蔬菜的英文-buckle
Unit 1
The Anglo-Saxon Period
I. Historical Background
II. Anglo-Saxon Poetry
III. Anglo-Saxon Prose
I. Historical Background
The English people are a complicated race.
The first inhabitants of the island were commonly known as the Celts (or Kelts).
55 BC saw the invasion of the island headed by Julius Caesar.
During the invasion these aborigines
（
土著人）
Celts withdrew to the Welsh and Scottish mountains
and left a great part of England to the Romans.
Not until the 5th century did the Romans withdrew. England had been made a Roman Province since
80 AD.
As the Roman legions withdrew, the Celts came back.
Originally the name Anglo- Saxon denotes two of the three Germanic
（日尔曼）
tribes --- Angles, Saxons
and Jutes -- who in the middle of the 5th century left their homes on the shores of the North Sea
and the Baltic
（波罗的海）
to conquer and colonize distant Britain.
They lived in the northern top of Germany and the southern part of Denmark at that time.
The historical date that is worth memorizing is 449 AD.
These three invading tribes came to settle down: Angles in the north of Thames, Jutes mainly in the
southwest called Kent
（英国东南部郡）
, and Saxons in the other places.
English
literature
originated
in
the
Angles
and
Saxons
who
formed
a
literary
tradition
of
their
own
.
Important historical events:
1. Heptarchy
（七王国）
:
The informal confederation
（联邦）
of the Anglo- Saxon kingdoms from the fifth to the ninth century,
consisting of Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia.
2. the Vikings invasion:
Vikings,
collective
designation
of
Nordic
（北欧人）
people
—
Danes,
Swedes,
Norwegians
—
who
explored abroad during a period of dynamic Scandinavian expansion from about AD 800 to 1100.
Land shortage, improved iron production, and the need for new markets probably all played a part in
Viking expansion.
3. King Alfred the Great:
1
In 871, Ethelred of Wessex is defeated by Danish forces January 4 at Reading, gains a brilliant victory 4
days
later
at
Ashdown,
is
defeated
January
22
at
Basing,
triumphs
again
March
2
at
Marton
in
Wiltshire, but dies in April.
His brother, 22, pays tribute
（贡物）
to the Danes but will reign until 899 and be called Alfred the Great.
4. Canute (994?-1035):
King
of
England(1016-1035),
Denmark
(1018-1035),
and
Norway
(1028-1035)
whose
reign,
at
first
brutal, was later marked by wisdom and temperance.
He is the subject of many legends.
5. The Norman Conquest in 1066
The
year
1066
was
a
turning
point
in
English
history.
William
I,
the
Conqueror,
and
his
sons
gave
England
vigorous
new
leadership.
Norman
feudalism
(
封
建
制
度
)
became
the
basis
for
redistributing the land among the conquerors, giving England a new French aristocracy and a new
social and political structure. England turned away from Scandinavia toward France, an orientation
(
倾向性
) that was to last for 400 years.
6. St. Augustine:
Italian-born
missionary
and
prelate
(
高级教士
)
who
introduced
Christianity
to
southern
Britain
597
and was ordained as the first archbishop (
大主教
) of Canterbury 598. Died c 604.
II. Anglo-Saxon Poetry
1.
Beowulf
--- the national epic
Beowulf
, an Anglo-Saxon epic poem, the most important work of Old English literature.
The poem consists of 3183 lines, each line with four accents marked by alliteration and divided into
two parts by a
caesura
(
节律的停顿
).
The
structure
of
the
typical
Beowulf
line
comes
through
in
modern
translation,
for
example:
Then
came from the moor under misted cliffs Grendel marching
God's anger he bore . . .
The somber (
昏暗的
,
忧郁的
) story is told in vigorous, picturesque (
独特的
) language, with heavy use
of metaphor; a famous example is the term
―
whale-road
‖
for sea.
The poem tells of a hero, a Scandinavian prince named Beowulf, who rids the Danes of the monster
Grendel, half man and half fiend (
魔鬼
) and Grendel's mother, who comes that evening to avenge
Grendel's death.
Fifty years later Beowulf, now king of his native land, fights a dragon who has devastated his people.
Both Beowulf and the dragon are mortally wounded in the fight.
The poem ends with Beowulf's funeral as his mourners chant his epitaph.
Beowulf
is a long verse narrative on the theme of
―
arms and man
‖
and as such belongs to the tradition
2
of a national epic in European literature that can be traced back to Homer
‘
s
Iliad
(
荷马史市诗
,
描写
特洛伊战争
)and Virgil
‘
s (
古罗马诗人
)
Aeneid
(
埃涅伊德叙事诗
).
The
earliest
poets,
whose
names
have
long
since
been
forgotten
performed
as
storytellers
and
minstrels before gatherings of listeners.
Often a lyre (
七弦琴
) or some other simple stringed instrument was used to accompany the poet's
tale or song.
2. Secular (
非宗教的
) Poems
(1) Narrative Poems
(2) Lyrical Poems
(3) Riddles
3. Religious poems:
(1)
Caedmon (7th century): Died c. 680. The earliest English poet.
According to Bede, Caedmon was an elderly herdsman who received the power of song in a vision.
Caedmon was an illiterate herdsmen who had a vision one night and heard a voice commanding him to
sing of
―
the beginning of created things.
‖
Later
Caedmon
supposedly
wrote
the
poem
about
the
creation
known
as
Caedmon's
Hymn,
which
Bede recorded in prose.
Cynewulf
(2) Cynewulf (8th century)
Cynewulf (flourished AD 750), Anglo-Saxon poet, possibly a Northumbrian minstrel.
In his poetry, he is revealed as a man of learning familiar with the religious literature of his day.
Cynewulf
‘
s (
基涅武甫
,
古诗诗稿公元十世纪被发现
) poems are religious works in Old English entitled
Ascension
(
耶稣升天
),
The Fates of the Apostles
(
使徒的命运
),
Juliana
,
and
Elene
; the latter two
are legends about saints.
III. Anglo-Saxon Prose
1. Anglo-Latin Prose
The Venerable Bede (673?
–
735): English Benedictine (
天主教本笃会修士或修女
) monk and scholar,
Father of English history, chiefly known for his
Ecclesiastical
(
教会
)
History of the English People,
a
history of England from the Roman occupation to 731, the year it was completed.
The Ecclesiastical History of the English People
(55 BC -- 731):
This work is the only source of information about the most momentous (
重大的
) period in English
history -- the period of change from barbarism to civilization.
2. Anglo-Saxon Prose (Old English Prose)
3
(1) King Alfred (849 -- 901)
a. Numerous translations from Latin
b. The development of a natural style in English
c. The launching of the
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
(1 AD -- 1154 AD)
(2) Aelfric (c. 965 -- 1020)
Anglo-Saxon abbot (
修道士
) who is considered the greatest Old English prose writer.
His works include
Catholic Homilies, Lives of the Saints,
and a Latin grammar.
Aelfric brought English prose to high cultivation before the Norman Conquest -- a clear, flexible and
popular English prose.
Unit 2
The Late Middle Ages
I. The Anglo-Norman Period
II. The Age of Chaucer
III. Geoffrey Chaucer
The Middle Ages:
In European history, the Middle Ages was the period between the end of the
West Roman Empire in 476 AD and the beginning of Renaissance about 1500 AD, especially the
later part of this period.
I. The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)
History:
(1) the Norman Conquest of 1066
feudalism -- a strong centralized government
(2) the
Magna Carta
(the great charter) of 1215: charter granted by King
John
of
England
to
the
English
barons
(
男爵
,
英国最低贵族爵位
)
in
1215,
and
considered
the
basis of English constitutional liberties.
This is a document of concession made by King John to the feudal lords
The charter covered a wide field of law and feudal rights, but the two most
important matters were :
A.
no tax should be made without the approval of the council,
B.
no freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the
land.
(3) the Hundred Years
‘
War
Hundred Years' War, series of armed conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453
between England and France.
4
The origin of the dispute lay in the fact that successive kings of England
controlled large areas of France and thus posed a threat to the French monarchy.
During the 12th and 13th centuries, the kings of France attempted to
re- impose their authority over those territories.
(4) the Black Death of 1348 -- 49
outbreak of the plague, so called from the symptoms of internal
haemorrhage
（内出血）
which blackens the skin of the sufferer
The Black Death struck England in 1349, reducing the population by as
much as a third.
