most people.
所以我们需要积极心理学

And this is where positive psychology comes in.
需要这门课程

And this is also where this class comes in.
积极心理学及本课程的宗旨非常明确

The explicit mandate of positive psychology as well as of this
class
就是要在象牙塔及大众间构建桥梁

is to create a bridge between Ivory tower and mainstreet.
换句话说

就是要把严谨

In other words, it is to bring the rigor,
实质

经验基础

the substance, the empirical foundation,
学术科学

the science from academia
与自助或新纪元运动的通俗易懂相结合

and
merge
it
with
accessibility
of
the
self-help
or
New
Age
movement.
充分发挥两者所长

In a way the best of both worlds.
这也是积极心理学大受欢迎的原因
:
And
this
explains
the
popularity
of
the
field
of
positive
psychology:
有用的科学

science that works.
本课程将分为两个部分

This class will be taught on two levels.
第一部分会和其他心理学

The first level it will be taught as any other class in psychology
或者其他任何课程一样

or any of the classes you've taken here.
我将向你们介绍相关知识

You'll be introduced here to studies,
调查研究

严谨的学术作品

to research, to rigorous academic work.
需要你们撰写报告

学术论文

You'll be writing paper, academic paper.
参加考试

You'll be taking exams.
跟其他课程一样

Just like every other class.
而教学内容的另一部分

But then it will also be taught at the second level,
你们读每一篇论文

which is for every paper that you'll read,
写每一篇论文时

every paper that you'll write,
都需要思考

you'll always be thinking,
如何把这些理念运用到生活中去


运用到恋爱中去

How can I apply them to my relationship?
运用到社交圈里去

How can I apply them to my community?
就是这两个部分

Two levels.
学术与应用

The academic. Applied.
无论是论文还是讲座

我不会因为

I did not just introduce whether it's in the readings or in the
lectures ideas
某个理论有趣而去介绍它

just because they are interesting for the sake of the idea.
而是因为这个理论严谨且能被应用

It is always an idea that is both rigorous and can be applied.
再唠叨几句题外话

Just a few words about housekeeping.
有几个问题课前就有人问我了

Some of the questions that I have already received from you
before the class started.
不幸的是这学期将是我最后一次

So this, unfortunately,
在哈佛开设积极心理学或其他课程

is the last time that I am teaching positive psychology or any
other class for that matter at Harvard.
但愿两年内

明年可能性不大

Hopefully within two years, probably not next year,
但是两年内

but within two years,
学校会再次开设积极心理学课程

there will be positive psychology class offered,
但我无法保证

but I certainly cannot guarantee it.
关于反馈与提问

About feedback and questions.
如果你有任何问题或不明白的地方

If you have any questions, anything that's not clear,
如果你同意或反对什么观点

if you agree or disagree with something,
请给我或助教写邮件

email me or email your TF (Teaching Fellow at Harvard, just like
TA at other schools)
我们一定会回复的

and we'll always respond.
如果某个问题问的人数较多

Sometimes if the question is asked by enough people,
我们会公开回答

we'll respond to it publicly.
当然一定是匿名的

Always anonymously.
除非你特别注明可以提及你的名字

Unless
you
specified
specifically
that
your
name
can
be
mentioned.
有时候讲座过程中

突然有紧急情况

Sometimes you may be listening to a lecture and then half way
through it there is an emergency.
有什么非问不可的问题

There is something that you really have to ask,
无法等待

something that cannot wait.
如果那样的话

请直接举手

In that case, please just put your hand up.
因为就跟你要去厕所一样

Coz it's just like when you have to go to the bathroom.
无法忍耐

Just can't stop.
无法等待

Can't wait.
要去

And when you gotta go,
就去

you gotta go.
我们会为此进行积极心理休息

So we'll take a positive psychology break for that.
所以大可以打断我

我会回答任何问题

And
just
stop
me
half
way
through
and
I'll
answer
any
question.
所有幻灯片以及课程视频都会放在网上

All the power points, as well as the videos of the classes will be
online.
课后几天就能下载

Will be available within couple of days.
幻灯片其实课前就能下载

Well the power points will be available before,
这样你上课时就能用到

say for this lecture it will be before so that you can use them in
class.
可惜视频不能提前提供

