prayer翻译(排序版)核专业英语~nuclear energy

2021年1月21日发(作者：glyphosate)

A
字开头

A complete
understanding of the microscopic structure of matter (
物质微观结构

) and the
exact nature of the forces acting(
作用力的准确性质
) is yet to (
有待于
) be realized. However,
excellent models have been developed to predict behavior to an adequate degree of accuracy for
most practical purposes. These models are descriptive (
描述的
) or mathematical often based on
analogy (
类推
) with large-scale process, on experimental data (
实验数据
), or on advanced theory.
对物质的微观结构和作用力的准确性质的完全认识仍有待于实 现。然而，为了实际的用途，
能足够精确地预知物质在微观世界行为的模型已经被研究出来。
这 些模型是描述性的或数学
的，基于对大尺度过程的类推、实验数据或先进的理论。


A nucleus
can get rid of excess internal energy by the emission of a gamma ray, but in an
alternate process called internal conversion, the energy is imparted directly to one of the atomic
electrons, ejecting it from the atom. In an inverse process called K-capture, the nucleus
spontaneously absorbs one of its own orbital electrons. Each of these processes is followed by the
production of X-rays as the inner shell vacancy is filled.
一个原子核能够通过发射
g
射线而除
去过剩的内能，但在称为内转换的另一个交换过程中，能量直接

传给原子中一个电子，使这一电子从原子中被逐出。在称为
K
俘获的相反过程中，原 子核
自发地吸收其自己轨道上的一个电子。
当内壳层空位被填充时，
随着每一个这种过 程，
都有
X
射线的产生。


Although
we cannot see nuclei, we imagine them to be spheres with a certain radius. To
estimate that radius, we need to probe with another particle
—
a photon, an electron, or a g-ray. But
the answer will depend on the projectile used and its speed, and thus it is necessary to specify the
apparent radius and cross sectional area for the particular reaction. This leads to the concept of
cross section as a measure of the chance of collision.

虽然我们 看不到原子核，
但我们可以猜想它们是一个个具有一定半径的球体。
为了估算出半
径， 我们需要探测出另一些粒子——光子、电子还有
g
射线。但是结果又取决于使用的抛
射体和它的速度，
并且，
指定表观半径和参与反应的横截面积也同样重要。
这就使得横 截面
积成了衡量碰撞机率的标准。


After
many collisions, the neutron arrives at a low enough energy that it can be readily
absorbed. If it is captured by the proton in a molecule of water or some other hydrocarbon, a
gamma ray is
released.
在许多次碰撞后，
中子能量变得非常低，
在这个能量的 中子很容易被吸收。
如果它被水分子
或某一些其它碳氢化物分子中的质子所俘获，就会释放g
射线。





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As the fragments separate
, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting
high-speed ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecules of the surrounding
medium. The resultant thermal energy is recoverable

if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear
reactor.
A device
that provides forces on charged particles by some combination of electric and
magnetic fields and brings the ions to high speed and kinetic energy is called an accelerator.
加速器是通过电磁场的某些组合对带电粒子施加作用力，
并使离子 获得高速度和动能的一种
装置。

A laser
can supply intense (
强烈的
) light of precise (
精确的
) frequencies, and a fine-tuned
(
被调整的
,
有规则的
) laser beam can provide photons that selectively ionize uranium-235 and
leave uranium-238 unchanged.
激光有极强亮度和极其精确的频率，调校好的激光束可以提供有选择性地分电离出
235U92
而使
U 23892
保持不变的光子。

Among
these are electrolysis , in which the H2O tends to be more readily dissociated
fractional distillation, which takes advantage of the fact that D2O has a boiling point about 10C
higher than that of H2O; and catalytic exchange, involving the passage of HD gas through H2O to
produce HDO and light hydrogen gas.
这些方法有：电解法，在电解中轻水比较容易分解；分馏法，此法的根据是利用
D2O
的沸
点比
H2O
的沸点约高
1
℃这种性质；催化交换法，往水里通
HD
气体产生
HDO
和
H2
。


B
字开头

Bombardment
of a solid or gaseous deuterium target by high-speed deuterons gives
fusion reactions, but most of the particle energy goes into electrostatic interactions that merely
heat up the bulk of the target. The amount of energy required to operate the accelerator greatly
exceeds the recoverable fusion energy, and thus some other technique is required.
用高速氘核去轰击固体或气体的氘靶来产生聚变反应 是可以的，
但它的能量大部分消耗在仅
仅使靶体加热的静电相互作用上。
因此，
加速器运行所需的能量大大超过了可以回收的聚变
能量，看来此法不行，需要用其他技术。


G
字开头

Gas
is supplied and centrifugal force (
离心力
) tends to compress (
压缩
) it in the outer region,
but thermal agitation (
激励
) tends to redistribute (
重新分布
) the gas molecules throughout the
whole volume. Light molecules are favored in this effect, and their concentration (
浓度
) is higher
near the center axis.
供料呈气体状态，
离心力偏向在它的外区压缩气体，
而热 扰动要使整个容积内的气体分子重
新分布。轻分子受到离心力的作用小，靠近中心轴处它们的浓度比较高 。

