frightened法律英语课件

2021年1月21日发(作者：assignable)
Lesson One

Modern

Legal

Education
1
French
lawyers
are
trained
in
universities,
and
English
barristers
, on the other hand, enter the profession as members
of one of
four Inns of Court
, which are combinations of a law
school and professional organization
法国律师是在大学里培养出来的，而英国的大律师是作为四
大律师学院之一的成员进入律师这一 行的，这些律师学院是
由法学院和专业组织组成的。


2
Today,
American
legal
education
is
almost
uniformly
postgraduate
professional
education

at
a
formal
law
school,
usually
affiliated
with

a
university.
And
a
degree
from
an
ap
proved law school
is common requirement for admission to
the
bar,
although
the
apprenticeship

route
is
still
open,
theoretically, in a number of states.
今天，美 国的法律教育几乎统一都是在正式的法学院进行大
学后职业教育，这所法学院通常隶属于一个大学。得到 经美
国律师协会批准的法学院的学位是进入律师行业的通常要
求，尽管在理论上许多州仍允许存 在经过学徒期成为律师这
样的路径


3
State
university
law
school
tend
to
concentrate
on
the
traditional
law
courses:
contracts,
torts,
constitutional
law,
procedure,
property,
wills,
trust
and
estates,
corporation,
partnerships, agency, international law, maritime law, labor law,
administrative law.
州立大学法学院往往注重传统课程：< br>合同法，
宪法，
程序法，
财产，遗嘱，信托和财产，公司，合伙，代理，国际法 ，海
商法，劳动法，行政法。


4 One reason lawyers are found in so many of the most sensitive
spots in American political and economic life is simply that their
legal education has exposed them to a broader range
of public
problems than any other graduate program.
在美国政治经济生活中这么多最敏感的职位上都能发现律
师的一个原因只是由于他们的法律教育使他们比 其他专业
的毕业生更广泛的接触到社会问题。


5
More
than
ever
before,
law
school
today
offer
you
a
opportunity to apply your legal skills as you require them, to use
what you learn as you learn it. School all over the country now
have
programs
under
which
you
can
spend
time
while
in
law
school
working
for
the
city
’
s
legal
aid
department

or
the
public defender organization
. You are also given opportunities
to
work
with
governmental
agencies
in
drafting
legislation
,
codes and regulations
.

今天的法学院比以前能提供更多机会让你在获得法律技 能
的时候能应用它们，当你在学习的时候就能用你所学。全国
各地的法学院都有这样的项目，即 你可以在法学院读书的时
候就为城市的法律援助部门和公设律师组织工作。你还有机
会与政府的 代理机构一起起草法律法规和规范。


6 Most of our law schools do not try to teach you the
“
law
”

of
one
state
or
another;
they
concentrate
on
teaching
you
legal
principles, legal reasoning
and something of the
philosophy of
law
.
我们的大多数法学 院并不教你某一个州或另一个州的法律，
他们注重教你法律原则，法律推理和一些法律哲学。


7 Minor troubles such as
traffic violations
or fines for breaking
windows during a spree at college will not be held against you.
But
a
conviction
for
having
committed
a
felony

will
in
all
likelihood
prevent
your
being
admitted
to
practice,
as
will
membership in any subversive group or organization, unless you
can explain away as something you did when you were young
and foolish and show that you have long since resigned.
一些较小的麻烦比如违反交通或因在大学里的一次狂欢中
打碎窗户而被罚款都不会阻碍你成为律师，但是因犯重罪而
被宣告有罪的话就完全不可能成为律 师了，同样的如果你是
任何破坏性集团或组织的成员的话也不可能成为律师，除非
你能解释清楚 你当年的所作所为是因为年少无知而犯的错
误并且表明你已经退出很久了。


8
Judges
in
the
United
States,
with
exceptions
in
some
minor
judiciary
,
are
selected
from
the
ranks
of
lawyers.
In
England
they
are
chosen
from
the
select
group
of
barristers
known
as
Queen
’
s Counsel.

美国的法官，除了一些级别较低的法官外，都是 从律师中选
出来的。在英国法官是从出庭律师当中精选出来的御用大律
师中选出来的


9
The
diverse
training
and
careers
of
common
---and
civil
---law
judges is significant. Similar backgrounds and experience
provide
a certain feeling of fellowship and mutual sympathy

between the common-law
bench and bar
.

普通法系和大陆法系法官的截然不同的培训和职业生涯的
区别是非常重要的。相同的背景和经历使普通法系的法官和
律师之间有某种伙伴感情，这使他们能惺惺 相惜


10 The prestige of the English and American judiciary is greater
than
that
of
their
civil-law
counter-part,
partly
because
of
the
general feeling that only the better lawyers get judicial posts.

英美国家的法官威望要比大陆法系国家的法官威望更高，部
分是因为 一般觉得只有好的律师才能做法官的缘故吧。




Lesson Two

Bases

of

the Legal System
Ⅰ
Key sentence:
1 The law is the set of rules by which the citizens of a country
regulate their conduct in relation to their fellow citizens and to
the State.
法律是这样的一套 规范，即用它来规范一国公民的行为，调
整公民与其他公民和国家的关系


2 In the United Kingdom there is no written set of rules; whether
an action is recognized

as being in conformity with the law is
determined by a consideration of the authorities. These may be
statutes, statements by legal experts, or reports of decided cases.
If
none
of
these
fits
the
circumstances,
the
judge
makes
his
decision by analogy with the past decisions made in somewhat
similar circumstances.