我们试了

The
videos,
unfortunately,
cannot
be
made
available
before.
We tried.
但效果不好

Couldn't figure it out.
所以会在课后一两天内放到网上

So it will be available within a day or two after.
这样做的原因

And the reason why they are up there.
首先

我当然更希望你们出席课程

First of all, I do prefer that you attend lecture.
能出现在课堂里

I do prefer that you are physically here.
和大家一起

在课堂的气氛中学习

You
get
things
in
the
energy
of
the
room
with
so
many
students
而不是仅仅对着电脑

so you wouldn't just get from your computer.
我之所以把资料放在网上是为了

The
reason
why
I
do
put
them
up
is
so
that
you
have
the
opportunity
让你们可以重温或者学习错过的课程

if you want to see it again or if you have to miss a class.
这很正常

That's perfectly fine.
另一个原因

And also because,
之所以提前提供幻灯片

and this
is also
the
reason
why the power
points are always
available,
我希望你们能充分理解材料

I want you to be engaged in the material.
充分参与课堂讨论

I
want
you
to
be
engaged
in
whatever
it
is
that
we
are
discussing in class.
而不是忙于记录我说的每一个字

Not necessarily thinking about getting down every word that I
say on paper,
记住每一个词

背诵每一句话

remembering everything, memorizing everything.
我不希望你们被动地记录

I want you to take rather than passive notes of writing down
幻灯片上的内容或者我说的话

what is on the power point or every word that I say.
而是要主动记录

I'd like you to take active notes.
也就是要充分理解材料

And that means being engaged with the material.
比如

如果你们听到某个理论

觉得

For example, if you heard something and idea and you say,

挺有趣的


标上星号

写下来

Star it. Write it down.
或者觉得

也许我可以应用这点

Or
那就写下来

Write it down.
或者

跟我妈妈讲讲


或者

跟我室友队友讲讲

Or

want
to
talk
to
my
roommates
or
my
team
about
this
idea.
那就写下来

Write it down.
主动笔记与被动笔记有两方面不同

Active note-taking is opposed to passive note- taking for two
reasons.
首先

正如我刚才说的

First of all, as I said,
这门课是关于如何改变生活

this class is a class about making a difference in people's lives.
我不会仅为了学术之美而教授此课

I would not be teaching the class just for its academic beauty,
虽然这一领域的确有许多学术之美

although there is a lot of academic beauty in this field.
所以发现可以实际运用的

就写下来

So
write
down
if
you
have
an
idea
that
you
think
you
can
apply.
第二个原因是

你会记住更多

The
second
reason
why
we
should
that
is
because
you'll
remember more.
主动参与

集中注意

更好地理解材料

Better
attention,
better
understanding
of
the
material
if
you
are actively engaged,
而不是被动做笔记

as opposed to just taking down passive notes.
在这整个课程中

Throughout the class,
从下周开始

starting next week,
我们将进行我所说的

we'll take what I called,

练习时间

而不是

休息时间


其实类似

休息时间

it's like a time-out.
这段时间会我们停止课程

进行内省

It's the time where we stop the class and you look inward.
也就是课堂上的安静时刻

And this is literally a time of silence in a class.
我会停一两分钟

I will stop for a minute or two.
你们可以盯着我或者周围人发呆

And you'll have a chance either to just stare at me or anyone
else,
或者思考一下之前讨论的内容

or think about what we've just discussed,
或者解答我提出的提示问题

or have a guiding question that I will provide you that you'll
address during the class.
之所以进行

练习时间

The reason why I have
这是今年新提出的

This is something that I am introducing this year for the first
time.
上学期并没有

We didn't have it last time.
因为上次课程结束后到现在的两年

It's because over the last two years since I last taught it,
我做了大量关于安静的研究

I've done a lot work in the area of silence.
关于安静时刻的重要性

无论是课堂里

I've read a lot of research in this area about the importance of
quiet times whether it's in a class,
讲座里

还是家中

in a lecture, whether it is at home,
无论是对公司领导

whether it is for a leader in the business,
爱情关系

甚至学龄前儿童

for relationship, for children starting from pre- schools.
你们中很多人

Now many of you,
在经历

练习时间

时可能会疑惑

as you are going through these
this class may think,

我一年付四万美金就是为了这个
?


坐在教室里发呆
?
To sit a class and be quiet?
首先

每次只有一两分钟

First of all, it will only be a minute or two at a time,
一堂课最多不超过两次

maybe once or twice a lecture.
第二

这可能是

But second,
你从本课程中学到的最重要的东西

it is maybe the most important thing you'll take from this class.
即享受安静这一理念

The notion of embracing stillness.
我来读一段麻省理工两位教授的研究

Let me read to you an excerpt from a study that was run by
two MIT professors.
我所提到名字不会出现在幻灯片上

