trendsExercises of Lexicology

2021年1月21日发(作者：bitter)
Exercises

Exercises
Chapter I:
1.
What is meant by lexicology?
2.
What
are
the
five
sub-branches
of
lexicology?
And
what
does
each
sub-branches treat of?
3.
Explain briefly the relations of lexicology to other branches of linguistics.
4.
Why is the course of modern English lexicology essential to English majors?

Chapter II:
1.
Give an account of the main features of the English vocabulary.
2.
What accounts for the rapid growth of the present-day English vocabulary,
especially after World War II?

3.
What are the three periods of the history of the English language?
4.
What
are
the different criteria
used
in
classifying
English words? And
into
what categories do English words fall according to each criterion?
5.
What do we mean by content words and function words?
6.
What are the characteristics of the native element in the English vocabulary?
7.
What accounted for the high percentage of the foreign element in the English
vocabulary?
8.
In what way has the foreign element entered the English vocabulary?
9.
How do you classify the foreign elements in the English vocabulary? And what
are the characteristics of each category?
10. Explain the elements making up the English vocabulary.
11. Identify the origin of the following words:

mile, bishop, cheese, butter, a.m., comedy, pentameter, philosophy, botany,
physics, telephone, etymology, lexicology, court, barber, city, Bible, captain,
soldier, regime, ballet, bourgeoisie, get, give, die, take, want, bull, cake , egg,
pizza,
violin,
tempo,
opera,
armada,
alligator,
mosquito,
banana,
buffalo,
quartz, nickel, poodle, waltz, deck, dock, luck, algebra, zero, coffee, cotton,
sofa, tsar, vodka, sputnik, chess, orange, lemon, sugar, bungalow, shampoo,
Taoism, sampan,
loquat,
china,
chopstick,
tea,
troublesome,
overflow,
fire,
ask, rise, epoch, conclude, close, shut, time, fast.
12. Pick out the slang words in the following sentences and explain the meaning
of each:


1) Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum.


2) When the buck leads, the world suffers.

3) He sa
ys he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be.


4) “I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you are told,” said the angry father.


5) I think I’m just a hick at heart.


6) He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot.
13. Revise the following groups of words into correct English sentences by using
function words:

1) all us go town buy clothes
1
Exercises


2) train leaves station two hours

3) you start cook supper ten minutes

4) man black beard came restaurant left walking stick corner
14. Identify the native word in each of the following synonymous pairs:

1)
beak
—
bill





2)
break
—
sever





3)
feed
—
nourish




4)
amity
—
friendship


5)
prevent
—
hinder














6)
begin
—
commence

7)
womanly
—
feminine


8)
wet
—
humid

9)
solitary
—
lonely



10)
people
—
folk

11)
deep
—
profound



12)
exterior
—
outer

13)
cordial
—
hearty



14)
dale
—
valley

15)
have
—
possess



16)
conceal
—
hide

17) deed
—
action




18)
holy
—
sacred

19)
give
—
present




20)
aid
—
help

21)
inner
—
interior




22)
deadly
—
mortal

23)
motherly
—
maternal


24)
question
—
ask

25)
masculine
—
manly


26)
buy
—
purchase

27)
thin
—
tenuous



28)
earthly
—
terrestrial

29)
royal
—
kingly




30)
fatherly
—
paternal

31)
violin
—
fiddle




32)
domestic
—
homely

33)
mount
—
rise




34)
world
—
universe

35)
answer
—
reply



36)
celestial
—
heavenly

37)
vivacious
—
lively



38)
bodily
—
corporal

39)
brotherhood
—
fraternity

40)
aqueous
—
watery

Chapter III:
1.
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with proper words.
1)
A









is
the
smallest
meaningful
linguistic
unit

of
language,
not
divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.
2)
A morpheme is different from a phoneme, for the former possesses both



and









, whereas the latter only implies









.
3)
A morpheme is not identical to a syllable, either, since the latter has
nothing to do with








