adjustment欧洲文化入门 名词解释

2021年1月21日发(作者：adventure是什么意思)

欧洲文化入门

名词解释：

1
．

Pax Romana
：
In the
Roman
history
，
there
came
two
hundred years of peaceful
time
，
which
was
guaranteed(
保证
)
by
the
Roman
legions
，
it
was
known
as
Pax
Romana
2
．

The New Testament
名词解释

The Bible was divided into two sections
：
the Old Testament and the New
Testament. The
New
Testament
is about
the doctrine
(
教义
)
of Jesus
Christ.
The
word
“
Testament
”
means
“
agreement
”，
the agreement between God and Man.
3
．
Pentateuch
名词解释
：
The
Old
Testament
consists
of
39
books
，
the
oldest
and
most
important
of
which
are
the
first
five
books
，
called
Pentateuch.
Pentateuch
contains five books
：
Genesis (
创世记
)
，
Exodus (
出埃及记
)
，
Leviticus(
教义
记
)
，
Numbers (
逃亡记
)
，
Deuteronomy (
摩西遗言记
)
。

4
．
Genesis
名词解释
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch
，
it tells
about
a
religious
account
(
描述
)
of
the
origin
of
the
Hebrews
people
，
including
the origin of the world and of man
，
the career (
经历
) of Issac and the life
of Jacob and his son Joseph.
5
．
The Historical Books
was divided into seven sections
：？



①
Books of Joshua
②
Books of Judges
③
Books of Samuel
④
Books of Kings


⑤
Books of the Chronicles
⑥
Books of Ezra
⑦
Books of Nehemiah.
6
．
the Middle ages
名词解释



In European history
，
the thousand-year period following the fall of the
Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern
times. To be specific (
具体说来
)
，
from the 5th century to 15th century.
The transitional
(
过渡时期
) period
is
called
the middle
ages
，
between
ancient
times and modern times.




7
、
Feudalism
名词解释
Feudalism
in
Europe
was
mainly
a
system
of
land
holding
(
土地所有
)
—
a system of holding land in exchange for military service (
军
事力量
)
。
The
word
“
feudalism
”
was
derived
(
来源
)
from
the
Latin
“
feudum
”，

a grant (
许可的
) of land.


8
、
code of chivalry (
骑士制度
)
名词解释



As
a
knight
，
he
were
pledged
to
protect
the
weak
，
to
fight
for
the
church
，

to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were
known
as
code
of
chivalry
，
from
which
the
western
idea
of
good
manners
developed.
9
．
Gothic
名词解释①
The
Gothic
style
started
in
France
and quickly
spread
through all parts of Western Europe.


②
It
lasted
from
the
mid-12th
to
the
end
of
15th
century
and
，
in
some
areas
，

into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style
in history.


③
The Gothic was an outgrowth (
丰富与发展
) of the Romanesque.(
罗马式
)
10
．
The Canterbury Tales
：



①
The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.


②

Chaucer
introduced
French
and
Italy
writing
the
English
native
alliterative verse.(
压头韵
)
③
Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the
middle Engli Renaissance
名词解释


11
．


文艺复兴
Generally
speaking
，
Renaissance
refers
to
the
period
between
the 14th and mid-17th century. The word
“
Renaissance
”
means revival (
复兴
)
，

specifically in this period of history
，
revival of interest in ancient Greek
and Roman culture. Renaissance
，
in essence (
从实质上讲
)
，
was a historical
period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (
试
图
)
to
get
rid
of conservatism (
保守主义思想
) in
feudalist
Europe
and
introduce
new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (
资产阶级
)
，



to
lift the restrictions
(
禁
忌
)
in all
areas
placed by
the Roman church
authorities.(
权利威信
)
Generally speaking
，
Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and
mid-17th century.
Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings
，

sculpture (
雕塑
) and architecture.
最早开始于
painting
Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets
，

scholars
，
artists and sculptors (
雕塑家
)
。

12
．

．
Renaissance Art
名词解释



A
radical
(
根本的
)
break
with
medieval
(
中古的
)
methods
of
representing
the
visible (
可见的
) world occurred (
发生
) in Italy during the second half of the
13th century.
It
was
not
until the second decade (
十年
) of
the
15th century
that
there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (
田园式风格
)
。

13
．
Reformation
名词解释
The
Reformation
was
a
16th
century
religious movement
as well as (
同时
) a socio-political (
社会政治
) movement. It began as Martin
Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg
(
机智
)
his
95
thesis
(
论题
)
。
This
movement
which
swept over
(
席卷了
) the whole
of
Europe
was
aimed
at
opposing
(
反对
)
the
absolute
authority
(
权威
)
of
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
and
replacing
(
代替
)
it
with
the
absolute
authority
of
the
Bible.
The
reformists
(
改革者
)
engaged
(
使用
)
themselves
in
translating
the
Bible
into
their mother
tongues.
宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译
圣经

14
．
Calvinism
名词解释
Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of
Renaissance. Presbyterian government (
长老会
)
。
Only those specially elected
by
God
can
be
saved
(
上帝的选民
)
. This
belief
serves so
well
to help
the
rising
bourgeoisie on its path (
有助于资本主义的兴起
)
。