By the way, all the names that I read and that are not on the
power points,
不必背诵或记录

you don't need to remember or write down.
只是为了启发你们

This is just for your edification.
David Foster
和
Matthew Wilson
教授

So David Foster and Matthew Wilson.
都来自麻省理工大学

Both of them are from MIT.
他们研究证实了

练习时间

的重要性

Indeed
the
following
study
that
I
think
confirms
the
importance of
开始内省的时间

time to look inside.
他们在老鼠处在迷宫中及脱离迷宫后

What they did is they scanned the brains of rats
分别对它们进行了脑扫描

while
they
were
in
a
maze
and
after
they
went
through
the
maze.
以下是他们的发现

And here's what they found.
实验结果表明

当某种经历正在进行时


record of your experience
即老鼠进行迷宫时

as
it
is
occurring.
in
other
words
when
they
were
doing
the
maze,
真正的学习阶段

the actual learning
–

是当你尝试分辨

when you try to figure out:
什么才是重要的

什么舍弃什么保留

'What was important? What should I keep and throw away?'
这些发生在经历之后

–

that happens after the fact,
进行安静的自省时

during periods of quiet wakeful introspection.
他们的实验表明

What they show was rats who went through the maze
接连不断反复进入迷宫的老鼠

and went through the maze again and again,
比进行一次迷宫后

learned far less than rats who took time aside,
稍事放松

来点小酒的老鼠

chilled out a little bit after a maze,
学到的少得多

had more margarita.
经历

享受安静

Experience, embrace stillness.
这很能说明问题

对人类也一样

This has implications and they showed implications to human
beings as well.
不仅仅是实验小白鼠

Not only those of the rat race,
所有人类都是

all human beings.
他们认为

重现可能形成一种学习记忆机制

So
what
they
say
is
that

might
constitute
a
general
mechanism of learning and memory
包括学习

理解

Both learning, understanding,
记忆

保留

as well as memory, retention.
当我们思考时

我们重放素材时

When we reflect, when we replay the material,
更容易保留

we are much more likely to retain,
记住之前的经历

to remember what we have just been through.
所以休息时间的重要性不能被忽视

So the importance of time aside cannot be over-emphasized.
Parker Palmer
在他的教学著作

In his wonderful book of teaching,
《教学的勇气》一书中

Parker Palmer-- it's called The Courage to Teach,
提到了以下一段话

says the following--
语言不是教学的唯一媒介

Words are not the sole medium of exchange in teaching and
learning.
安静同样可以进行教育

We educate with silence as well.
安静让我们有机会反省我们所说所闻

Silence gives us a chance to reflect on what we have said and
heard.
在真正的教育中

In authentic education,
安静为学生进行内省提供可靠环境

silence
is
treated
as
a
trustworthy
matrix
for
the
inner
work
students must do,
是一种最深层次的学习媒介

a medium for learning of the deepest sort.
而安静恰恰是我们文化所缺失的

Silence is something that is missing from our culture.
很多人可能读过《万里任禅游》

I know that many of you have probably read Zen and the Art
of Motorcycle Maintenance,
作者
Robert M Pirsig
Robert M. Pirsig.
还写过另一本书

He had a second book out,
没那么知名

叫《寻找莱拉》

less well-known, called Lila (Lila: an Inquiry into Morals).
这本书是对印第安人的人类学研究

And Lila is an anthropological study of Native Americans.
将他们的文化与美国传承的欧洲文化进行对比

What
he
does
there
is
compare
their
culture
to
Americans'
from European ancestry.
两种文化最突出的特点之一是

And
one
of
the
distinguishing
characteristics
between
these
two cultures
印第安人崇尚安静

is their approach were silence.
他发现和印第安人坐在一起

What he found was when he went and sat around with Native
Americans.
他们围坐在篝火边两三个小时

They would sit around the fire and hang out for two,
一句话也没说

three hours without saying a word.
只是坐在那儿

Just sit around.
看着对方

Look at one another.
微笑

享受美好时光

Smile. Have a good time.
内省

Introspect.
就这样几个小时

Just be there for hours.
他指出

在我们文化中沉默

While
he
points
out
that
in
our
culture
uncomfortable with the absence of words,
让人不适