.
4)
Morphemes may be classified into









and








.
5)
A









is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
6)
A









cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appear
with at least one other morpheme, either a









or a









one.
7)
Morphemes may also be classified into









and








.
8)
A









is the basic unchangeable part of a word which conveys the
fundamental









meaning of the word.
9)
Roots are either









or







.
10)
Affixes may be divided into









and









types.
11)
Derivational affixes can further be subdivided into









and







.
2
Exercises

12)
Inflectional affixes have









meaning only.
13)
On the morphemic level words can be classified, according to the number
and type of morphemes they contain, into







,






and








.
14)
A









is the part of the word-form which remains when all
inflectional affixes have been removed.
15)
A









is the form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
16)
A









is a word made up of elements from two or more different
languages.
2.
Write out the common bound roots of the words in each of the following
groups and state their meanings.
1)
acoustic, acoustical, acoumeter, acoustician, acoustics, acouphone:










2)
amateur, amatory, amiable, amicable, amorous, enamoured, unamiable:









3)
ample, ampleness, amply, amplidyne, amplification, amplifier, amplify,
amplitude, radioamplifier:










4)
annals, annual, perennial, centennial, annuity, biennial:










5)
archangel,
archbishop,
arch-criminal,
archdeacon,
archdiocese,
archenemy, archfiend:










6)
biology, biogenesis, biogenic, biogeography, biography, bionics, bioscope,
biotic, biomass:










7)
audible,
audibility,
inaudible,
audience,
audiology,
audiovisual,
audiometer, audiophile, audition, auditor, auditorium:











8)
autoalarm,
autobiography,
autoboat,
autobus,
autochrome,
autoclave,
autocrat,
autograph,
autoinfection,
automate,
automatic,
automation,
automobile, autonomy, autotrunk, autotype:










9)
Bible,
bibliofilm,
bibliography,
biliology,
bibliolater,
bibliomania,
bibliophile, bibliophilism, bibliopole, bibliotheca, bibliotic, bibliotist:







10)
breve, breviary, brevirostrate, brevity, brief, abbreviate, abridge:





Chapter IV:
Compounding
1.
Explain the following terms and provide examples:

1)
compounding

2)
idiomatic compounds

3)
non- idiomatic compounds
2.
Express the following in one compound word:

1)
someone who writes songs

2)
someone who cleans windows

3)
the race for arms

4)
the train in the morning

5)
a mine for gold

6)
to bathe in the sun

7)
as cheap as dirt

8)
tanned by the sun

9)
to work in the fields
3
Exercises












3.
10)
to dream during the day
11)
to brake with air
12)
to love

peace
13)
to save time
14)
to be famous in the world
15)
to last for ever
16)
so hot as to steam
17)
to win with great difficulty
18)
as cold as ice
19)
as deaf as a stone
20)
to sit with a baby
Analyze the syntactical relations between the two components of the following
compounds:

1)
sunset


2)
drinking water

3)
shoemaker

4)
tear gas

5)
washer man

6)
living room

7)
man-made

8)
fault-finding

9)
dead-alive

10)
home-made

11)
summer-flowering

12)
home-sick

13)
paper-thin

14)
housekeep

15)
heat- treated
16)
town-bred
17)
far- reaching
18)
night-flying
19)
gaslight
20)
handshake
4.

Form a compound according
to the definition, using the word given as the

first

component:
Green

1) a stretch of land, round a town, where building is not allowed, so that


fields, woods, etc., remain:













2) a shop-keeper who sells vegetables and fruit:











3) a young, inexperienced person, especially male, who is easily cheated:





















4) a room in a theatre or concert hall where actors, musicians, etc., can rest
when not performing:










Hand
4
Exercises


1) a small bag for a woman to carry her money and personal things in:




2) a short book giving all the most important information about a subject:











3) an apparatus that stops a vehicle, worked by the driver’s hand:










4) a bar of wood or metal fixed beside a place where one walks for holding onto,
especially near stairs:










After
1) the care or treatment to someone after a period in hospital, prison, etc.:











2)
an
effect
(usually
unpleasant)
that
follows
some
time
after
the
cause
or
after the main effect:










3) a taste that stays in the mouth after the food that caused it in no longer
there:










4) an idea that comes later:










Sleeping
1)
a
large
thick
envelope
or
bag
of
warm

material
for
sleeping
in
when
camping:










2) a railway carriage with beds for passengers:










3) a pill which helps a person to sleep:










4) a partner in a business who takes no active part in its operation:







Running
1) a person with whom another is running for a pair of political of greater or
less importance, especially those of President and Vice-president:






2) handwriting in which the letters are slanted and the words formed without
lifting the pen:










3) a headline repeated on consecutive pages (as of a book):










4) a footboard especially at the side of an automobile:










Wash

1) a large fixed basin for water for washing one’s hands and face:











2) a movable board with a wavy surface against which clothes may be rubbed
when washing:










3) a woman whose job it was to wash clothes, often in her own home:






4) a cloth that is used for washing one’s face and body:











Sun
1) the condition of having sore skin after experiencing the effects of strong
sunlight:










2) a flash of sunlight, especially through a break in clouds:










3) the time when the sun is seen to disappear as night begins:










4) strong sunlight, as when there are no clouds:
Break

1) a sudden failure in operation:











2) the unlawful entering of a building, using force:











3) the action of forcing a way through the enemy:











4) a division into smaller parts:










5
Exercises

Out
1) a sudden appearance of beginning of something bad:










2) a public show of anger:










3) money spent for a purpose:










4) a way through which something (usually a liquid or a gas) nay go out:











5.
What are the differences between compounds and free phrases?
Derivation
1.
Explain the following terms and provide examples:

1) derivation

2) prefixation

3) suffixation

2.
What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?
3.
Pick
out
the
affixed
words
from
the
following
sentences,
and
state
the
meaning of the affix in each case:

1) It’s a novel about a nonhero.

2) Don’t let the meat defrost too quickl
y.
3) “In my happier nightmare” he adds, “I see myself attending an antiplay with
an antiaudience after a dinner prepared by an anticook.”

4)
In
his
long
and
danger-attended
career
he
had
known
nothing
like
this
supercrisis which now confronted him.
5)
He
was
neither
anti-
nor
pro-slavery
although
the
air
was
stormy
with
abolition sentiment and its opposition.
6) Robert sat down far off, and began nervously to reconsider his position.
4.
This short story is told twice. In the second version, spaces are left each to be
filled with one word formed from, or related to , a word in

CAPITALS

in the
first
version,
so
as
to
tell
the
same
story
in
different
words
but
without
changing the meaning.

Example:
Jane DANCES BEAUTIFULLY.




Jane is a









.

Answer:

Jane is a beautiful dancer.
First Version

Ever since I was a CHILD, I have wanted to go on the stage and ACT, like my
elder sister. She’s less PRETTY than I am, and I

hoped that with LUCK I, too,
would have the chance to PERFORM three or four times a WEEK at our little local
theater.
“You
are
ABLE
to
do
it,
”
she
told
me,
“but
you
may
not
have
the
PATIENCE. It takes a lot of hard work to SUCCEED.” Then she would DESCRIBE
in DETAIL how CONFUSED and EMBARRASSED she’d been when the man who
was DIRECTING the play told her that she SPOKE and MOVED too slowly in one
scene. She was supposed to run across the stage and, after HESITATING for a
moment, say “WELCOME!” to an old woman who was ENTERING from the other
side. “But be CAREFUL not to slip,” he said.


There
was
no
DOUBT
that
the
stage
was
very
slippery,
but
she
would
PROBABLY have reached the other side SAFELY if she had not fallen over her long
6
Exercises

skirt, which was FASHIONABLE that year, and tumbled right off the stage. The
audience were ASTONISHED.
Second Version

Ever since my …(1), I have wanted to go on the stage and be an …(2), like my
elder sister. I’m …(3) than she is, and I hoped that if I was …(4), I, too, would have
the chance to give …(5) three or four times …(6) at our little local theater. “You’ve
got the …(7) to do it,” she told me, “but you may be too …(8). It takes a lot of hard
work to be …(9).” Then she would give me a …(10) …(11) of her …(15) and …(16)
were too slow in one scene. She was supposed to

run across the stage and, after
a moment’s …(17), to …(18) an old woman who was making her …(19) from the
other side. “But take …(20) not to slip,” he said.