A labour shortage resulted, and when attempts to freeze wages were made,
unrest developed among serfs and workers, leading to the demise (
瓦解
) of serfdom in the next
century.
(5) the Statute of Pleading (
辩护法令
)
Passed in 1362, according to which it was required that court proceedings
be conducted in English
2. Literature
(1) Anglo-Latin literature
Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100 -- c. 1155):
English historian and ecclesiastic(
牧师
).
He was the author of
Historia Regum Britanniae
(History of the Kings of Britain), a work purporting to
delineate (
描绘
) the lives of British kings from Brutus the Trojan, the mythical progenitor(
祖先
)of
the British people, to Caedwalla, king of North Wales (reigned about 625-34).
Roger
Bacon
(1214?-1294),
English
Scholastic
philosopher
and
scientist,
one
of
the
most
influential
teachers of the 13th century.
In the late 1260s Bacon wrote his
Opus Majus,
an encyclopedia of all science.
He has been called Father of experimental science.
(2) Anglo-Norman literature
romance (
Chanson de Roland
)--- fabliau (
讽刺性寓言诗
)
(3) Folk literature in Middle Ages
A few themes:
Social satires
The popular lyric, with nature and love as the theme
(4) Religious work:
The Pearl
: a didactic poem
5
The Pearl
is an allegorical (
寓言的
) poem of 101 stanzas of 12 lines each, with both alliteration and
rhyme, and relates the vision of one who has lost a pearl of a daughter.
(5) Romances in Middle English
Three themes:
the matter of France;
the matter of Britain;
the matter of Rome.
The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend was the anonymous
Sir Gawain and the
Green Knight
......
Two motifs (
主题
):
(the tests of faith, courage and purity; the human weakness of self- preservation
自卫本能
).
King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table
The semi-legendary King Arthur is probably the most well-known king in all of English literature. Tales
of Arthur and his knights span several centuries and many different languages. The so- called Round
Table,
the
meeting
place
of
Arthur
and
the
knights,
was
round
so
that
no
one
member
seemed
favored over the others.
In Arthurian legend, the Round Table at Camelot served as a gathering place for King Arthur
‘
s knights.
The table
‘
s shape ensured that all who sat around it were equals.
This replica of the Round Table can be seen at Winchester Castle in England.
King Arthur
’
s Round Table
Artistic merits:
(1)
careful interweaving of episodes;
(2) the elements of suspense and surprise;
(3) psychological analysis;
(4) elaborate descriptions;
(5) simple, straightforward language
II. The Age of Chaucer
(1350 -- 1400)
1. History:
(1) the Peasants
‘
Uprising in 1381:
led by Wat Tyler, Jack Straw and John Ball
―
When Adam delve and Eve span,
Who was then the gentleman?
‖
Wat Tyler, died in 1381
6
English revolutionary who led the Peasants' Revolt against Richard II's poll tax in June 1381.
The uprising ended when he was killed.
(2) The Lollards: church reformers, John Wycliff and his followers
Lollards, members of a religious sect in 14th- and 15th-century England. They were led by the English
theologian (
神学者
) and religious reformer John Wycliffe and followed the doctrines he preached.
Lollards held the Bible to be the only authentic rule of faith; exhorted the clergy to return to the
simple life of the early church; and opposed war, the doctrine of transubstantiation
（圣餐的变体）
,
confession, and the use of images in worship.
(3) the decline of feudalism in England
2. Three important writers:
(1) John Wycliff (1324 -- 84)
Church reformer;
Father of English Prose: earliest translation of the entire Bible
(2) John Gower (1330 -- 1408)
three chief works in three different languages
(3)
William
Langland
(1332?-1400?),
English
poet,
who
was
supposedly
the
author
of
the
religious
allegory
The Vision of William Concerning Piers the Plowman
(written 1360?-1400?), better known
as
Piers Plowman.
Piers the Plowman
holds up a mirror to Langland
‘
s England, showing on the one hand the corruption
prevalent
among
the
ruling
classes,
both
secular
and
clerical,
and
on
the
other
hand
the
uprightness and worthiness of the labouring folk and the miseries of the poor and needy.
In the form of allegory and vision, it is a
―
gospel of the poor
‖
.
III. Geoffrey Chaucer
Father of English Literature, and Father of English Poetry. A great master of the English language
1. Three periods:
(1) The first period (1360 -- 1372): French influence
The Book of Duchess
（公爵夫人之书）
(2) The second period (1372 -- 1385): Italian influence
The House of Fame
（声誉之堂）
;
Troylus and Criseyde
（特罗勒斯与克丽西斯）
;
The Legend of Good Women
（善良女子徇情记）
(3) The third period (1386 -- 1400): English period or mature period
The Canterbury Tales
（坎特伯雷故事集
)
7
The
Canterbury
Tales
,
generally
considered
to
be
Chaucer
‘
s
masterpiece,
was
written
chiefly
in
the
years 1386-1400.
It begins with a general prologue that explains the occasion for the narration of the tales and gives a
description
of
the
pilgrims
who
narrate
the
tales.
120
tales
are
intended,
but
only
24
are
completed.
The Canterbury Tales
Significance
a comprehensive picture of the social reality of the poet
‘
s day
a framed story
anthology of medieval literature
humour, satire, irony
Chaucer, a master of the English language
Unit 3
The Transitional Period (The 15th Century
I. Popular Ballads
II. Early English Drama
III. Chaucerian Poets
IV.
Le Morte d
’
Arthur
Historical Background
1. The 15th century was a period of transition for Britain from the medieval to the Renaissance world.
2.
The
War
of
the
Roses
(1455
--
85):
The
rival
houses
of
Lancaster
and
York,
which
were
both
descended from Edward III, started a fight for power.
The flag for Lancaster showed a red rose, and the flag for York showed a white rose, so the struggle
between them became known as the War of the Roses.
3. Printing press was introduced into England by William Caxton in 1476.
William Caxton (1422?-1491), first English printer, born probably in Tenterden, Kent. His translation
and print of
The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye
(1474?) was the first book printed in English.
The
more
notable
books
from
his
press
include
The
Canterbury
Tales
and
Troilus
and
Criseyde
by
English poet Geoffrey Chaucer and
Confessio Amantis
by English poet John Gower.
Fewer than 40 of Caxton's publications still exist.
Caxton
printed
nearly
100
publications,
about
20
of
which
he
also
translated
from
French
and
Dutch.
4. The literature of the 15th century was also in a transitional stage between the Age of Chaucer and
the Renaissance.
8
Themes:
(1) Border ballads: popular ballads narrating incidents on the
English-Scottish border.
(2) Robin Hood ballads
(3) Arthurian legend and Biblical material
(4) Domestic life: e.g.
Get Up and Bar the Door
(5) Love
(6) Political treachery: e.g.
Sir Patrick Spens
(7) Intelligence of the common labouring people
Ballad
Metres
are
four-line
stanzas
with
the
alteration
of
4
and
3
feet
verse
to
the
odd
and
even
numbered lines, and rhyming usually on the 2nd and 4th lines.
―
The king sits in Dumferling toune
Drinking the blude-reid wine
O whar will I get guid sailor,
To sail this schip of mine?
‖
from
Sir Patrick Spens
Robin Hood ballads
Robin Hood ballads are popular ballads dealing with the famous outlaw Robin Hood and his men
and their activities.
Robin Hood, hero of a group of English ballads of the late 14th or early 15th century.
Robin Hood was portrayed as an outlaw who lived and poached in royal forests such as Sherwood
Forest, in Nottinghamshire.
Robin
Hood
robbed
and
killed
those
who
represented
government
or
church
power,
and
he
defended the needy and oppressed.
His comrades included Little John, Will Scarlet, and Friar Tuck.
Get Up and Bar the Door
It fell about the Martinmas time
And a gay time it was then,
When our goodwife got puddings to make,
And she
‘
s boild them in the pan.
The wind sae cauld blew south and north,
And blew into the floor;
Quoth our goodman to our good wife,
9
?
Gae out and bar te door.
‘
II. Early English Drama
1. Folk drama: sword dance, morris dance, murmurs
‘
plays
2. Religious drama:
(1) The mystery play: drama based directly on stories from the Bible.