with the absence of sound or noise.
我们试图打破沉默

We have to fill up all the gaps.
这是一项重要的文化差异

This is an important cultural difference.
我们为缺乏安静付出了代价

And we pay a price for this lack of stillness.
我们会重点讨论这一代价

A price that we'll talk about a lot,
涉及到恋爱

when I talk about relationships,
we
feel
very
美德与道德

when I talk about virtue and morality
以及快乐与幸福感

and when we talk about happiness and wellbeing in general.
下面介绍一下积极心理学的背景

Let me give a little bit background on positive psychology:
它是如何诞生的

这门课是如何诞生的

how we came about and how this class came about.
从很多方面来说

积极心理学是

In many ways, positive psychology is the brainchild,
人本主义心理学的产物和衍生

the product and the grandchild of humanistic psychology.
人本主义心理学本质上是

What
we
have
in
humanistic
psychology
is
essentially
a
reaction
对当时各种心理学派系的不同意见

to the existing psychologies of the time.
人本主义心理学的创始人

The
founders,
considered
the
founders
of
humanistic
psychology
称之为心理学上的

第三势力

in fact called it
为什么是

第三势力

Why the
因为第一势力是行为主义

Because the first force was behaviorism.
代表人物有斯金纳

The work of Skinner (B. F. Skinner),
华生

the work of Watson (John B. Watson),
桑代克

the work of Thorndik (Edward Thorndik).
这是第一势力

This was the first force.
第二势力是精神分析学

The second force was psychoanalysis.
创建者包括弗洛伊德

荣格以及阿德勒

The
work
of
Freud
(Sigmund
Freud),
Jung
(Carl
Jung),
Adler
(Alfred Adler) to some extent.
这是第二势力

This was the second force.
第三势力

And the third force,
人本主义心理学作为对其的异议出现

humanistic psychology came as a reaction to it.
首先是对行为主义的异议

First it is a reaction to behaviorism.
行为主义认为人的主体性

Behaviorism looks at the human entity,
认为人是一个行为集合

at the person as basically a collection of behaviors as a box,
就像一只被击打而四处滚动的台球

like a billiard ball knocked around by reinforcements,
被增强

奖惩驱动

by punishment, by reward.
而人本主义心理学认为

And what humanistic psychology said was that
我们不只是被击打的台球

we are much more than a billiard ball being knocked around.
我们有精神

有灵魂

We have spirit. We have a soul.
我们有重要的认知与思想

We have cognitions and thoughts that matter.
不能只靠行为观察

改善人生

It's
not
just
behavior
that
is
important
for
understanding
as
well as improving life.
然后是第二势力精神分析学

And then psychoanalysis, the second force.
精神分析学主要通过潜意识分析

The
psychoanalysis
is
about
basically
understanding
mostly
through the subconscious:
它决定你的理解

that's how you understand it;
决定如何改善生活

that's how you improve the quality of life.
还有防卫机制

There are defense mechanisms,
人类本能论

神经症

there are biological instincts, neurosis--
如果你理解这些黑暗势力

and if you understand these very often dark forces,
就能更好地处理生活

were better able to deal with life:
了解并改善生活质量

understand as well as improve the quality of life.
人本主义心理学认为人类不止如此

Humanistic
psychology
says
human
beings
are
much
more
than that.
不仅仅是生理本能

Much more than biological instincts,
不仅仅是神经症

much more than neurosis,
不仅仅是牛顿学说世界里的台球

much more than the person who exists in a Newtonian reality
like a billiard ball.
我们要重视人的本质

We need to value much more the human being.
给予人更多的自尊和自由

We
need
to
give
much
more
dignity
and
freedom
to
the
person.
但有一个问题

There was a problem.
人本主义心理学缺少严谨的方法论

The
problem
was
humanistic
psychology
is
said
lacked
the
rigorous methodology.
但它引入了许多精彩的理念

While it brought in many wonderful ideas,
对于幸福感的研究

talked about the study of well-being,
乐观主义的研究

talked about the study of optimism,
善良

道德

美德

of kindness, of morality, of virtue,
爱

两性关系

巅峰体验

of love, of relationships, of peak experiences,
自我实现

移情

of self-actualization, of empathy.
这些精彩的概念都会在本学期探讨

All these wonderful concepts that we'll talk about throughout
the semester.
它的认识论并不严谨

It wasn't as rigorous about its epistemology,
如何形成理念

如何学习

about how we form ideas and how we learn.
所以在很多方面

大部分

And that's why, in many ways, largely,
不完全但大部分成为了自助运动

not
completely
but
largely
more
of
into
the
self-health
movement.
有趣

有益

重要的理念

Interesting ideas, good ideas, important ideas,
意图当然是好的

certainly good intentions,
但就某种程度上

but to some extent,
330:25:49,130 --> 00:25:50,890
缺乏学术严谨性

without the academic rigor.
所以它在学术上影响很小

And that's why it lacked the impact on academia.
所以很少有大学开设人本主义心理学

That's
why
we
don't
have
partly
any
humanistic
psychology
classes offered in universities today.
几乎没有

