落脚点-weakness
询问病史
12case history
You
need
to
get
a
detailed
history
including
the
timing
and
acuity
of
onset,
exacerbating
and
alleviating
factors
and
environment
triggers
to
help
you
confirm a diagnosis or discard other diseases /develop a differential
diagnosis. Ask your patient whether there is a history of tobacco use, or
other toxic and environmental exposures and his occupational history.
General/biographical
[,baiu'
ɡrfik,
- kl]
data
传
记
,marital
婚
姻
status,
nativity
出生
, occupation, informant
提供消息的人
, time of admission and
record,
chief
complaint,
history
of
present
illness,
previous
health
status(well,
ordinary
or
bad),
any
infectious
diseases,
allergic
history,
history of trauma or surgery, smoking (about how many years, average how
many
pieces
per
day,
ceased
for
how
many
years),
alcohol
intake(occasional
or frequent),spouse’s
[spaus]
配偶
health status, menorrhea
[,men'ri:]
月经
(menarche
[me'n
ɑ:ki:,
m
-]
初
潮
age
,
cycle
lasting
for
how
many
days,
menstrual
cycle,
last
menstruation
period
or
age
of
menopause,
any
menstrual
['menstrul]
月经周期
pain or irregular cycle), childbearing or
pregnancy(
times
,
natural
labor,
abortions
流产
,premature
[,prem'tju, ,pri:-]
delivery
早产
, stillbirths
死产
, difficult labor, family history (any
congenital
先天性
diseases, father and mother: still alive, illness ,or
cause of death, siblings
兄弟姐妹
and children)
常用的症状
symptoms
fever
Cough
咳嗽
Sputum (dry, purulent
['pjurjulnt]
脓性的
, copious
['kupis]
green sputum
大
量绿色痰,
tenacious
[ti'neis, t-]
yellow sputum
黄粘痰,
frothy white sputum
白色泡沫痰,
rusty sputum
铁锈色痰
wheezing
Dyspnea during exertion
[i
ɡ'z:n]
or at rest
呼吸困难
Orthopnea
[:'θpni]
端坐呼吸
Paroxysmal
[,prk'sizml]
nocturnal
[nk't:nl]
dyspnea
夜间阵发性呼吸困难
Shortness of breath
(
SOB
)
Chest tightness
胸部紧迫感
Exercise intolerance
pleuritic chest pain
胸膜型胸痛
Pharyngalgia
[frin'gldi]
pharyngodynia
[,fri'
ɡdini]
咽痛
Hemoptysis
咯血
Bucking
呛咳
Sneeze
喷嚏
snore
打鼾
malaise
[m'leiz]
不舒服
myalgia
[mai'ldi]
肌痛
insomnia
[in'smni]
失眠
hoarseness
声嘶
dysphonia
[dis'funi]
发声困难
常见的体征
physical signs
clubbed
fingers
杵
状
指
:
increased
longitudinal
[,lndi'tju:dinl]
and
transverse
横向
curvature
['k:vt]
弯曲
,loss of concave
[ 'knkeiv]
凹面的
nail
fold
angle,
bogginess
of
nail
bed
and
increased
soft
tissue
bulk
of
distal
phalanx
['flks, 'fei-]
趾骨
,
指骨
, drumstick- like
nicotine staining
cyanosis
[,sai'nusis]
发绀
:blue discolouration of mucosal membranes and
skin
,caused
when
mean
capillary
concentration
of
deoxyhemoglobin
[di:,ksi'hemu,
ɡlubin]
去氧血红蛋白
more than 5g/dl, O2 saturation less than
85%,PaO2 less than 8KPa
peripheral
[p'rifrl]
外围的
,
次要的
cyanosis: cold blue peripheries, e.g.
