headphoneConfucius

2021年1月21日发(作者：虫害)

Brief introduction of Confucius

Confucius
was
a
Chinese
thinker
and
social
philosopher,
whose
teachings
and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, and
Vietnamese thought and life.
His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality,
correctness
of
social
relationships,
justice
and
sincerity.
These
values
gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (
法
家
) or Taoism (
道家
) during the Han Dynasty
[4][5][6]
(206 BCE
–
220 CE).
Confucius'
thoughts
have
been
developed
into
a
system
of
philosophy
known
as
Confucianism

(
儒家
).
It
was
introduced
to
Europe
by
the
Italian
Jesuit
Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as
His teachings may be found in the
Analects of Confucius
(
論語
), a
collection
of

aphoristic
fragments
which
was
compiled
many
years
after his death. For nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor
or
author
of
all
the
Five
Classics
(
五經
)
[7][8]

such
as
the
Classic
of
Rites

(
禮記
) (editor), and the
Spring and Autumn Annals
(
春秋
) (author).
Kong Qiu (
孔丘
), as Confucius is commonly
known, is a combination of his
surname (
孔
) and his given name (
丘
), and he was also known as Zhong Ni
(
仲尼
),
which
is
his
courtesy
name.
He
was
born
in
551
BCE
in
the
Lu
state
[9]

(This
state
was
in
the
south
of
modern-day
Shandong
Province)
in
the
later
days
of
the
Spring
and
Autumn
Period.
Confucius
was
from
a
warrior
family.
His father Shulianghe (
叔梁紇
) was a famous warrior who had military
exploits in two battles and owned a fiefdom. Confucius lost his father
when he was three years old, and then his mother Yan Zhengzai (
顏徵在
)
took him and left the fiefdom because as a concubine (
妾
), she wanted to
avoid mistreatment from Shulianghe's formal wife. Thus, Confucius lived
in poverty with his mother since childhood. With the support and
encouragement
of
his
mother,
Confucius
was
very
diligent
in
his
studies.
When Confucius was seventeen years old, his mother died as a result of
illness
and
overwork.
Three
years
later,
Confucius
married
a
young
woman
who was from the Qiguan family (
亓官氏
) of the Song state (
宋
). Though
he had a mild tempered wife who loved him, he left his family to strive
for his ideals. Confucius sought to revive the perfect virtue of Huaxia
(Chinese civilization) and the classical properties of the Western Zhou
Dynasty to build a great, harmonious and humanistic society.

名句鉴赏

1.
(









)In teaching there should be no distinction of classes.
2.
当仁，不让于师。
When it comes to benevolence, one need not give precedence
even to his teacher.
3.
(






) Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application?
4.
(






)If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be
acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others.
5.
(



) Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.
6.
敏而好学，不耻下问。
He was of an active nature and yet fond of learning, and he
was not ashamed to ask and learn of his inferiors.
7.
十室之邑，
必有忠信，
如丘者焉，
不如丘之好学也。
In a hamlet of ten families, there
may be found one honourable and sincere as I am, but not so fond of learning.
8.
知之者，
不如好之者，
好之者，
不如乐之者。
They who know the truth are not equal
to those who love it, and they who love it are not equal to those who delight in it.
9.
默而识之，
学而不厌，
诲人不倦，
何有于我哉。
The silent treasuring up of knowledge;
learning without satiety; and instructing others without being wearied -- which one
of these things belongs to me?
10.
我非生而知之者，好古，敏以求之者也。
I am not one who was born in the
possession of knowledge; I am one who is fond of antiquity, and earnest in
seeking it there.
11.
(



)When I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers. I
will select their good qualities and follow them, their bad qualities and avoid them.
12.
学如不及，
犹恐失之。
Learn as if you could not reach your object, and were always
fearing also lest you should lose it.
13.
君君，
臣臣，
父父，
子子。
There is government, when the prince is prince, and the
minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son.
14.
子为政，焉用杀；子欲善，而民善矣。君子之德风，小人之德草，草上之风必偃。
In carrying on your government, why should you use killing at all? Let your
evinced desires be for what is good, and the people will be good. The relation
between superiors and inferiors, is like that between the wind and the grass. The
grass must bend, when the wind blows across it.
15.
举直错诸枉，能使枉者直。
Employ the upright and put aside all the crooked;-- in
this way the crooked can be made to be upright.
16.
先有司，赦小过，举贤才。
Employ various officers, pardon small faults, and raise
to office men of virtue and talents..
17.
名不正，则言不顺；言不顺，则 事不成；事不成，则礼乐不兴；礼乐不兴，则刑罚
不中；刑罚不中，则民无所措手足。
If names be not correct, language is not in
accordance with the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the
truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success. When affairs cannot be
carried on to success, proprieties and music will not flourish. When proprieties
and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When
punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move
hand or foot.
18.
如有王者，必世而后仁。
If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would still require a
generation, and then virtue would prevail.
19.
行己有耻，使于四方，不辱君命，可谓士矣。
He who in his conduct of himself
maintains a sense of shame, and when sent to any quarter will not disgrace his
prince's commission, deserves to be called an officer.
20.
以不教民战，是谓弃之。
To lead an uninstructed people to war, is to throw them
away.
21.
(




)He who is not in any particular office, has nothing to do with plans for the
administration of its duties.
22.
上好礼，则民易使也。
When rulers love to observe the rules of propriety, the
people respond readily to the calls on them for service.
23.
闻有国有 家者，不患寡，而患不均，不患贫，而患不安。盖均无贫，和无寡，安无
倾。
I have heard that rulers of States and chiefs of families are not troubled lest
their people should be few, but are troubled lest they should not keep their
several places; that they are not troubled with fears of poverty, but are troubled
with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places.
For when the people keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when
harmony prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a
contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings.
24.
(





)By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.
25.
过而不改，是谓过矣。
Not to mend the fault one has made is to err indeed.
26.
(





)What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.
27.
(





)Keep what you say and carry out what you do.
28.
君子以文会友，以友辅仁。
The superior man on grounds of culture meets with his
friends, and by their friendship helps his virtue.
29.
三军可夺师也，匹夫不可夺志也。
The commander of the forces of a large State
may be carried off, but the will of even a common man cannot be taken from him.
30.
后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？
A youth is to be regarded with respect. How do
you know that his future will not be equal to our present?
31.
(




) Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters?
32.
人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎？
Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no
discomposure though men may take no note of him?