The best-known mystery play in England is the so-called
Second Shepherds
’
Play
-- the second of
the plays on the shepherds, in the Towneley Cycle. Its theme is to greet the newborn Christ.
The Birth of Jesus
(2) The miracle play: drama dealing with the legends of the Christian saints.
(3)
The
morality
play:
drama
presenting
allegorically
some
objects,
lesson,
or
warning
by
means
of
abstract characters or generalized types of man
‘
s spiritual good.
The best known of the morality play is
Everyman
, produced in the last quarter of the 15th century,
dealing with what is supposed to happen to Everyone at the close of his life.
III. Chaucerian Poets
1. English Chaucerian:
John Lydgate (1370 -- 1450): English poet, born in Suffolk and educated at the monastery
（修道院）
of Bury Saint Edmunds, where he was ordained a priest in 1397.
Lydgate may have been a friend and disciple (
信徒
,
弟子
) of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, and the two
were equally popular in their time.
Some of Lydgate's work shows Chaucer's influence.
Although Lydgate was a prolific and influential poet of his day, much of his work is now considered
verbose (
冗长的
) and overly moralistic.
His major poems include
Troy Book
(1412-1420),
The Siege (
围攻
) of Thebes
(1420-1422), and
Fall of
Princes
(1430-1438).
2. Scottish Chaucerians:
(1)
James I of Scotland
(2) Robert Henryson
(3) William Dunbar
(4) Gavin Douglass
IV.
Le Morte d
’
Arthur
It
is
a
kind
of
final
summing-up
of the
Arthurian
legend built up from the
12th
century to the 15th
century (21 books).
The Passing of Arthur
10
According to legend, King Arthur was seriously wounded in battle by his illegitimate son, Mordred.
Arthur
‘
s
half
sister
Morgan
le
Fay
and
a
group
of
women
then
took
him
away
to
the
island
of
Avalon to heal.
Le Morte d
’
Arthur
may well be called the swan- song (
最后的作品
) of feudal knighthood and chivalry
which were much idealized in the heyday (
全盛时期
) of feudalism.
It is written in a lucid and simple style.
Both the Arthurian legendary material and the simple style had their wide and lasting influence upon
the English literature of later centuries.
Unit 4
The Early Tudor Age and the Elizabethan Age
I. Renaissance
II. The Early Tudor Age
III. The Elizabethan Age
I. Renaissance
Renaissance is a political and cultural epoch.
The word
―
Renaissance
‖
, meaning
―
rebirth
‖
, is commonly applied to the movement or period which
marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in Western Europe.
It is also called the revival of learning.
1. Characteristics:
(1)
centralization of power
(2)
church reformation
(3)
geographical discoveries
(4)
bankruptcy of peasantry
(5) emergence of bourgeoisie and proletariat
(6) growth of a new culture
The characteristics of the Renaissance
1.
Politically the feudal nobility lost their power and with the establishment of the great monarchies there
．
．
was the centralization of power necessary for the development of the bourgeoisie.
2.
The
Catholic
Church
was
either
substituted
by
Protestantism
（新教）
as
a
result
of
the
so-called
．
．
Reformation (as in Germany and England) or weakened in its dictatorship
（专制）
over men
‘
s minds (as
in Italy and France and Spain).
3.
Geographical discoveries opened up colonial expansion and trade routes to distant parts of the world
．
．
and brought back gold and silver and other wealth and also broadened men
‘
s mental horizons.
4.
In the countryside the peasants were terribly exploited and they either rose in uprisings or ran away
．
．
11
and flocked to the cities and added to the proletariat there.
5.
In the cities the merchants and the master artisans
（工匠）
grew in wealth and in power and became
．
．
the bourgeoisie while handicraft turned gradually into manufacture and the modern proletariat sprang
up among the employed workers in the factories.
6.
Culturally, as the interest in God and in the life after death was transformed into the exaltation of man
．
．
and
an
absorption
in
earthly
life
and
as
materialistic
philosophy
and
scientific
thought
gradually
replaced the church dogmas and religious mysticism of the Middle Ages, a totally new culture rose out
of
the
revival
of
the
old
culture
of
ancient
Greece
and
Rome
and
out
of
the
emergence
of
a
new
philosophy
and
science
and
art
and
literature
through
the
exploration
of
the
infinite
capabilities
of
man.
2. Three stages of development:
(1) Early Tudor Age (1500 -- 1557)
(2) Elizabethan Age (1558 -- 1603)
(3) Jacobean Age (1603 -- 1625)
3. Two trends:
(1) Court literature
(2) Bourgeois literature
II. The Early Tudor Age (1500-1557)
1. The Oxford Reformers:
William
Grocyn
(1446
--
1519),
Thomas
Linacre (1460
--
1524)
and
John
Colet
(1467
-- 1519) ----
all
three of them were students at Oxford University, travelled and studied in Italy and introduced the
study of ancient Greek as well as the new science and philosophy of the time in opposition to the
rigid church dogmas of medieval scholasticism (
经院哲学
).
The Oxford Reformers helped to lay the foundations of the rise of a new literature in England in the
later decades of the century.
2. Thomas More (1478 -- 1535)
Sir Thomas More was known for his intelligence and devotion to the Catholic church.
That devotion put him at odds with his one-time friend, King Henry VIII, who had More beheaded
for refusing to sanction (
同意
), as lord chancellor, Henry
‘
s divorce from Catherine of Aragu.
Thomas More has chiefly been remembered for his
Utopia
(written in 1515).
This book contains (1) a realistic picture of early 16th-century England: social evils are exposed and
attacked; (2) the first sketch of the ideal commonwealth by an
English writer. It affords (
提供
) a
valuable document of Utopian socialism.
12
Utopia
Thomas More
’
s Utopia
This
woodcut,
taken
from
the
first
edition
of
Sir
Thomas
More
‘
s
famous
work
Utopia
,
depicts
the
island that symbolized More's concept of an ideal community. More, who was a statesman as well
as a writer, used the fictional Utopia to satirize conditions in England.
Limitations of the book
Utopia
:
(1) His dream world did not have its sound political, economic and social bases;
(2) His indifferent attitude toward slavery and his actual contempt for physical labour;
(1) John Skelton (1460 -- 1529) (3) Contradictions in his world outlook.
Limitations of Utopia
1.
Writing at the dawn of capitalism, More could not but build his dream of a communist society on the
．
．
social foundations of handicrafts manufacture, and this limitation of his age when there were yet no
big
industries
nor
a
ripened
proletariat,
necessarily
made
his
conception
of
an
oppressionless,
exploitationless society a rather vague, dreamy world which did not have its sound political, economic
and social base.
2.
More
‘
s limitations as a member of the ruling and exploiting class himself manifest (
证明
) themselves in
．
．
his indifferent attitude toward salves and mercenary soldiers and in his actual contempt for physical
labour
—
in spite of his insistence on the need of most utopians to participate in physical labour.
3.
When we compare More
‘
s views in Utopia with his life as a courtier (
朝臣
) and especially as a fervent
．
．
(
狂热的
) Catholic who chose rather to die than to give up his belief in the absolute authority of the
Pope in Rome, we find curious but unmistakable contradictions in his world outlook.
3. Court poets:
a great satirist with a most effective verse metre,
repeated attacks on the vices of the court and clergy
(2) Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503 -- 42)
He introduced into English poetry the sonnet form from the Italian. (The sonnet: a lyric poem of 14
lines.)
Thomas
Wyatt
also
introduced
into
English
poetry
other
stanzaic
form:
terza
rima
(3-line
stanzas
rhyming aba bcb cdc ded ee; later employed by Shelley in
Ode to the West Wind
) and strambotti
(also called ottava rima; octaves rhyming abababcc; later employed by Byron in
Don Juan
).
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517 -- 47), English soldier and poet.
Although
not
primarily
a
man
of
letters,
Howard
greatly
enriched
English
literature
by
his
introduction of new verse forms.
13
His love poems, like those of his contemporary Sir Thomas Wyatt, show the influence of Italian models.
Howard introduced into English poetry the English form of sonnet (abab cdcd efef gg).
4. Religious drama:
A Pleasant Satire of the Three Estates
, a morality by David Lyndsay.
An Interlude is a play brief enough to be presented in the interval of a dramatic performance.