The
stage
was
…(21)
very
slippery,
but
it
was
…(22)
that
she
would
have
reached the other side in …(23) if she hadn’t fallen over her long sk
irt, which was
in …(24) that year, and tumbled right off the stage, to the …(25) of the audience.

(Whitcut 1979)
Conversion
1.
Explain the following terms and provide examples:

1)
conversion

2)
right branching
3)
left branching
2.
Pick out the converted words in the following sentences:
1)
So she believed me and doctored my battered face, pleased that she could
be useful.
2)
We cannot mandate a solution to inflation.
3)
There will be a repeat of this program next week.
4)
He preferred moderns like Miro and Klee.
5)
The children headed toward school carrying slates and followed by their
dogs.
6)
Like the trunk of a tree, it rose in the air, branching out as it clmbed.
7)
An hour went by and darkness still shrouded everything.
8)
They
boarded
boats
and
got
away,
living
to
tell
the
tale
of
their
city’s
destruction.
9)
The day-to-day effect of dirty air is hard to measure, and most people take
it for granted.
10)
When these gases mix with fog, smog results.
11)
There are a few success stories in battling air pollution.
12)
His
place
on
the
seat
was
taken
almost
immediately
by
a
young
man,
fairly well dressed but scarcely more cheerful than the other.
13)
The young man quickly removed any doubt by pocketing the money.
14)
Calming down, I convinced myself this was something that had to happen
once in a lifetime.
15)
Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequently.
16)
When the oil is heated, the first vapours to rise are cooled and become the
finest petrol.
7
Exercises

17)
Part of the old wall fell on the workman, and it took half an hour to free
him.
18)
The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun.
19)
I know my friends from the feel of their faces.

20)
But I cannot really picture their personalities by touch.
21)
“Nobody’s saying anything ,” said James, betweens serves.

22)
Grandpa gave her one of his slow grins.
23)
I will try to explain to you what has given rise to these slanders and given
me a bad name.
24)
That is what the story of mankind has on the whole been like.
25)
Then, all of a sudden, it seemed to start off.
26)
There is no alternative for this.
27)
But how could a busy person get the better of one who had nothing to do?
28)
In Workers’ Paradise work had of late begun to suffer.

29)
It
includes
land
with
enough
soil
and
enough
rainfall
or
water,
and
enough heat, which, at present, we are not using.
30)
No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.
The minor ways

1.
Explain the following terms and provide examples:
1) clipping
2) initialism
3) acronym
4) blending
5) back-formation
2.
Write out in full the following shortened words:

1)
ad

2)

photo
3)

doc
4)
lab

5)

telly
6)

vet

7)

chute
8)

quake
9)

flu

10)
tec

11)
Lt.

12)
Ltd.

13)
c/o
14)
C.O.D.
15)
OPEC
16)
VIP
17)
ID

18)
D.S.T.
19)
DOA
20)
GMT
21)
GHQ
22)
GNP
23)
NATO
24)
EEC
25)
SALT
26)
TEFL
27)
UFO
28)
WHO
29)
Zip
30)
TOEFL
3.
Explain the formation of the following blends:

1)
motel

2)
smog

3)
botel

4)
brunch
5)
lidar

6)
beautility
7)
dawk

8)
botor
9)
sci-fi

10)
hi-fi


11)
Interpol

12)
workfare
13)
travelogue
14)
sportscast
15)
atobomb
16)
Medicaid
17)
hijack

18)
hi-rise

19)
Eurasia

20)
skylab


Chapter V:
1.
Explain the following terms and provide examples:
1)
polysemy
2)
radiation
3)
concatenation
4)
homonymy
5)
synonymy
8
Exercises

6)
antonymy
7)
hyponymy
8)
semantic field
2.
What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?
Give examples to illustrate your point.
3.
Fill in the blanks with the correct word in the bracket:

1)
John









my suggestions. (reject, refuse, decline)
2)
The doctor








to give me permission to leave the hospital. (reject,
refuse, decline)

3)
She









their invitation to a dinner party. (reject, refuse, decline)

4)
A blind man smilingly









to be helped across the street. (reject,

refuse, decline)
5)
Tom was









for the army because of his poor health. (reject,

refuse, decline)

6)
He
’
s made









progress in English. (rapid, fast)

7)
He
’
s a









worker. (rapid, fast)

8)
I
’
m going to take a









train to Shanghai tonight. (rapid, fast)

9)
It
’
s no use trying to argue with you when you fly into a








.

(anger, rage, fury, indignation)
10)
Blind with









, he broke the glasses. (anger, rage, fury,

indignation)
4
．

W
rite out the common basic meanings of the synonyms in each of the
following groups:
1)
sorrow, grief, anguish, woe, regret:










2)
bad, evil, wicked, naughty:










3)

regard, respect, esteem, admire:









4)
disprove, refute, confute, rebut, controvert:










5)
incline, bias, dispose, predispose:










6)
level, flat, plane, even, smooth:








7)
generous, liberal, bountiful, munificent:










8)
free, release, liberate, emancipate, manumit, discharge:










9)
frank, candid, open, plain:










10)
envious, jealous:









11)
assert, declare, affirm, protest, avow:









12)
aggressive, militant, assertive, self-assertive, pushing:









13)
agile, nimble, brisk, spry:








14)
civil, polite, courteous, gallant, chivalrous:









15)
vociferous, clamorous, blatant, strident, boisterous, obstreperous:








16)
bear, suffer, endure, abide, tolerate, stand:









17)
decrease, lessen, diminish, reduce, abate, dwindle:








18)
heritage, inheritance, patrimony, birthright:








19)
keep, retain, detain, withhold, reserve:








20)
bare, naked, nude, bald, barren:








5.
Fill in the brackets with antonymous terms to those in italics:
9
Exercises






1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)

6.




















7.







8.



9.
He was a fine open-faced boy, with blue eyes and
fair
hair. (







)
The bus was
empty
of passengers by this time. (







)
“
No one knows I am here
”
, she said in a
faint
voice. (






)
The room was long,
low and gloomy
. (







)
When he went
away
, I was
sad
again. (







)
It
’
s too good a coat for me, that
bright
blue coat with its shining buttons.
(







)
7)
“
Are you singing ?
”
says a
rough
voice. (







)
Write out antonymous terms to the words in each of the following groups:
1)
perpetuate, augment, rise:



















2)
concrete, amplification, insert:






















3)
backward, conservative, elementary:





















4)
remote, remotely, open, aloof, begin:





















5)
impulsive, casual, abrupt:





















6)
foreign, wild:























7)
uneven, odd:























8)
admit, include:























9)
brilliant, cheerful:























10)
net, petty, delicate:























11)
soft, easy:





















12)
aggregate, general, common:






















13)
first, next:























14)
lift, upper:























15)
hit, achieve, catch:






















16)
obvious, famous, celebrated:






















17)
close, closed, secret, conclude:























18)
din, unquiet, agitate, arouse:





















19)
obligation, wrong, left:





















20)
foolish, insensible, absurd:






















Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses.
1)
Is this rule for all






or only for






? (trucks, vehicles)
2)






is a popular






in many countries. (soccer, sport)
3)
Let
’
s have some





. How about






? (dessert, ice cream)
4)
We planted many






, including





. (carrots, vegetable)
5)
Is she a






or another kind of






? (doctor, surgeon)
6)
It gave me a great






of





. (feeling, relief)
7)
That






is going to be a





. (building, restaurant)
Arrange the following words into semantic fields:
train
plate
sandals
socks

taxi

dish
bus

glass

bicycle
cup

slippers

shoes
stockings

saucer
aeroplane
Fill in the blanks with the words given:
coruscate, dazzle, flash, gleam, glint, glisten, glow, scintillate, shine, twinkle
1)
The torch















.
10