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H
字开头

Hundreds

of “artificial” radioisotopes have been produced by
bombardment of nuclei by
charged particles or neutrons and by separation of the products of the fission process.
通过用带电粒子或中子去轰击核，
并分离裂变产物，
许许多多的
“人工”放射性同位素已被
制造出来。


I
字开头

In the inelastic scattering collision
, an important process for fast neutrons in
heavy elements, the neutron becomes a part of the nucleus; its energy provides excitation; and a
neutron is released.
在非弹性散射的碰撞中，在重元素的快中子的一个 重要作用下，中子变成
了原子核的一部分；由于其能量的激发，一个中子将被释放出来。

If
an electron that enters a material has a very low energy,it will merely migrate without affecting
the molecules its energy is larger, it may impart energy to atomic electrons,causing
excitation of electrons to higher energy states or producing
ionization, with subsequent emission of light.
如果进入物质的电子具有非常低的能 量，
它将仅仅移动，
而对分子没有较大的影响。
如果电
子的能量比较大，它会将能量传递给原子的电子，
使电子激发到较高的能态或产生电离，
接
着发生光 的发射。

In the Compton effect
, a photon of lower energy survives, but in the photoelectric
effect, the photon is eliminated. In each case, the electron released may have enough energy to
excite or
ionize other atoms by the mechanism described earlier. Also, the ejection of the electron is
followed by light emission or X-ray production, depending on whether an outer shell or inner shell
is involved.
在这个康普顿效应 中，
低能光子继续存在下来，
而在光电效应中，光子消失了。
在每一种情
况下 ，所释放的电子可以有足够的能量通过前面叙述的机制去激发或电离其它原子，同样，
电子的发射继之有 光的发射或
X
射线的产生，这取决于所涉及的是外壳层还是内壳层。

In certain heavy elements
, notably uranium and plutonium , an alternate
consequence is observed---the splitting of the nucleus into two massive fragments , a process
called the fragments separate, they lose atomic electrons, and the resulting high-speed
ions lose energy by interaction with the atoms and molecules of the surrounding medium. The
resultant thermal energy is recoverable if the fission takes p1ace in a nuclear reactor.
但在某些重元素中，特别明显的是铀（
U）和钚（
Pu
）
，则会看到另一种结果，即核分裂成
两个大碎片，
此过程叫做核裂变。
这些碎片分开时，
失去原子的电子而变成高速离子。
这些
离子在飞行过程中与周围介质的原子、
分子相互作用又损失掉能量。
如果裂变是在核反应堆< br>中发生的，那么可以以热能形式回收这部分能量。



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In order to
sustain a chain reaction as in a nuclear reactor or in a nuclear weapon, the value
of must be somewhat above l because of processes that complete with absorption in uranium,
such as capture in other materials and escape from the system. There is a possibility of using the
extra neutron, over and above the one required to maintain the chain reaction, to produce new
fissile materials.
used up, while
为了在反应堆或核武器中维持链式反应，
h
值必须稍微大于中，
因为反应过程中除了铀吸收
中子外，
还存在其他材料吸收中子和中子本身反应系统的情况。< br>除维持链式反应所需要的一
个路子之外，多余的中子可能被用于生产新的易裂变材料。这里涉及到 两

个术语，
“转换”和“增殖”
。
“转换”是指产生一些新的核燃 料代替用掉的核燃料，而如果
产生的核燃料多于用掉的则达到“增殖”
。


In the nuclear field
, however, individual isotopes such as uranium-235 and hydrogen
-2 (deuterium) are required. Since isotopes of a given element have the same atomic number Z,
they are essentially identical chemically, and thus a physical method must be found that
distinguishes among particles on the basis of mass number A.
但是核工业用的几种物质，
需要元素的单一同位素或特殊结合的同位素。
235U92
和
H 21
就
是两个重要的例子。
由于给定元素的同位素具有相同 的原子序数
Z
，
所以它们的化学性质基
本上是相同的，这样就需要靠质量数< br>A
来辨认粒子之间的差别，这是一种物理方法。



M
字开头

MANY
NA
TURALLY occurring and man-made isotopes have the property of radioactivity,
which is the spontaneous disintegration (decay) of the nucleus with the emission of a
process takes place in minerals of the ground, in fibers of plants, in tissues of animals, and in the
air and water, all of which contain traces of radioactive elements.
许多天然存在的和人造的同位素有放射性的特性，即原子核随着粒子的发射而自发地衰变。
这过程发生在 地下矿物中、
植物纤维中、
动物组织中以及空气和水中，
所有这些物质都含有
微量放射性元素。


N
字开头

Nuclear
reactions---those in which atomic nuclei participate---may take place spontaneously,
as in radioactivity, or may be induced by bombardment with a particle or ray. Nuclear reactions
are much more energetic than chemical reactions, but they obey the same physical
laws--- conservation of momentum, energy
, number of particles, and charge.
核反应（有原子核参与）可能会自然发生，如放射性 ，或可能被粒子或射线轰击诱发。核反
应比化学反应剧烈的多，但它们遵守同样的物理定律
-- ---
动量、能量、粒子数、电荷守恒。



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