在英国没有成文的成套法律规范，某个行为是否符合法律规
定要由权威来认定。这些权威可能是成文法规，法律专家的
评述，或者即判案例的报告。如果以 上都不能确定，法官会
根据过去相似情况的判例来作出判决。


3 The base of the legal system , in historical order, are: common
law; case law; statute law.
法律制度的基础，按历史顺序是：普通法，判例法，成文法


4
The
essence
of
common
law
is
that
it
grew
through
judicial
decisions
recorded
by
lawyers
and
is
not
based
on
express
enactment.
It
is
administered
by
examination
of
the
decisions
made
in
previous
cases
of
the
same
kind,
known
as
“
precedents
”,
and
arrival
at
a
commonsense
decision
on
that
basis.
普通法的精髓 在于它是随着律师所记录的司法判决而发展
起来的，而不是建立在明示的制定法的基础上的。他通过对< br>过去的同样案件的判决（称为先例）的检验来适用，然后在
此基础上形成一个合理的判决。


5Case law is a development of the common law brought about
through the process of time.
判例法是普通法随着时间的发展而发展的产物。


6Reports
exist
of
leading
cases
raising
points
of
interest
to
lawyers.

These
reports
give
the
facts
found
by
the
court,
the
arguments
put
forward
and
the
reasons
given
by
the
judge
for
coming to his decision. The principles on which these judgments
are based are binding on all lesser courts.
存在在报告中的作为先例援引的案例给律师提供有兴趣的
观点

。这些报告中 有法庭确认的事实，有律师的辩论和法
官作出判决的理由。这些判决所确定的原则对所有的下级法
院有约束力。


7Thus,
the
House
of
Lords,
apex
of

the
judicial
system,
decided
in
1861
that
it
could
not
reverse
its
own
previous
decision, so a House of Lords decision is binding on every court.
A High court decision is binding on a County court. But it can
be
disregarded
by
another
High
Court
judge
and
can
be
overruled by the Court of Appeal.
因此，上议院这个 法院体系中的最高层，在
1861
年决定它
不能推翻自己以前做出的判决。因此，上议 院的判决对任何
法院都有约束力。高等法院的判决对郡法院有约束力，但是
其他高等法院法官可 以不理会而且上诉法院可以驳回该判
决。


8The earliest enacted law was
made by the sovereign with the
concurrence of his Council. Then , with the establishment of the
authority
of
Parliament,
new
laws
were
made
or
existing
laws
changed by a statute, or Act of Parliament.

最早的制定法是君主在 和他的顾问共同讨论后制定的。然
后，随着议会权力的确立，新法的制定或现有法律的修改都
是 通过成文法或议会法来实现。


9
Statute
law
includes
royal
proclamations;
orders
made
by
Ministers
under
the
delegated
power,
known
as
statutory
instruments; and the by-law of local authorities or other bodies
having statutory powers.
成文法包括皇室宣言，大臣在授权下发布的命令，这些被称为授权立法，也包括地方权力机关或其他具有立法权的部门
制定的附例。


10
Whatever
court
we
turn
to
in
our
system,
the
authoritative
sources of the law are confined to statute and reported decisions.
在我们的制度中不管哪个法院，权威性的法律渊源限定为成
文法和有报告的判决。


11 But criminal law and civil law also overlap; and many acts or
omissions are not only
“
wrongs
” for which the person injured is
entitled to recover compensation for his own personal injury or
damage,
but
also
“
offences
”
for
which
the
offender
may
be
prosecuted and punished in the interest of the State.
刑法和 民法也会重叠，许多作为或不作为不仅仅是民事过
错，即受害人有权因他自己的人身损害得到补偿，同时 也是
犯罪，即犯罪者可能会因触犯国家的利益而受到起诉和惩
罚。


12Criminal
law
,
therefore
,
deals
with
offences
which
are
deemed
to
harm
the
whole
community
and
thus
to
be
an

offence against the Sovereign.
刑法调整的是犯罪，这些犯罪被认为危害全社会因此是危害
主权的犯罪。


13 English criminal law has been classified as
“treason, felony
and misdemeanour” with a

tentative fourth class described as
“
summary offences
”.

英国的刑法（中的犯 罪）被划分成叛国罪，重罪和轻罪，同
时还有所谓的第四种分类，即决犯罪。


14
In
the
court
the
burden
of
proof
is
on
the
prosecution
to
prove their case.

在法院，举证责任在起诉一方来证明他们的案件。


15 The accused throughout is presumed to be innocent unless he
admits the offence or until he is proved beyond reasonable doubt
to be guilty.

被告人除非承认犯罪或有合理的无可怀疑的证据证明有罪，
否则是推定为无罪的。


16 There are also so-called
“
private prosecutions
” in which an
aggrieved person starts criminal proceedings either because the
police are reluctant to prosecute or perhaps because he feels he
can put up a more vigorous prosecution.
在警察不愿意提起公诉 或受害人觉得他自己起诉会更有效
的情况下，受害人也可以提起刑事诉讼程序即所谓的自诉。


17
Civil
law
concerns
the
maintenance
of
private
claims
and
redress of private wrongs.