The
chief
representative
playwright
was
John
Heywood
(1497?-1580?),
known
for
his
didactic
and
comic interludes, such as
The Four P's
(c. 1520), and numerous epigrams (
警句
) and proverbs.
III. The Elizabethan Age
Elizabeth I (1533-1603), queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603), daughter of King Henry VIII and his
second wife, Anne Boleyn.
England prospered under her, developing into a great maritime power.
Elizabeth was the last of the Tudor rulers of England.
The economy was stabilized, and foreign trade was encouraged.
Elizabeth
never
married,
but
she
was
besieged
(
包围
)
by
royal
suitors,
each
of
whom
she
favored
when it was in her political interest to do so.
1. Court poetry
(1) Sir Philip Sydney (1554 -- 1586) :
Sydney earned his place of importance in English literature of his time as the earliest writer of a
sonnet sequence (
Astrophel and Stella
), a prose pastoral romance (
Arcadia
) and a critical essay (
The
Defence of Poesie
).
(2) Edmund Spenser (1552 -- 1590), English poet, who is most famous for his long allegorical romance,
The Faerie Queene.
Spenser was born in London.
In
1579
he
met
English
poet
Sir
Philip
Sidney,
to
whom
he
dedicated
his
first
major
poem,
The
Shepheardes
Calendar
(1579).
This
work
demonstrates
the
great
poetic
flexibility
of
the
English
language.
Spenser
’
s Works:
The Shepherd
’
s Calendar
: a pastoral poem consisting of 12 eclogues
（牧歌）
.
Amoretti
(
爱情小唱
)
is
a
sonnet
sequence
of
88
love
poems,
written
to
celebrate
his
love
and
marriage to his wife Elizabeth Boyle.
The Faerie Queene
The Faerie Queene
has been regarded as Spenser
‘
s masterpiece.
It is one of the great poems in the English language.
The
poem
is
a
literary
epic,
and
according
to
the
original
plan
was
to
consist
12
books
but
only
six
14
books and two cantos of the 7th were completed.
The Faerie Queene
is written in Spenserian stanza: a 9-line stanzaic form with the rhyme scheme of
abab
bcbcc
and
with
the
first
8
lines
in
iambic
pentameter
and
the
last
or
the
9th
line
an
alexandrine(iambic hexameter).
(Byron used this form in his
Childe Harold
’
s Pilgrimage
; Keats used this form in his
Eve of St. Agnes
;
and Shelley used this form in his
Revolt of Islam
and
Adonais
).
Spenser's
lush
and
expansive
imagination
and
vigorous
approach to
structure
made him
a
powerful
influence on John Milton and the romantic poets, including John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
2. Euphuistic style (
绮丽体
) in prose:
The term euphuism takes its name from John Lyly
‘
s two-part work:
Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit
and
Euphues and His England
.
Eupheues
is marked by
(1)
the
use
of
balanced
sentence
construction
and
other
artificial
elaborations
in
language,
including antithesis (
对偶
) and alliteration;
(2) the employment of images and similes taken from ancient mythology and history, and also the
use of quotations from and references to classical authors.
绮丽体,
也叫尤弗伊斯体
euphuism
，指一种矫揉造作，过分文雅的文体，由文艺复兴
时期
,
英国
大学才子派剧
作家
约翰
·
利利
创立，因他的小说《尤弗伊斯》而得名。
---
―
Euphue s,or the anatomy of wit
‖
John
Lyly
(1554?-1606),
English
playwright
and
novelist
who
wrote
a
number
of
comedies
that
influenced English drama.
3. Predecessors of Shakespeare
(1) Classical influence
The classical influence upon English drama developed in three stages
a. the acting of classical dramas in the original
b. the translation and acting of these drams in translation
c. the writing and production of plays in English
(2) The University Wits (
大学才子
):
The immediate predecessors of Shakespeare were a group of men from Oxford and Cambridge, known
as the University Wits, including John Lyly, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Robert Greene, Thomas
Nashe, Thomas Kyd, and Christopher Marlowe.
(3)
Christopher
Marlowe
(1564-1593),
considered
the
greatest
English
dramatist
before
William
Shakespeare, greatly advanced tragedy as an English dramatic form.
He was also the first English playwright to compose in blank verse (
无韵体
).
15
Marlowe is famous for four dramas, now known as the Marloesque or one-man type of tragedy, each
revolving about one central personality who is consumed by the lust of power.
Tamburlaine
Doctor Faustus
The Jews of Malta
Edward the Second
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love
Come, live with me, and be my love,
And we will all the pleasures prove
That valleys, groves, or hills, or field,
Or woods and steepy mountains yield.
A pastoral is a poem treating of shepherds and rustic life, after the Latin word for shepherd
pastor.
Unit 5
William Shakespeare
I. Life
II. Poetic Works
III. Dramatic Works
I. Life
William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on- Avon on April 23, 1564, and died in Stratford-on- Avon
on April 23, 1616.
William Shakespeare (1564-1616), English playwright and poet, recognized in much of the world as
the greatest of all dramatists.
A complete, authoritative account of Shakespeare's life does not exist, but it is commonly accepted
that
he
was
born
in
1564,
and
it
is
known
that
he
was
baptized
in
Stratford-upon-Avon,
Warwickshire.
In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway. They had a daughter in 1583 and twins
—
a boy and
a girl
—
in 1585. The boy did not survive.
By 1592 Shakespeare attained success as an actor and a playwright.
The publication of his two narrative poems
Venus and Adonis
(1593) and
The Rape of Lucrece
(1594)
and of his Sonnets (1609) established his reputation as a gifted and popular poet.
Shakespeare's modern reputation, however, is based primarily on the 38 plays attributed to him.
He died on April 23, 1616.
No
name
was
inscribed
on
his
gravestone
in
the
chancel
of
the
parish
church
of
Stratford-upon-Avon.
16
He
formed
his
own
acting
company,
the
Chamberlain's
Men,
later
called
the
King's
Men,
and
two
theaters, the Globe Theatre and the Blackfriars.
II. Poetic Works
1. Two long narrative poems
Venus and Adonis;
The Rape of Lucrece
2. 154 sonnets (1593 -99)
Themes: time, love and friendship
Form: Shakespearean sonnet
3 quatrains
+
1 couplet
abab
cdcd
efef
gg
III. Dramatic Works
William Shakespeare has 37 plays to his credit.
First
built
in
1935,
then
rebuilt
in
1959,
Ashland
‘
s
Elizabethan
Theatre
is
one
of
several
venues
for
plays in the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.
Four periods of Shakespeare
‘
s writing career:
Apprentice Period (1590-1594)
(1)
Histories
Richard III
Henry VI
(2) Romantic tragedies
Titus Andronicus
Julius Caesar
Romeo and Juliet
(3) Experimental comedies
Love
’
s Labour Lost
The Comedy of Errors
The Two Gentlemen of Verona
Julius Caesar
is the second of Shakespeare
‘
s tragedies based on ancient Roman history.
Period of Romantic Comedies (1595-1600)
Four great comedies:
The Merchant of Venice --
Portia
As You Like It --
Rosalind
17
Much Ado About Nothing --
Beatrice
Twelfth Night --
Viola
Mature Period (1601-1609)
This is the period of tragedies.
Four great tragedies:
Othello
King Lear
Hamlet
Macbeth
Last Period (1609-12)
This is the period of tragicomedies. The last period of Shakespeare
‘
s dramatic career include chiefly
the last three tragicomedies:
Cymbeline
The Winter
’
s Tale
The Tempest
Shakespeare
‘
s Contribution to Drama
①
themes of progressive significance
②
masterful character portrayal
③
adroit plot construction
④
great freedom and ease in the use of language
Unit 6
The Jacobean Age
I. The Jacobean Drama
II. The Jacobean Prose
III. The Jacobean Poetry
The Jacobean Drama
1. Shakespeare
‘
s Contemporaries
In
the
first
dozen
years
or
so
of
the
17th
century,
there
was
another
flowering
of
English
drama,
comparable to
the
great
upsurge of
the
dramatic
activities
of
the
University Wits
in
the
last
two
decades of the 16th century.
The most important playwright among Shakespeare
‘
s contemporaries was Ben Jonson (1573 -- 1637).
Ben Jonson , English dramatist and poet, whose classical learning, gift for satire, and brilliant style
made him one of the great figures of English literature.