nail beds due to cold exposures
central cyanosis: warm peripheries, blue tongue or lips
hand flap: due to CO2 retention
潴留
asterixis
扑翼样震颤
papilloedema
视乳头水肿
chemosis
球结膜水肿
enlarged supraclavicula
锁骨上的
r
[kl'vikjul]
and axillary
[k'silri]
腋窝
lymph nodes
increased respiratory rate
tachycardia
心动过速
pulsus paradoxus: >10 mmHg ↓on inspiration (seen in severe asthma)
barrel chest
hyperexpanded, decreased expansion
kyphosis
[kai'fusis]
驼背,脊柱后凸
Inspection:
tachypnea
[,tkip'ni:]
呼吸急促
accessory
muscles
of
respiration
[,resp'rein]
:
sternocleidomastoid
['st:nu,klaid'mstid]
胸锁乳突肌
muscle,
arm
support,
alae
flaring
wide or narrow intercostal
[,int'kstl]
肋间的
space
tactile
触觉的
vocal
声音的
fremitus
震颤
触觉语颤
subcutaneous crepitus
皮下捻发感
Percussion:
resonance
清音
dullness
浊音
flatness
实音
hyperresonance
过清音
tympany/timp2ni/
鼓音
lower
borders:
scapular
['skpjul]
肩
胛
的
line
X
left/right
intercostal
[,int'kstl]
肋间的
space
range of mobility
[mu'bilti]
移动
Auscultation
[,:skl'tein]
:
听诊
vocal resonance
语音共振
ronchi:
wheeze
,
stridor
['straid]
喘鸣
,
crackles
['krkl]
发出细碎的爆裂声
,
Velcro-like soundes
moist rales : coarse
粗的
, medium
中等的
, fine
好的
, crepitus
捻发音
pleural friction rubs
complete absence of breath sounds
ankle edema
weight loss
,
cachexia
[k'k eksi]
恶病质,
cachectic
[k'kektik]
恶病质的
decreased food appetite, loss of appetite, anorexia
[,n'reksi]
食欲减退
常做的检查
examinations or laboratory findings
(to take ,undergo, perform ,receive or have)
temperature charts
体温图
(take one’s b
ody temperature)
sputum pot
痰盂
Blood/urine/stool routine, occult
['klt/
blood test
潜隐血试验
Blood biochemistry
Sputum /blood culture and drug sensitivity test
sputum cytology
[sai'tldi]
细胞学
Pulse oximeter
[k'simit]
脉氧计:
continuous monitoring of blood oxygen
saturation
Arterial blood gas analysis(ABG): arterial blood sampling , radial/
femoral
['femrl]
股骨的
artery puncture
穿刺
PaCO2:
partial
pressure
of
carbon
dioxide
in
arterial
blood
hypercarbia
PaO2:
partial
pressure
of
oxygen
in
arterial
blood
hypoxemia
[,haipk'si:mi]
血氧不足
respiratory failure:
type
1:
decreased
O2
supply,
PaO2
<
60
mmHg(millimeters
of
mercury
['m:kjuri]
汞
)
due
to
diffusion
failure
or
V/Q
dismatch
(ventilation- perfusion(quotient)ratio)
pulmonary
edema, pneumonia, infarction, fibrosis,or pulmonary
embolism
,
pulmonary hypertension, shunt
type 2:
decreased CO2 removal,
PaCO2
>
50 mmHg(millimeters of
mercury)
due to alveolar ventilation failure
obstructive: COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis
restrictive: neuromuscular
[,njuru'mskjul]
神经肌肉
(sedatives
['sdtiv]
镇
静
剂
myasthenia
[,mais'θi:ni]
肌
无
力
),
structural
['strktrl]
结
构
的
(ankylosing
spondylitis
[,ki'luzi,spndi 'laitis]
强
直
性
脊
柱
炎
),
pleural
diseases ,obesity
Chest X-ray/radiograph:
reticulo-nodular shadowing (reticular
[ri'tikjul]
网状的
, linear
['lini]
线状的
, military nodules
粟粒样结节
)
coin lesions
硬币样
cavities
空腔:
amphoric
['mfrik]
空翁音的
(breathing
like
blowing
over
a bottle top)
opacifica tion
[u,psifi'kein]
浑
浊
:
consolida tion
(air
space
infiltrate):
confluent
['knflunt]
支流的
,
汇合的
shadowing and air bronchogramf
支
气管造影
collapse: lobar(upper, middle/lingual, lower)
segmental atelactasis
肺不张
pleural effusion
mediastinal
[,mi:dis'tainl]
纵隔
mass:
thyroid
,thymoma
[θai'mum]
胸腺瘤
,
teratoma
[,ter'tum]
畸胎瘤
, TB lymph nodes,
terrible diagnoses including lymphoma
[lim'fum]
淋巴瘤
and aneurysm
动脉瘤
Chest CT scan( computed tomography)
Head MRI(magnetic resonance imaging)
PET- CT of the whole body(positron-emission tomography)
['pzitrn]
正电子
Abdominal ultrasound
