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班长材料科学与工程专业英语1-19单元课后翻译答案

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2021-01-21 03:08
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2021年1月21日发(作者:telecommunication)
Unit 1


1.
“材料科学”涉及到研究材料的结构与性能 的关系。相反,材料工程是根据材
料的结构与性质的关系来涉及或操控材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预 定的性
质。

2.
实际上,所有固体材料的重要性质可以分为六类:机械、电 学、热学、
磁学、光学、腐蚀性。


3.
除了结构与性质,材料科 学与工程还有其他两个重要
的组成部分,
即加工与性能。


4.< br>工程师或科学家越熟悉材料的各种性质、
结构、
性能之间的关系以及材料的加工技术,< br>根据以上的原则,
他或她就会越自信与熟
练地对材料进行更明智的选择。
5.
只有在少数情况下,材料才具有最优或最理
































isciplinary







dielectric
constant
Solid
material(s)







heat
capacity

Mechanical property





electromagnetic radiation Material processing





elastic
modulus


was
not
until
relatively
recent
times
that
scientists
came
to
understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their
properties.

8.
Materials
engineering
is
to
solve
the
problem
during
the
manufacturing
and
application
of
materials.
9.

ical
properties
relate
deformation to an applied load or force.




Unit 2


1.
金属是电和热很好的导体,
在可见光下不透明;
擦亮的金属表面有金属光泽。

2.
陶瓷是典型的导热导电的绝缘体,并且比金属和聚合物具有更高的耐热温度
和耐 恶劣环境性能。


3.
用于高科技领域的材料有时也被称为先进材料。


4.

电陶瓷在电场作用下膨胀和收缩;
反之,
当它们膨胀和收缩时,
他们也能产生一个电场。


5.
随着能够观察单个原子或者分子的扫描探针显微镜的 出现,操控
和移动原子和分子以形成新结构成为可能,
因此,
我们能通过一些简单的原 子水

















6.
advanced
materials















ceramic
materials
high- performance
materials












clay
minerals
alloy















implant

glass
fibre












carbon
nanotube

7.
Metallic
materials
have
large numbers of nonlocalized electrons and many properties of metals are directly
attributable
to
these
electrons.

8.
Many
of
polymeric
materials
are
organic
compounds with very large molecular structures.

9. Semiconductors hace electrical
properties
that are
intermediate
between
the
electrical
conductors(viz.
metals
and
metal alloys) and insulators(viz. ceramics and polymers).

10. Biomaterials must not
produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body

tissues.



Unit 3

1
.金属的行为(性质)不同于陶瓷的行为(性 质)
,陶瓷的行为(性质)不同于
聚合物的行为
(性质)



2

原子结构主要影响化学性质、
物理性质、
热学性质、
电学性能、
磁性能、
光学性能。
微结构和宏观结构虽也能影响这些性能但是他 们
主要影响力学性能和化学反应速率。


3
.金属的强度表明原子是通过强的键结
合在一起的。


4
.元素的原子序数表明该元素的原子核内带正电的质子数。而
























5

Microstructure















macrostructure
Chemical
reaction
















atomic
weight

Balanced
electrical
charge










positively
charged
proton

6.
100
atoms
form
thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used
to support tall buildings,

7

The facts suggests that metallic atoms are held together
bu strong bonds.

8.

Microstructure which includes features that cannot be seen
with the naked eye,but

using a microscope. Macrostructure includes features that
can
be
seen
with
the
naked
eye.

9.

The
atomic
weight
is
the
sum
of
proton
number and neutron number in the

nucleus.



Unit 4


1
.当密度小于水的密度时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当密度大于水的密度时,物体会沉降。相似的,当比重小于
1
时,物体将漂浮在水面上,当比重大于
1
时,
物体会沉降。


2
.由于相互排斥而往相反的方向移动,导 致磁通量密度比真空
中小,这种材料为反磁性材料。


3
.使磁通 量密度提高
1
倍以上小于或等于
10
倍的材料叫顺磁性材料,使磁通量密度提 高
10
倍以上的材料叫铁磁性材料。


4
.某些铁磁性材 料,特别是一些粉末状或夹层铁,钢或镍合金的相对导磁率可
高达
1000000
。反 磁性材料的相对导磁率小于
1
,但是到目前还没有哪种材料的
相对导磁率远小于
1



5
.当顺磁性或铁磁性的芯插入线圈时,其磁感应系数< br>等








空< br>芯










6

specific
gravity













boiling
point








magnetic
induction


coefficient
of
thermal
conductivity







glass
transition
temperature
non-ferrous
metals











linear
coefficient
of
thermal
expansion


mass
per
unit
of
volume

7.
Properties
that
describe
how
a
substance
changes
into
a
completely
different
substance
are
called
chemical
properties.




8. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four
phases: solid, liquid, gas and plasma.