He was born in Westminster.
18
Jonson's
first
original
play,
Every
Man
in
His
Humour,
was
performed
in
1598
by
the
Lord
Chamberlain's Company with English playwright William Shakespeare in the cast.
Ben
Jonson
wrote
poetry,
but
he
was
first
of
all
a
dramatist,
having
chiefly
been
known
for
his
―
comedy of humours
‖
.
In the comedy of humours, each of the characters has some dominating passion or peculiar quality or
humour, such as jealousy or greed or credulity.
Ben Jonson
‘
s most important play is
Volpone, or the Fox
, a bitter satire on greed as the predominant
trait of the rising bourgeois society.
The lust for money would bring the typical members of the bourgeoisie to hypocrisy and shameless
action.
2. Later playwrights ( up to 1642)
Tragedies of blood (revenge plays popular in these years) have themes such as attempted murders,
treachery, court intrigue, and adultery.
The decadence of the themes show clearly signs of the decline of drama in the Jacobean age and
Caroline age.
The theatres in London were finally closed down by the Puritans in 1642.
II. The Jacobean Prose
1. Francis Bacon (1561 -- 1626)
Francis Bacon was an important scientist, philosopher and essayist.
Marx called him the
―
real founder of English materialism and experimental sciences of modern times
in general.
‖
①
New Instrument
: In this work Bacon introduced the inductive method to the science.
②
The
New
Atlantis
:
In
this
book
Bacon
described
a
utopian
society
--
a
fictitious
land
where
his
principles of collaborative research have been put into effect in a great agricultural and mechanical
experimental station called Solomon
‘
s House.
③
Essays
: first appeared in 1597 (10 essays); in complete series in 1625 (58 essays).
These
essays
reflect
the
author
‘
s
views
on
political,
social
and
personal
problems
and
in
turn
the
bourgeois ideals and limitations of a man of the Renaissance.
Conciseness of expression and simplicity of dictions are the two chief characteristics of Bacon
‘
s style.
Bacon
‘
s essays exerted an important influence on the development of English prose. They are the first
―
essays
‖
in English.
Of Studies
STUDIES
serve
for
delight,
for
ornament,
and
for
ability.
Their
chief
use
for
delight,
is
in
19
privateness
and
retiring;
for
ornament,
is
in
discourse;
and
for
ability,
is
in
the
judgment,
and
disposition of business.
Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.
2.
The King James Bible
(the 1611
Authorized Version of the Bible
):
①
Early translations of the
Bible
:
the Venerable Bede (the 8th century)
King Alfred (the 9th century)
John Wycliffe (the 14th century)
William Tyndale (1526)
William
Tyndale
(1493--1536):
the first
to
translate
the
New
Testament
into
English
from
the
Greek
text; the basis for the Authorized Version.
Literary merits of the King James Bible: The biblical language is simple and direct and containing the
flavour of the far away and the long ago yet never really archaic.
The King James Bible has been extensively used even to this day and therefore had its lasting effect
upon the development of English prose.
The Bible as Literature
According to the book of Genesis, the first book of the Bible, God created Adam, the first man, in his
own image from dust.
The Story of Samson
And the children of Israel did evil again in the sight of the Lord; and the Lord delivered them into the
hand of the Philistines forty years.
And there was a certain man of Zorah, of the family of the Danties, whose name was Manoa; and his
wife was barren, and bore not. (Chapter13)
Then went Samson to Gaza , and saw there a barlot, and went in unto her. And it was told the Gazites,
saying,
―
Samson is come hither.
‖
And they compassed him in, and laid wait for him all night in the
gate of the city, and were quiet all the night, saying,
―
In the morning, when it is day, we shall kill
him.
‖
(Chapter 16)
3. Robert Burton (1577 - 1640)
Robert Burton, English cleric and writer known chiefly for his
Anatomy of Melancholy
(1621), a treatise
on
the
causes,
symptoms,
and
cure
of
melancholy
that
ranges
far
afield
in
its
lively
depiction
of
everyday life.
Robert Burton was a prominent prose writer, known for his one book
The Anatomy of Melancholy
.
This book stands somewhat in opposition to Bacon
‘
s works (pessimism vs optimism).
20
III. The Jacobean Poetry
1. The Spenserians:
The Spenserians were poets who continued and imitated the poetry of the preceding age. Phineas and
Giles Fletcher were the two chief Spenserians of the 17th century.
They wrote religious allegories, following Spenser in the writing of epics in allegory and in the use of
very rich, ornate language.
2. The metaphysical school
The
metaphysical
school
denotes
a
succession
of
poets
--
John
Donne
and
his
followers
George
Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan and Abraham Cowley.
Their subject was the relationship of spirit to matter or the ultimate nature of reality.
Their distinctive way of expression is the so-called metaphysical conceit -- i.e. paradoxical metaphor
causing a shock to the mind by the unlikeliness of association.
John Donne (1572-1631), English poet, prose writer, and clergyman.
Donne was born in London.
At the age of 11 he entered the University of Oxford, where he studied for three years.
He began the study of law in 1592, and about two years later he joined the Anglican church.
His first book of poems,
Satires,
is considered one of Donne's most important works.
John Donne wrote love poetry, satires, divine poetry and sermons.
His poems are characterized by cynicism, morbidity, striving for the novelty, and the use of
―
conceit
‖
--
all these are signs of decadence.
An extreme example of this decadence may be seen in a poem entitled
The Flea
.
George Herbert (1593-1633), English metaphysical poet whose works, including
―
The Collar
‖
(1633),
are religious in theme and marked by rich symbolism and inventive meter.
Virtue
Sweet day, so cool, so calm , so bright,
The bridal of the earth and sky!
The dew shall weep thy fall to-night;
For thou must die.
Richard
Crashaw
(1613?-1649),
English
metaphysical
poet
best
known
for
his
collection
of
religious
verse,
Steps to the Temple
(1646).
Abraham Cowley (1618-1667), English metaphysical poet whose works include
Davideis
(1656), an epic
on the life of King David.
3. The
―
Sons of Ben
‖
(or
―
Tribe of Ben
‖
)
21
The
disciples
of
Ben
Jonson
were
called
the
Sons
of
Ben,
or
the
Tribe
of
Ben.
Thomas
Carew
and
Robert Herrick are two of them. They followed the classical discipline of form.
Ben
Jonson
is
considered
by
many
to
be
the
founder
of
neo-classical
tradition
in
English
poetry,
anticipating John Dryden and Alexander Pope of the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
The theme of making love while one is young is derived from the ancient Roman poet Catullus.
Ben Jonson
‘
s
To Celia
and Robert Herrick
‘
s
To the Virgin
are examples of this theme.
Thomas Carew (1595?-1645?), English poet, born probably in West Wickham, Kent, and educated at
the University of Oxford.
Carew was the first of the so-called Cavalier poets.
He was strongly influenced by both Ben Jonson and John Donne.
He
wrote
numerous
short
songs
and
light
love
lyrics,
many
of
which
were
set
to
music
by
English
composers.
Robert Herrick
To the Virgins
Gather ye rose buds while ye may,
Old Time is still a-flying;
And this same flower that smiles to day,
To-morrow will be dying.
比较：
花开堪折直须折
,
莫待无花空折枝。
Unit 7
The English Revolution Period
?
I. The Cavalier Writers
．
?
II. The Puritan Writers
．
?
III. John Milton
．
Historical Background
?
1.
The English bourgeois revolution (1642 --49)
．
?
The conflict between the royalists and the parliamentarians led to the civil war in 1642.
．
?
Charles I (1600-1649), King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649).
．
?
His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles
．
was defeated.
?
He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.
．
?
The parliamentarians (the Puritans):
．
22
?
The Presbyterians
（长老派）
: big bourgeoisie
．
?
The Independents
（独立派）
led by Oliver Cromwell
：
middle layer of bourgeoisie
．
?
The Levellers
（平均派）
led by John Lilburne: petty bourgeoisie
．
?
The Diggers
（掘地派）
led by Gerrard Winstanley: radical group of peasants
．
?
The civil war ended with England proclaimed a republic (commonwealth).
．
?
2. The Restoration (1660)
．
?
The
re-establishment
of
monarchy
in
England
with
return
of
Charles
II
in
1660
is
known
as
the
．
Restoration.
?