['ltrsaund]
超声
skin prick test
皮肤点刺试验(
dust mites
尘螨,
pollen
花粉,
cockroach
蟑螂)< br>
tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative
[di'rivtiv]
纯蛋白
衍生物
(of tuberculin) test, PPD test)
Pulmonary function test : Spirometry
[spai'rmitri]
呼吸量测定法,肺
量测定法
obstructive lung diseases: airflow limitation
FEV1/FVC FVC RV and TLC KCO
< 0.7 ↓ ↑ ↓
restrictive lung diseases: decreased lung compliance and small
lung volumes
intraparenchymal >0.75 ↓↓ ↓ ↓
extraparenchymal variable ↓↓ ↓ normal
FEV1: forced expiratory
[iks'pairtri/
volume in 1 second
FVC: force vital capacity
TLC: total lung capacity
RV: residual volume
KCO: transfer factor ( diffusion rate)
PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate
flow-volume loop ( inspiration and expiration
[,ekspi'rein]
)
bronchoprovocation/challenge
test
[,prv'kein]
支
气
管
激< br>发
试
验
:
histamine
['histmmin]
组胺
or methacholine
乙酰甲胆碱
-inhalatio n
[,inh'lein]
bronchodilatati on
[,dail'tein]
支气管舒张试验
: salbutamol
沙丁胺醇
[sl'bju:tm(:)l]
fiberoptic
bronchoscopy
[br'kskpi]
:
biopsy
['bai,psi]
活
组
织
检
查
bronchial brush samples for pathological examation, bronchial washings)
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
protected specimen brush (PS
tra nsthoracic
[,trnsθ'rsik,]
经
胸
廓
的
percutaneous
needle
aspiration
[,sp'rein]
吸引术
percutanous
needle
biopsy
under
CT
guidance
(
for
peripheral
tumours)
video-assisted thoracoscopic-guided
[θ'rkskup]
胸腔镜
lung biopsy
open lung biopsy
pleural biopsy
biopsy of enlarged lymph nodes
D-Dimers
electrocardiogram (ECG)
心电图
echocardiogram
超声
心动图
V/Q
isotope
['aisutup]
同
位
素
scan
(
ventilation/perfusion
scanning)
spiral
螺旋
CT/MRA (Magnetic Resonance Angiography
[,ndi'
ɡrfi]
血管造
影术
)
pulmonary angiography
Doppler
['dpl]
多普勒
USS
thigh
[θai]
大腿
and
pelvis
['pelvis]
骨盆
(USS:
ultrasound scanning)
cardiac monitor
PSG( polysommography)
常见的病名
diseases
acute upper respiratory tract infection
急性上呼吸道感染
common cold
普通感冒
influenza
流感
[,influ'enz]
pharynigitis
咽炎
pharyngalgia
[frin'gldi]
咽痛
acute broncho-bronchitis
急性气管
-
支气管炎
pneumonia
肺炎
community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
社区获得性肺炎
hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
医院获得性肺炎
nosocomical pneumonia (NP)
医院内肺炎
bronchiectasis
支气管扩张
chornic bronchitis
慢性支气管炎
pulmonary emphysema
肺气肿
chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease
(acute
exacerbating)
AECOPD
COPD
急性发作
bronchial asthma
支气管哮喘
allergic rhinitis
[rai'naitis]
过敏性鼻炎
respiratory failure
呼吸衰竭
lung abscess
肺脓肿
pulmonary tuberculosis
肺结核病
lung cancer:
肺癌
primary bronchogenic carcinoma
原发性支气管肺癌
squamous
['skweims]
cell carcinoma
鳞癌
adenocarcinoma
腺癌
['dnu,k
ɑ:si'num]
bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma
支气管肺泡细胞癌
small cell lung carcinoma
(
SCLC
)小细胞肺癌
pulmonary metastasis
肺转移瘤
[m'tstsis]
pulmonary embolism
(
PE
)
肺栓塞
pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE)
肺血栓栓塞症
[,θrmbu'emblizm]
pulmonary infarction
肺梗死
deep venous thrombosis ,DVT
深静脉血栓形成
empyema
脓胸
[,empai'i:m]
pneumothorax
气胸
pyopneumothorax
脓气胸
['paiu,nju:mu'θ:rks]
chronic suppurative disease
慢性化脓性疾病
['spjurtiv, -reitiv]
congenital cyanotic disease
先天性紫绀性心脏病
[,sai'ntik]
cor pulmonale
肺源性心脏病
['k:,pum'nli]
pulmonary hypertension
肺动脉高压
pulmonary encephalopathy
肺性脑病
[en,sef'lpθi]
right heart failure; right-sided heart failure
右心衰竭
pulmonary vascular diseases
肺血管疾病
interstitial lung disease, ILD
弥漫性间质性肺疾病
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF
特发性肺纤维化
[,idi'pθik]
cryptogenic
[,kriptu'denik]