15
．
Counter-Reformation (
反宗教改革
)
名词解释





By late
1520
the Roman Catholic Church
had
lost
its control
over
the
church
in Germany.
The Roman
Catholic
Church did
not
stay
idle
(
坐以待毙
)
。
They
mustered
(
召
集
)
their
forces
，
the
dedicated
(
专用的
)
Catholic
groups
，
to
examine
the
Church
institutions and
introduce
reforms
and
improvements (
改良
)
，
to bring back
its
vitality (
活力
)
。
This recovery of power is often called by historians the
Counter-Reformation.
16
．
the laws of gravitation (
万有引力的内容
)
：

the
sun
，
the
moon
，
the
earth
，
the
planets
，
and
all
the
other
bodies
(
天
体
)
in
the
universe
move
in
accordance
with
the
same
basic
force
，
which
is
call
gravitation.
17
．
演绎方法
Inductive method
名词解释



Inductive
method
was
established
by
Francis
Bacon
in
17th
century.
Induction
means reasoning (
推理
) from particular facts or individual cases to a general
conclusion.(
从特殊推一般
)
。
Induction was put over against Deductive method.
18
、
洛克
A
ll our ideas are ultimately (
最后
) derived from sensation (
感受
) or
from reflection (
反思
) and these two make up experience and all our knowledge
springs from experience as well.
19
．
认知论
Theory of Knowledge
名词解释

简答



Descartes employed (
使用
) methodic doubt (
置疑方法论
) with a view to
discovering whether there was any indubitable (
不容置疑的
) truth. I doubt
，

therefore I think
：
I think
，
therefore I am. Doubting is thinking
，
thinking
is the essence of the mind (
精髓所在
)
。
Descartes believed that they are not
dependable. (
置疑是不可
*
的
)
20
、
Descartes
‘
s Dualism
二元论



①
Thought
(
思维
)
was
the
foundation
of
all
knowledge
(
认知
)
while
the
senses
might deceive (
欺骗
) us. This is idealist. (
唯心主义者
)




②
The external (
外部
) world existed (
存在
)
，
which was independent (
无
关
) of the human mind. This is materialist. (
不以人的意识为转移
)


21
、
Classicism (
新古典主义
)
名词解释



Classicism implies
(
意味着
) the
revival
(
复苏
) of the
forms
and
traditions
of the ancient world
，
a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to
Plato
and
Aristotle.
But
French
classicism
of
the
17th
century
was
not
conscious
of being a classical revival (
并非古典主义的复苏
)
。
It intended to produce a
literature
，
French to the core (
以法语为中心
)
，
which was worthy of (
与?相
媲美
) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (
新古典主义
) reached its
climax in France in the 17th century.(
代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒
)

22
、
Rationalism (
理性主义
)
was believed to be able to discover the best
principles
(
原则
)
of
human
conduct
(
行为
)
and
the
universal
(
通用的
)
principles
of
natural
laws.
Here Descartes
provided
(
提供的
)
the
philosophical
foundation
for the French neoclassicism.(
新古典主义
)
23
．
Baroque Art
名词解释

承上启下的
(
法国新古典主义时期重要的
)
艺术形式



Baroque
Art
，
flourished
first
in
Italy
，
and
then
spread
to
Spain
，
Portugal
，

France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (
荷兰
) in the North.
It
was
characterized
by
dramatic
intensity
(
强烈的艺术性
)
and
sentimental
appeal
(
哀婉的格调
) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(
强烈的明暗对比
)
24
．
启蒙运动
Enlightenment
名词解释

简答：



Enlightement
was
an
intellectual
(
知识分子
)
movement
originating
in
France
，

which attracted
(
吸引
) widespread
(
普遍的
) support (
支持
)
among
the ruling
(
统
治阶级
)
and
intellectural
classes
of
Europe
and
North
America
in
the
second
half
of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (
作用
) by certain European
writers
to use
critical reason
(
批评推理
) to
free
minds
from
prejudice
(
偏见
)
，

unexamined authority (
权威
) and oppression (
压迫
) by Church or State (
国家政
权
)
。
Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (
理
智的年代
)
。




25
．
(
三权分立理论
) The theory of the separation of powers
was put forward by
Montesquieu
in
his
work
The
Spirit
of
the
Laws.
He
believed
that
the
legislative
(
立法
)
，
executive (
行政
) and judicial (
司法
) powers must be confided (
托付
)
to different individuals
，
acting independently. (
独立的行为
)
The
theory
of
the
separation
of
powers
was
accepted
by
the
U.S.
Constitution.(
三
权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受
)
27
．
The Musical Enlightenment (
音乐启蒙运动
)
名词解释

By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become
almost entirely (
完全
)
rationalized
(
理性化
)
。
It
came to its
richest fruition
(
高潮
) in the works of Bach (
巴赫
) and Handel (
亨德尔
)
。
Bach and Handel
represented a trend
(
趋势
) towards greater
regularity
(
规律性
)
of style
in
the
clearly defined types and forms
，
in a series (
系列
) of standardized formulas
(
公式
)
。

28
．
、
Romanticism
名词解释

Romanticism
was
a
movement
in
literature
，
philosophy
，
music
and
art
which
developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from
the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (
狂飙
运动
)
in
Germany.
Romanticism
emphasized
individual values
and
aspirations
(
灵
感
) above those of society. As a reaction (
反应
) to the industrial revolution
(
工业革命
)
，
it
looked
to
(
承上启下
)
the Middle Ages
and
to direct contact
with
nature
(
与大自然的直接接触
)
for inspiration
(
灵感
)
。
Romanticism
gave
impetus
(
动力支持
) to the national liberation movement (
民族解放运动
) in 19th century
Europe.
29
．
Byronic hero
名词解释



Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English
literature.
The
Byronic
hero
is
characterized
by
bravery
and
hard
working
spirit
，

such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.
30
．
Romantic Music
浪漫主义音乐
名词解释

承前启后的年代音乐家是重点