The Glorious Revolution (1688)
．
Mary and William of Orange became joint rulers of England.
The constitutional monarchy was established.
William of Orange turns 27 on November 4 and is married that day at London to the duke of York
‘
s
daughter Mary, 15, a niece of England
‘
s Charles II.
A
―
Glorious Revolution
‖
ends nearly 4 years of Roman Catholic rule in England.
English
landowners
seize
the
opportunity
of
the
Glorious
Revolution
to
enact
a
bounty
on
the
export
of
grain,
an
act
that
will
increase
domestic
prices
of
grain
(and
of
food)
for
the
next
few
years.
?
4. Two philosophers
．
?
(1)
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):
．
?
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), English philosopher and political theorist.
．
?
He
was
the
chief
philosopher
in
the
17th
century
after
Bacon,
known
for
his
materialism,
．
rationalism and the theory of egoism as determining all conduct of men.
?
(2)
John Locke:
．
?
He was in strong opposition to the theory of the divine right of kings (a theory handed down from
．
the Middle Ages, holding the view that the king
‘
s right was endowed by the God).
?
His philosophy is a summing-up of the theories of the 17th century and has much influence on the
．
18th century.
I. The Cavalier Writers
?
The greatest pamphleteer, poet, and prose writer of the middle decades of the 17th century was
．
John Milton.
?
There were a number of minor ones divided into the Cavalier and the Puritan camps.
．
?
1. Cavalier poets:
．
?
―
Tribe of Ben
‖
(Thomas Carew, John Suckling, Robert Herrick and Richard Lovelace) followed in the
．
23
tradition of court poetry of the Renaissance in the second half of the 16th century, with earthly and
sensual love as its dominant theme treated in the spirit of hedonism
（享乐主义）
.
?
The best of their lyric poems have been long remembered for their artistic distinction.
．
?
2. Metaphysical poets:
．
?
The
followers
of
John
Donne
(George
Herbert,
Richard
Crashaw,
and
Henry
Vaugan)
were
all
of
．
Royalist leanings, indulged in religious mysticism and the use of metaphysical conceits.
?
3. Minor prose writers with royalist sympathies:
．
?
Sir Thomas Browne (1605-1682), English physician and writer known for the richness of his prose in
．
works
such
as
Religio
Medici
(1642),
an
attempt
to
reconcile
Christian
faith
with
scientific
knowledge.
?
Thomas
Fuller
(1608-1661),
English
clergyman
and
writer
of
several
important
historical
works,
．
including
The Church History of Britain
(1655).
?
Izaac Walton (1593-1683), English man of letters, who wrote what became one of the most famous
．
books in the English language,
The Complete Angler, or the Contemplative Man's Recreation.
?
中文本：《钓客清话》，花城出版社，
2001
年
9
月
．
?
Walton's charming discourse on every aspect of fishing as a form of recreation is interspersed with
．
dialogue, verses, songs, and idyllic glimpses of pastoral life.
II. The Puritan Writers
?
1. Puritan poets:
．
?
George
Wither
and
Andrew
Marwell
were
two
Puritan
poets
(after
Milton
in
significance)
who
．
blended Cavalier, metaphysical and Puritan elements in their poetry.
?
George Wither (1588-1667), English poet whose works include
The Shepherd's Hunting
(1615) and
．
Britain's Remembrancer
(1628).
?
Andrew Marvell (1621-1678), English poet and satirist, one of the metaphysical poets.
．
?
As assistant to John Milton (who was serving as Latin secretary for the Commonwealth) from 1657
．
to 1659, Marvell wrote many poems in praise of the Lord Protector of England, Oliver Cromwell .
?
2. Pamphleteers:
．
?
Pamphlet
literature
flourished
in
the
middle
decades
of
the
17th
century.
Milton
achieved
the
．
highest distinction.
?
Two other important pamphleteers are John Lilburne and Gerrard Winstanley.
．
?
The pamphlets and tracts were an important part of the political movement of the Levellers and
．
Diggers , and had their far-reaching effect at the time.
?
A
number
of
them
were
significant
declarations
and
were
eloquently
written
and
therefore
had
．
24
their place in the field of literature besides being political documents.
?
Themes:
．
?
The advocacy of proportional taxation
．
?
The basic belief in government by law
．
?
The frequent elections of the parliament
．
?
Universal manhood suffrage
．
?
Chief claims:
．
?
The common ownership of land
．
?
To practise a sort of primitive communism, based on the claims that the land belonged to the whole
．
people of England.
?
Man should live by the fruits of his own.
．
III. John Milton
?
John Milton (1608-1674), English poet, whose verse was a powerful influence on succeeding English
．
poets, and whose prose was devoted to the defense of civil and religious liberty.
?
Milton is often considered the greatest English poet after William Shakespeare.
．
?
Milton was a great English writer who is also a prominent figure in politics and who is both a poet
．
and an important prose writer.
?
(1) Early period (before 1639)
．
?
On Shakespeare
-- a 16-line epigram
．
?
L
’
Allegro
-- poem
．
?
Lucidas
-- an elegy
．
?
Comus
-- a masque
．
?
(2) Middle period (1639 -- 60)
．
?
①
Religious pamphlets: the need for greater freedom in religious worship and against the tyrannous
．
interference of the bishop
?
②
Divorce pamphlets: Incompatibility should be considered an effective reason for divorce.
．
?
③
Political
pamphlets:
to
justify
the
execution
of
the
king;
the
popular
concept
of
bourgeois
．
democracy; counter-blows at the arguments advanced by the Royalists led by Salmasius
?
④
Areopagitica
: the freedom of the press
．
?
⑤
24 sonnets: the greatest of which is his second sonnet addressed to Cyriack Skinner
．
?
(3) Last period (after 1660)
．
?
Paradise Lost
: Milton
‘
s greatest epic poem. It deals with the fall of man, Satan
‘
s revolt against God
．
and man
‘
s loss of Paradise.
25
?
The first three lines of
Paradise Lost:
．
?
Of Man
‘
s first disobedience, and the fruit
．
?
Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste
．
?
Brought death into the World, and all our woe
．
?
Paradise Regained
: another epic dealing with the redemption of man by Christ
．
?
Samson Agonistes
: a tragedy in verse, dealing with a strong man betrayed and made a slave, but
．
finally rising up to bring destruction to his enemies.
?
Samson Agonistes
is thought to reveal the personal feelings of Milton, especially as regards to his
．
blindness in old age, his wife and the Restoration.
?
The two sometimes conflicting life views upon which some of Milton
‘
s poetry is based are Puritanis
．
and Renaissance humanism.
The Miltonic verse is characterized by
?
①
long and involved and sometimes interminable sentence construction;
．
?
②
extreme variety of pauses.
．
Unit 8 The Restoration Period (1660-1688)
I. John Bunyan
II. John Dryden
III. The Restoration Drama
IV. Minor Writers
I. John Bunyan
Besides Milton, John Bunyan (1628-1688) was the chief Puritan writer after Restoration.
John Bunyan
While Milton voiced the Puritan ideals for the educated class, John Bunyan spoke for the common people.
John Bunyan, who has been named
world's most well-known
Christian writers.
He wrote many books, but his most famous one,
Pilgrim's Progress
Bunyan, a poorly educated tinker
‘
s son who became an eloquent Puritan preacher, wrote the book while
imprisoned in 1675 for his Nonconformist religious practices.
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
Excerpt from
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
Then I saw in my dream, that when they were got out of the wilderness, they presently saw a town before
them, and the name of that town is Vanity, and at the town there is a fair kept, called Vanity Fair: it is kept
all the year long; it beareth the name of Vanity Fair, because the town where it is kept is lighter than vanity;
26
and also because all that is there sold, or that cometh hither, is vanity. As the saying of the wise,
―
all that
cometh is vanity.
‖
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
and
The Life and Death of Mr. Badman
are the two of his chief works, especially the
first one.
―
All that cometh is vanity
‖
---- From
The Book of Isiah
(
《以赛亚书》
)
Both works are allegories.
In
terms
of
theme
and
content,
his
main
literary
concerns
are
his
search
for
religious
freedom
and
his
attack (satire) on social evils, the social system, and the ruling class.
Bunyan wrote in a simple but lively prose style.
His
prose
exerted
great
influence
on
the
English
language because
of
the
great
popularity of
his
books,
especially of
The Pilgrim
’
s Progress
, through the centuries.