隐源性的
fibrosing alveolitis, CFA
隐源
性纤维化性肺泡炎
connective tissue related lung diseases
结缔组织相关性肺疾病
systemic lupus
['lju:ps]
狼疮
erythematosus, SLE
系统性红斑狼疮
rheumatoid arthritis, RA
类风湿性关节炎
systemic sclerosis, SSc
系统性硬化
scleroderma
硬皮病
sjoren’s syndrome 感知综合征
polymyositis
多发性肌炎
dermatomyositis
皮肌炎
sarcoidosis
结节病
[,s
ɑ:ki'dusis]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
[,prutii'nusis]
, PAP
肺泡蛋白沉积症
Idiopathic
pulmonary
hemosiderosis
['hi:mu,sid'rusis, ,hem-]
特发性肺
含铁血黄素沉着病
Langerhans cell granulomatosis
朗格汉斯细胞肉芽肿病
['
ɡrnju,lum'tusis]
Eosinophilic granuloma
嗜酸性肉芽肿
[,i:sin'filik]
Histiocytosis X
组织细胞增多症
X
Wegener granulomatosis Wegener
肉芽肿
extrinsic allergic alveolitis
外源性过敏性肺泡炎
pneumoconiosis
尘肺
['nju:m,kuni'usis]
drug-induced lung disease
药物性肺病
aspergillosis
[,sp:di'lusis]
曲
菌
病
:
allergic
bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis (ABPA)
pleural disease
胸膜疾病
broncho-pleural fistula
支气管胸膜瘘
['fistjul]
oral candidiasis
口腔念珠菌病,鹅口疮
[,kndi'daisis]
osteoporotic bone change
骨质疏松样改变
glaucoma
青光眼
cataract
白内障
acute lung injury
,
ALI
急性肺损伤
acute respiratory distress syndrome , ARDS
急性呼吸窘迫综合征
urticaria
荨麻疹
eczema
湿疹
hypertension
高血压
diabetes
糖尿病
常用的药物
drugs or agents
be administered, treat sb. with
empirical
经
验
性
的
,
prophylactic
[,prfi'lktik,
,pru-]
预
防
性
,
remedial
[ri'mi:dil]
治疗性
Expectorant
祛痰药
[eks'pektrnt]
Mucolytics
粘液溶解剂
[,mju:ku'litik]
bro nchodilator
支气管扩张剂
[,brkudai'leit]
B2-agonists
['
ɡnist]
兴
奋
剂
:
short-acting
:salbutamol
沙
丁< br>胺
醇
[sl'bju:tm(:)l]
long-acting: salmeterol
沙美特罗
muscarinic
[,msk'rinik]
毒
蕈
碱
样
的
antagonists
[ n't
ɡnist]
对
抗
剂
:
ipratropium bromide
['brumaid]
异丙托溴胺
aminophylline
氨茶碱
[,mi:nu'fili:n]
steroids
['stirid]
类
固
醇
i nhaled:
budesonide
布
地
奈
德
,
beclomethasone[,beklu'meθsun]
倍氯米松,
fluticasone
氟替卡松< br>
systemic:
prednisolone
['pred'nislun]
强
的
松
po(per
os).,
hydrocortisone
[,haidru'k:tizun]
氢化可的松
iv.
mast cell stabilizers: cromoglycate sodium
色甘酸钠
leukotriene
[,lju:ku'train]
白三烯
receptor antagonists: montelukast
孟鲁司特
respiratory stimulants:
lobeline
nikethamide
[ni'keθmaid,
-mid]
尼可刹米
cardiac tonic
强心剂
diuretics
利尿剂
[,daiju'retik]
albumin
白蛋白
['lbjumin]
antitussive agents
镇咳药
[,nti'tsiv]
ammonium chloride
氯化铵
['munjm]
铵
['kl:raid]
氯化物
ambroxol
氨溴索
(
mucosolvan
沐舒坦)
Pantoloc
潘妥洛克
常用的治疗措施
low
or
high
flow
oxygen:
nasal
cannulae
['knjuli:]
鼻
导
管
,
Venturi
[ven'tjuri]
文
里
氏
face-mask
nebulizer
['nebjulaiz]
喷
雾
器
:
finer
particle size (3 to 20um) allows tracheobronchial deposition
metered dose inhaler (MDI)
定量雾化吸入器
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)-tight-fitting mask
(non-invasive)
intermittent positive-pressure ventilation ( IPPV)
non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV)
mechanical ventilation: non-invasive or invasive
(via intubation
[,intju:'bein]
插管
,
tracheostomy
[,trki'stmi, ,trei-]
气管
造口术,
tracheotomy
[,trki'tmi, ,trei-]
气管切开术
)
synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation, SIMV
同步间歇
指令通气
pressure support ventilation, PSV
压力支持通气
thoracocentesis
胸腔穿刺术
[,θ:rksen't
esis]
chest drain/drainage
引流术
chemotherapy
化疗
radiation therapy
放疗
pneumonectomy
肺切除术
[,nju:mu'nektmi]
lobectomy
of
lung
,
pulmonary
lobectomy
肺叶切除术< br>[lu'bektmi]
叶切除
术
thoracotomy
开胸术,胸廓切开术
[,θ:r'ktmi]
pleurodesis
胸膜剥脱术
pleurectomy
胸膜切除术
pleural adhesion
胸膜粘连术
thromboendarterectomy
血栓动脉内膜切除术
inferior vena cava filter
下腔静脉过滤器
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
落脚点-weakness
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