There are very few still around.
所以本质上成为了新纪元运动

And this is why also a lot of it became the New Age essentially.
但是

But still,
我们很快会了解到

人本主义心理学

it's humanistic psychology that has in many ways fathered and
mothered,
孕育了积极心理学

as we'll see, positive psychology.
然我们先见见祖父祖母

So let's meet the grandparents.
比如
Rollo May
和
Carl Rogers
People like Rollo May. People like Carl Rogers.
还有最著名的
Abraham Maslow
And more than anyone, Abraham Maslow.
曾是美国心理学会主席

Was the American Psychological Association President.
布兰迪斯大学教授

Was
the
professor
just
down
the
road
here
at
Brandeis
(Brandeis University).
他于
1954
年提出了人本主义心理学

And he introduced this humanistic psychology in 1954.
他写了一章《为了积极心理学》

He wrote a chapter, called
48954
年

他在其中写到

我们需要研究
954. In it he said we need
to also research kindness,
善良

美德

快乐与乐观

goodness and happiness and optimism.
可以说这是超前于他时代的

In many ways it was way ahead of his time.
如果说
Maslow
是祖父

Then if Maslow is the grandfather,
那
Karen Horney
就是祖母了

then Karen Horney is the grandmother.
她最初是精神分析学者

Initially a psychoanalyst,
学习弗洛伊德的理论

trained through the works of Freud,
意识到其过于注重消极面

she realized the focuses had been too much on the negative--
神经症

精神病

她认为

on neurosis, on psychosis and said we also,
还必须关注影响人类生命体的东西

not only but also have to focus on what is working on human
organism.
我们需要研究培养那些好的品质

We have to work and look at the fine qualities and cultivate
those.
因为它们也是我们的一部分

Because part of being human is being those things as well.
反而向人本主义靠近了

并由此产生了

In
many
ways,
brought
about
the
movement
toward
humanistic psychology and through that--
积极心理学

positive psychology.
还有
Aaron Antonovsky
Aaron Antonovsky,
第三位祖父级人物

the third person I would consider the grandfather,
提出了关注健康的理念

brought in the idea of focusing on health.
他提出了一个新概念

He has a new concept.
或者说他引进了一个新概念

Or he introduced a new concept.
我还在

别担心

I'm still here. Don't worry.
他引进了一个新概念

他称之为

He introduced a new concept, which he called--
他个人创造的新词

his own neologism,
健康本源学


由两部分组成

saluto
健康

geneis
起源

Salutogenesis:
saluto--(which
is)
health;
geneis
(which
is)
origin.
健康的起源

The origin of health.
这是病理学常规模型的

And this was an alternative model,
替代模型

to the conventional ways model of pathologies.
也就是说除了研究病理学

So instead of just studying pathologies
无论是生理健康

还是心理健康

whether it's in physical health or psychological health,
还需要研究健康的起源

we should also study the origin of health.
这也是预防医学所关注的

In many ways that is what prevented medicine is about.
这在
1970
年代

是一个全新的理念

So this was a novel idea back in 1970s when he introduced it.
我们会仔细讨论
Aaron Antonovsky
And we'll talk a lot about Aaron Antonovsky.
现在转到父辈

Now the parents.
Martin Seligman
被认为是积极心理学之父

Martin
Seligman,
considered
the
father
of
the
positive
psychology,
与一群相关学者

network of scholars,
于
1998
年确立了这一领域

started the field in 1998.
和马斯洛一样

也是美国心理协会会长

Like
Maslow,
he
too,
was
the
President
of
American
Psychological Association.
他任职期间的首要任务

And as his mandate, during his presidency,
是实现两个目标

he had two aims:
第一

让学院式心理学变得通俗

the first aim-- to make academic psychology more accessible,
也就是说

-- in other words--
连接起象牙塔与普罗大众

bridge Ivory tower and mainstream.
这是他任职期间的第一目标

This was the first aim of his presidency.
第二

是引进一个积极的心理学

The second aim was introduce a positive psychology.
需要着眼于有用的东西

A psychology that will look at also things that work,
不仅仅是研究

that were not just study--
抑郁

焦虑

精神分裂

神经症

depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and neurosis.
还需要关注

A psychology a network of scholars who will focus on
爱

两性关系

自尊

-- love, relationships, self-esteem,
动机

恢复以及幸福感

motivation, resilience and well-being.
他提出了这些理念

And he introduced these ideas
从那时起便蓬勃发展起来

and it's all been literally uphill from then.
在
Martin Seligman
之前

Before Martin Seligman,
都发生在
1998
年

下次我们会详谈

this all happened in 1998 and we'll talk about it a little bit more
next time.