II. John Dryden
John Dryden was the most prominent poet, dramatist, translator and literary critic of Restoration England;
and in each of these capacities he distinguished himself not only with great artistic merits but also with
great volume of his output.
John Dryden had extensive influence upon Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson of the 18th century.
He is the greatest neo-classicist of the Restoration period.
The age he lived in has also been called the age of Dryden.
His longest non- dramatic poem is
The Hind and the Panther
.
A New Song
1
Sylvia, the fair, in the bloom of fifteen,
Felt an innocent warmth as she lay on the green;
She had heard of a pleasure, and something she guest
By the towzing, and tumbling, and touching her breast.
She saw the men eager, but was at a loss,
What they meant by their sighing, and kissing so close;
His
main
contribution
to
the
dramatic
tradition
in
England
is
his
introduction
of
a
new
type
of
drama,
known
as
the
―
heroic
play
‖
---
drama
in
epic
mode,
grand,
rhetorical
and
declamatory,
its
themes
being
love and honour.
The best-known heroic play is
The Conquest of Grenada
.
He also re-wrote some of Shakespeare
‘
s plays.
His best- known piece of literary criticism is
An Essay of Dramatic Poesy
, written in the form of a dialogue.
27
The comparative merits of English and French drama and those of the old and new English drama were
discussed.
The classical rules of the three unities and the use of rhyme in drama were also discussed.
An Essay on Dramatic Poesy
(Excerpt)
?
If
I
would
compare
him
with
Shakespeare,
I
must
acknowledge
him
the
more
correct
poet,
but
．
Shakespeare the greater wit. Shakespeare was the Homer, or father of our dramatic poets; Johnson was
the Virgil, the pattern of elaborate writing; I admire him, but I love Shakespeare .
III. The Restoration Drama
After the closing of theatres in London in 1642 by the order of the Puritan parliament, English drama was
practically at a standstill for 18 years.
The theatres were reopened in 1660 by Charles II.
The dominant figure in drama was John Dryden.
The
earlier
group
of
comedy
writers
in
the
Restoration
includes
chiefly
George
Etherege
and
William
Wycheley.
William
Wycheley
‘
s
The
Country
Wife
gives
a
most
vivid
picture
of
how
the
court
ladies
pretend
to
be
virtuous.
The Restoration Drama
The restoration tradition of comedy of manners was climaxed by William Congreve.
Millamant: Positively, Mirabell, I
‘
ll lie abed in the morning as long as I please.
Mirabell: Then I
‘
ll get up in the morning as early as I please.
---from
The Way of the World
, by William Congreve
IV. Minor Writers
1. Minor Poets
The court poets of the Restoration were not remarkable.
The chief of them was Samuel Butler.
His chief work was
Hudibras
, a satire on the Puritans in the form of a mock-heroic poem.
Samuel Butler
Samuel
Butler
wrote
the
mock-heroic
poem
Hudibras
,
a
satire
on
Puritanism,
in
octosyllabic
couplets,
inspired by the 17th-century Spanish novel Don Quixote.
Samuel Butler
The first part of
Hudibras
was published in 1663, the second part in 1664, and the third part in 1678.
2. Minor Prose Writers
28
The most brilliant of the minor prose writings were surely the diaries of Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn.
Samuel Peppys
The diary of Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) is of interest to us because it is an effective expose of the rotten
English
government under
the
Stuart
rule and
of
a
typical
figure
of
a
government official
in
Restoration
England.
A selection from the diary of Samuel Peppys.
John Evelyn
John Evelyn (1620-1706), English writer whose
Diary,
published in 1818, is a valuable historical record of
his times.
Evelyn
‘
s diary is much inferior and much more formal than Pepys
‘
s, but more scientifically minded.
His diary lacks the absolute sincerity and faithfulness in recording events and feelings that we find in that
of Pepys.
Reviw
Unit 9 The Enlightenment
I. The Enlightenment
II. Alexander Pope
III. Addison and Steele
I. The Enlightenment
background
(1) The glorious revolution (1688): a compromise between the aristocracy and the bourgeoisie
(2) The industrial revolution: the invention of machines
(3) The American Revolution (1775 -- 81)
(4) The French Revolution (1789)
2. Ideological background
(1) The Enlightenment:
The
Enlightenment
was
a
progressive
intellectual
movement
throughout
Western
Europe
in
the
18th
century and in Russia in the 19th century.
It is so called because the Enlighteners considered that the chief means for the betterment of society was
―
enlightenment
‖
or education for the people.
In other words, they believed in the power of reason, and that is why the 18th century in England has been
often called the
―
Age of Reason
‖
.
Age of Enlightenment, term used to describe the trends in thought and letters in Europe and the American
colonies during the 18th century before the French Revolution (1789-1799).
29
Writers
of
the
period
itself
frequently
employed
the
phrase,
convinced
that
they
were
emerging
from
centuries
of
darkness
and
ignorance
into
a
new
age
enlightened
by
reason,
science,
and
a
respect
for
humanity.
Characteristics of the Enlightenment:
①
hostility against serfdom
②
education, self-government and freedom for the people
③
rights and interests of the people
(2) Deism(
自然神论
):
Deism
is
the
belief, based
solely
on
reason,
in a
God
who
created the universe
and then
abandoned
it,
assuming
no
control
over
life,
exerting
no
influence
on
natural
phenomena,
and
giving
no
supernatural
revelation
（启示）
.
Deism is the belief in natural religion.
The Deists admitted their belief in a Supreme Being, or God as the creator of the world of nature, but they
glorified reason and so rejected the so-called
―
revealed
‖
religion as well as the supernatural doctrines of
Christianity.
In other words, the Deists denied the historical revelation made through Jesus Christ and recorded in the
Holy Scriptures, and believed only in a revelation seen by human reason in God
‘
s created nature.
The Deists gloried reason, but often identified it with common sense or the almost
institutional light of
reason
‖
.
The Enlightenment
(3) Three great philosophers:
①
John Locke (1632 --1704):
In the 17th century English philosopher John Locke developed theories of
empiricism
that emphasized the
role of human experience in the pursuit of knowledge and truth.
Many of Locke
‘
s political theories influenced the authors of the Constitution of the United States.
John Locke is perhaps the most important English philosopher.
He was most noted for his rationalism, utilitarianism, dualism of materialism and idealism.
The Enlightenment
②
George Berkley (1685 -- 1753): Irish prelate and philosopher whose basic theory, directed against the
materialism
of
Thomas
Hobbes,
is
that
to
be
is
to
perceive
or
to
be
perceived
(immaterialism
or
phenomenalism).
George Berkley
‘
s
works include
Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
(1710).
The Enlightenment
30
③
David Hume (1711 -- 1776):
British philosopher and historian who argued that human knowledge arises only from sense experience.
David Hume is known for his skepticism.
His works include
A Treatise of Human Nature
(1739-1740) and
Political Discourses
(1752).
3. Literature
(1) Two groups of English Enlighteners
①
Those in favour of partial reform: Pope, Defoe, Addison and Steele, and Richardson
②
The more radical wing: Swift, Fielding, Smollett, Sheridan and Goldsmith
(2) Three periods
①
The early period (1688 -- 1730s): the Age of Pope
②
The more critical period (1740s --1750s): the Age of Johnson
③
The declining period (the last decades of the 18th century)
II. Alexander Pope
(1688 -- 1744)
Alexander
Pope (1688-1744), English poet, who, modeling himself after the great poets of classical
antiquity, wrote highly polished verse, often in a didactic or satirical vein.
In verse translations, moral and critical essays, and satires that made him the foremost poet of his age, he
brought the heroic couplet, which had been refined by John Dryden, to perfection.
Alexander Pope
Pope was born in London.
He first attracted public attention in 1709 with his
Pastorals.
In 1711 his
Essay on Criticism,
a brilliant exposition of the canons of taste, was published.
His
most
famous
poem,
The
Rape
of
the
Lock
(first
published
1712;
revised
edition
published
1714),
an
ingenious mock-heroic work, established his reputation securely.
Alexander Pope
In 1717 a collection of Pope's works containing the most noteworthy of his lyrics was published.
Pope's translation of Homer's
Iliad
was published in six volumes from 1715 to 1720; a translation of the
Odyssey
followed (1725-1726).