9. At some temperature below the melting
point,
polymers
start
to
lose
their
crystalline
structure
but
the
molecules
remain
linked
in
chains,
which
tesults
in
a
soft
and
pliable
material.

10.
In
engineering
applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute.


Unit 5

1.
金属的力学性能决定了材料的使用范围及期望的服役寿命。


2.
因此,一般
多测几次以得到力学性能,报导的数值一般是平均值或者计算的

统计最小值。


3
.材料的承载方式极大地影响了材料的力学性能 ,也决定了材料失效形式,以
及在失效前是否有预警。

4
.然而,受力弯曲 时会产生一个应力分布,应力大小
与到轴线的垂直距离有关。

5

材料受到低于临界压力即屈服强度的力时,
材料
才会发生弹性形变。

6


Test
specimen








static
loading





force


normal
axis



Engineering
strain





critical
stress



yield
strength

stress
area



Stress-
strain
curve

7.
Temperatures
below
room
temperature
generally
cause an increase in strength

properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture
toughness,
and
elongation
usually
decrease.

8.

From
the
respective
of
what
is
happening within a material, stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body
that balance and react to the loads applied to it.


9. Engineering strain is defined as
the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial
length of the material.

10. A material with high strength and high ductility will hace
more toughness than a material with low strength and high ductility.
Unit 6


1.

随着影响我们星球上人类生存条件的社会问题的即将出现,
材料科学与工程
界有责任和机遇通过解决未来世界的需求—在能量、交通、住房、饮食、回收和
健康方面的需求来改变世界。


2.

不发达国家的人口增长率远高于
1.4%
的世界
平均人口增长率。


3.

全球能源使用的预算在
2025
以前将以每年< br>1.7%
速度增
长,这比世界人口增长率快多了。


4.

此外,发达地区的人均能量使用量是不
发达地区人均能量使用量的九倍以上。


5.
gross
domestic
product


materials
science and engineering


market economy


Societal issues









economic
index
















sanitation


Gross
national
product



popilation
growth
rate

6.
Some
things
that
have
been
constant
over
time
are
human
innovation
and
creativity,
the
engineer’s
ability
to
address
societal
needs,
an
d
the
entrepreneurial spirit of engineering.

7. We have witnessed the re-shaping of our
lives
through
revolutions
that
hace
taken
place
in
medicine,
telecommunications,
and transportantion industries.

8. Eighteen percent of the world’s population lacks
access
to
safe
drinking
water
and
nearly
40%
has
no
access
to
sanitation.


9.
Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close
relation between the MSE research agenda and societal issues that affect the human
condition on the globe.





Unit 7


1. 从化学角度来说,金属是一类容易失电子以形成正离子的元素,它与其他金
属原子形成金属键。

2.
金属键的无方向性被认为是金属具有延展性的主要原
因。


3.
存在着共价键的晶体只有在原子之间的键断裂的情况下变形,从而导
致晶体破裂。


4.
合金特别是为满足更高应用要求的合金比如喷气发动机,可













5.
delocalized
electron















electronic
structure
alkaline
earth
metal





















chemical
cell

nuclear
charge

























electric
conductivity

6.
Metals
are
sometimes
described
as
a
lattice
of
positive
ions
surrounded
by
a
cloud
of
delocalized
electrons.

7.
Metals
in
general
have
superior
electric
and
thermal
conductivity,
high
luster
and
density,
and
the
ability
to
be
deformed
under
stress
without cleaving.

8. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution
in which the major component is a metal.

9. Combining different ration of metals
as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.




Unit 8


1.
超耐热合金的发展非常依赖于化学与加工的创新,并主要受到航空和能源工
业的推动。


2.
抗蠕变性能主要取决于晶体结构内位错速度的放缓。


3.
超耐
热合金在加工方面的发展使超耐热合金的操作温度大幅度提高。


4.
单晶高温
合金是运用改进的定向凝固技术而形成单晶的,因此在材料中并无晶界。


5.
faced-centred
cubic
crystal
structure





turbine
entry
temperature
metallic
materials




















phase
stability

nuclear
reactor















synthesis of nanoparticle

6. Superalloys typically hace an sustenitic faced- centered
cubic
crystal
structure.
7.
Superalloys
are
used
where
there
is
a
need
for
high
temperature strength and

corrosion/oxidation
resistance.

8.
Superalloys
are
widely
used
in
aircraft
,submarines,
nuclear
reactors
and
military
electric
motors.

9.
At
high
temperatures
the
gaseous
aluminum
chloride(or
fluoride)
is
transfereed
to
the
surface of part and diffuseds inside.

Unit 9


1.
腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学的过程,有着与电池相同的本质特征。

2.
从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。


3.


电子与中和的正离子(如电解液中的氢离子)发生反应时,阴极处电子得

以平

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