He also published an edition of English dramatist William Shakespeare's plays (1725).
In 1728 Pope lampooned those he considered poor writers in one of his best-known works,
The Dunciad,
a
satire celebrating dullness. In 1734 he completed his
Essay on Man.
Alexander
Pope
was
known
as
the
greatest
poet
of
his
day
because
he
was
an
(1)
enlightener,
(2)
neo-classicist, (3) satirist, (4) brilliant poet, and (5) had a great influence.
31
Chief works:
(1)
An Essay on Criticism
: a manifesto of neo-classicism. Ancient poets are highly praised and rules are laid
down to be observed.
Neoclassicism: A revival of classical aesthetics and forms, especially:
a.
A
revival
in
literature
in
the
late
17th
and
18th
centuries,
characterized
by
a
regard
for
the
classical
ideals of reason, form, and restraint.
b.
A
revival
in
the
18th
and
19th
centuries
in
architecture
and
art,
especially
in
the
decorative
arts,
characterized by order, symmetry, and simplicity of style.
c.
A
movement
in
music
in
the
late
19th
and
early
20th
centuries
that
sought
to
avoid
subjective
emotionalism and to return to the style of the pre-Romantic composers.
Alexander Pope
Selections from
An Essay on Criticism
True ease in Writing comes from Art, not Chance,
As those move easiest who have learn
‘
t to dance.
?
Tis not enough no Harshness gives Offence,
The Sound must seem an Echo to the Sense.
Soft is the Strain when Zephyr gently blows,
And the smooth Stream in smoother Numbers flows;
But when loud Surges lash the sounding Shore,
The hoarse, rough Verse shou
‘
d like the Torrent roar.
(2)
The Rape of the Lock
: a mock-heroic poem
This poem derives much of its humor from applying the grandeur of the epic form to a trivial (and true)
incident, in which a feud developed between two rich families over a lock of hair.
The Rape of the Lock
(3)
The Dunciad
: a satire upon the literary men of the age
Alexander Pope
(4)
An Essay on Man
: the best known and the most quoted of all Pope
‘
s works
Alexander Pope
(5)
Moral Essays
: a didactic poem on practical morality
III. Addison and Steele
Joseph
Addison(1672-1719),
English
essayist,
poet,
and
statesman,
whose
work
influenced
the
literary
taste of the 18th century, in part by resurrecting the ballad form.
Addison and Steele
32
Addison was born in Milston, Wiltshire.
In 1709 Addison became a contributor to
The Tatler,
a periodical founded by essayist Sir Richard Steele.
Addison and Steele
Two years later, Steele and Addison founded another periodical,
The Spectator.
Addison's
literary
reputation
reached
its
highest
point
in
1713,
when
his
tragedy
Cato
was
produced
in
London.
Joseph Addison is now remembered mainly as one of the founders of the modern familiar essay.
Sir Richard Steele (1672-1729), English essayist, playwright, and statesman, who founded and contributed
frequently to the influential 18th-century journal the
Spectator.
Addison and Steele
Steele was born in Dublin.
In
1709
Steele
brought
out,
under
the
pseudonym
of
Isaac
Bickerstaff,
the
first
issue
of
the
Tatler,
a
tri- weekly journal featuring essays and brief sketches on politics and society.
In addition to his own essays, Steele published a number of papers by the English essayist Joseph Addison.
This publication was succeeded in 1711, by the more famous
Spectator
with both Steele and Addison as
contributors.
The names of Joseph Addison (1672 -- 1719) and Richard Steele (1672 -- 1729) have always been linked
with the literary periodicals
The Tatler
(1709 -- 11) and
The Spectator
(Excerpt 1, by Addison)
I have observed, that a Reader seldom perused a Book with Pleasure, till he knows whether the Writer of it
be a black or a fair Man, of a mild or cholerick Disposition, Married or a Bachelor, with other Particulars of
the like nature, that conduce very much to the right understanding of an Author.
(Excerpt 2, by Steele)
The
first
of
our
Society
is
a
Gentleman
of
Worcestershire,
of
ancient
Descent,
a
Baronet,
his
Name
Sir
Roger de Coverly.
…
He is a Gentleman that is very singular in his Behaviour, but his Singularities proceed
from his good Sense, and are Contradictions to the manners of the world, only as he thinks the World is in
the wrong.
Importance of these two periodicals:
historical landmarks in the development of periodical literature;
the creation of characters;
the comments on the manners and morals;
interesting brief sketches and tales;
a new genre of familiar essay.
33
Review
I. The Enlightenment
II. Alexander Pope
III. Addison and Steele
Unit 10 Daniel Defoe And Jonathan Swift
I. Daniel Defoe
II. Jonathan Swift
Daniel Defoe (1660 -- 1731)
Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731), English novelist and journalist.
Besides being a brilliant journalist, novelist, and social thinker, Defoe was a prolific author, writing more
than 500 books, pamphlets, and tracts.
Defoe was born in London. He became a hosiery merchant and traveled throughout western Europe.
Defoe
anonymously
published
a
tract
entitled
The
Shortest
Way
with
the
Dissenters,
which
satirized
religious intolerance by pretending to share the prejudices of the Anglican church against Nonconformists.
In
1703,
when
it
was
found
that
Defoe
had
written
the
tract,
he
was
arrested
and
imprisoned.
Robert
Harley, the speaker of the House of Commons, secured his release.
Defoe
next
became
a
journalist,
issuing a
tri-weekly
news
journal
entitled
The
Review,
for
which
he did
most of the writing.
Defoe's first and most famous novel,
The Life and Adventures of Robinson Crusoe,
appeared in 1719, when
he was almost 60 years old.
A fictional tale of a shipwrecked sailor, it was based on the adventures of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk, who
had been marooned on an island off the coast of Chile.
The
novel,
Robinson
Crusoe,
which
chronicles
Crusoe's
ingenious
attempts
to
overcome
the
island's
hardships, has become one of the classics of children's literature.
More novels followed, including
The Fortunes and Misfortunes of Moll Flanders
(1722), which is regarded
as one of the great English novels.
Periodical:
The Review
(1704 -- 1713): containing four quarto pages three times a week and in each number a leading
article on economic and social matters.
A Hymn to the Pillory
―
Justice with change of interest learns to bow,
And what was merit once is murder now.
‖
Daniel Defoe
34
Novels:
①
Robinson Crusoe
②
Captain Singleton
③
Moll Flanders
④
Colonel Jack
⑤
Roxana
⑥
A Journal of the Plague Year
:
A unique book in describing vividly the horrors of the plague which took place in London in 1655.
Robinson Crusoe
The story of the novel was possibly suggested by the real adventures of a real sailor widely known at the
time -- Alexander Seilkirk.
(Excerpt)
I was now landed and safe on shore, and began to look up and thank God that my life was sav
‘
d in a case
wherein there was some minutes before scarce any room to hope.
Robinson Crusoe
(Excerpt)
I
walk
‘
d
about
on
the
shore,
lifting
up
my
hands,
and
my
whole
being,
as
I
may
say,
wrapt
up
in
the
contemplation
of my deliverance, making a thousand gestures and motions which I cannot describe.
Notes: Picaresque Novel
Picaresque
Novel,
full- length
fictional
work,
often
satirical
in
nature,
in
which
the
principal
character
is
cynical(
愤世嫉俗
) and amoral
（与道德无关的）
.
A
picaresque
novel
generally
consists
of
a
series
of
incidents
or
episodes
in
the
life
of
the
principal
character arranged in chronological order but not woven into a single, coherent plot. The form originated
in Spain, and the earliest Spanish example is
Lazaro of Tormes
(1554), of unknown authorship. The earliest
English
picaresque
novel
is
believed to have
been
The
Unfortunate
Traveller,
or, The
Life
of
Jack
Wilton
(1594) by Thomas Nashe.
Picaresque novels: Daniel Defoe
‘
s five novels follow one pattern: tracing the personal history of the hero
or heroine of a low origin from his or her early unfortunate childhood through many vicissitudes
（兴衰）
of
life, with ups and downs of personal fortune, to final prosperity or death and repentance
（后悔）
.
Jonathan Swift
(1667 -- 1745)
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745), Anglo-Irish satirist and political pamphleteer, considered one of the greatest
masters of English prose.
He was born in Dublin.
35
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