activities欧洲文化入门51个名词解释

2021年1月21日发(作者：运动粘度)

欧洲文化入门

名词解释
51
：

1
．

Pax Romana
：
In the Roman history
，
there came two hundred years of peaceful time
，
which was guaranteed(
保证
) by
the Roman legions
，

it was known as Pax Romana
2
．

The New Testament
名词解释

The Bible was divided into two sections
：

the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the
doctrine (
教义
) of Jesus Christ. The word ―Testament‖ means ―agreement‖
，

the agreement between God and Man.
3
．
Pentateuch
名词解释
：
The Old Testament consists of 39 books
，

the oldest and most important of which are the first five
books
，

called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books
：

Genesis (
创世记
)
，

Exodus (
出埃及记
)
，

Leviticus(
教义记
)
，

Numbers (
逃亡记
)
，

Deuteronomy (
摩西遗言记
)
。

4
．

Genesis
名词解释
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch
，

it tells about a religious account (
描述
) of the origin
of the Hebrews people
，

including the origin of the world and of man
，

the career (
经历
) of Issac and the life of Jacob and
his son Joseph.
5
．
The Historical Books
was divided into seven sections
：




①
Books of Joshua
②
Books of Judges
③
Books of Samuel
④
Books of Kings


⑤
Books of the Chronicles
⑥
Books of Ezra
⑦
Books of Nehemiah.
6
．
the Middle ages
名词解释



In European history
，

the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is
called the Middle Ages.
The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (
具体说来
)
，

from the
5th century to 15th century.
The transitional (
过渡时期
) period is called the middle ages
，
between ancient times and modern times.
7.
Feudalism
名词解释
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (
土地所有
)
—
a system of holding land
in exchange for military service (
军事力量
)
。

The word ―feudalism‖ was derived (
来源
) from the Latin ―feudum‖
，

a grant
(
许可的
) of land.
8.
code of chivalry (
骑士制度
)
名词解释



As a knight
，

he were pledged to protect the weak
，

to fight for the church
，

to be loyal to his lord and to respect
women
of
noble
birth.
These
rules
were
known
as
code
of
chivalry
，

from
which
the
western
idea
of
good
manners
developed.
9
．
Gothic
名词解释①
The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.


②
It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and
，

in some areas
，

into the 16th. More churches were built
in this manner than in any other style in history.


③
The Gothic was an outgrowth (
丰富与发展
) of the Romanesque.(
罗马式
)
10
．
The Canterbury Tales
：



①
The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.


②
Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.(
压头韵
)
③
Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best representative of the middle Engli Renaissance
名词解释


1
11
．


文艺复兴
Generally speaking
，

Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word
―Renaissance‖ means revival (
复兴
)
，

specifically in this period of history
，

revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman
culture. Renaissance
，

in essence (
从实质上讲
)
，

was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and
scholars made attempts (
试图
) to get rid of conservatism (
保守主义思想
) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that
expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (
资产阶级
)
，

to lift the restrictions (
禁忌
) in all areas placed by the Roman
church authorities.(
权利威信
)

Generally speaking
，

Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings
，

sculpture (
雕塑
) and architecture.
最早开始
于
painting
Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets
，

scholars
，

artists and sculptors (
雕塑家
)
。

12
．

Renaissance Art
名词解释



A radical (
根本的
) break with medieval (
中古的
) methods of representing the visible (
可见的
) world occurred (
发生
)
in Italy during the second half of the 13th century. It was not until the second decade (
十年
) of the 15th century that there
was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (
田园式风格
)
。

13
．
Reformation
名词解释
The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (
同时
) a socio-political (
社
会政治
) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (
机智
)
his 95 thesis (
论题
)
。

This movement which swept over (
席卷了
) the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing (
反对
) the
absolute authority (
权威
) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing (
代替
) it with the absolute authority of the Bible.
The reformists (
改革者
) engaged (
使用
) themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.
宗教改革的实质是：
反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经

14
．

Calvinism
名词解释
Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (
长
老会
)
。

Only
those
specially
elected
by
God
can
be
saved
(
上帝的选民
) .
This
belief
serves
so
well
to
help
the
rising
bourgeoisie on its path (
有助于资本主义的兴起
)
。

15
．
Counter-Reformation (
反宗教改革
)
名词解释



By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.
The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (
坐以待毙
)
。

They mustered (
召集
) their forces
，

the dedicated (
专用
的
) Catholic groups
，

to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (
改良
)
，

to bring back its
vitality (
活力
)
。

This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.
16
．
the laws of gravitation (
万有引力的内容
)
：

the sun
，

the moon
，

the earth
，

the planets
，

and all the other bodies (
天体
) in the universe move in accordance with
the same basic force
，

which is call gravitation.
17
．
演绎方法
Inductive method
名词解释



Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction means reasoning (
推理
) from particular
facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(
从特殊推一般
)
。

Induction was put over against Deductive method.
18
、
洛克
A
ll our ideas are ultimately (
最后
) derived from sensation (
感受
) or from reflection (
反思
) and these two make up
experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
19
．
认知论
Theory of Knowledge
名词解释

简答



Descartes
employed
(
使用
)
methodic
doubt
(
置疑方法论
)
with
a
view
to
discovering
whether
there
was
any
indubitable (
不容置疑的
) truth. I doubt
，

therefore I think
：

I think
，

therefore I am. Doubting is thinking
，

thinking is the
essence of the mind (
精髓所在
)
。

Descartes believed that they are not dependable. (
置疑是不可
*
的
)
20
、
Descartes‘s
Dualism
二元论


2


①

Thought
(
思维
)
was
the
foundation
of
all
knowledge
(
认知
)
while
the
senses
might
deceive
(
欺骗
)
us.
This
is
idealist. (
唯心主义者
)


②
The external (
外部
) world existed (
存在
)
，

which was independent (
无关
) of the human mind. This is materialist.
(
不以人的意识为转移
)
21.
Classicism (
新古典主义
)
名词解释



Classicism implies (
意味着
) the revival (
复苏
) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world
，

a return to works of
old
Greek
literature
from
Homer
to
Plato
and Aristotle.
But
French
classicism
of
the
17th
century
was
not
conscious
of
being a classical revival (
并非古典主义的复苏
)
。

It intended to produce a literature
，

French to the core (
以法语为中心
)
，

which
was
worthy
of
(
与
…
相媲美
)
Greek
and
classical
ideals.
This
neoclassicism
(
新古典主义
)
reached
its
climax
in
France in the 17th century.(
代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒
)
22.
Rationalism (
理性主义
)
was believed to be able to discover the best principles (
原则
) of human conduct (
行为
) and the
universal (
通用的
) principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided (
提供的
) the philosophical foundation for the French
neoclassicism.(
新古典主义
)
23
．
Baroque Art
名词解释

承上启下的
(
法国新古典主义时期重要的
)
艺术形式



Baroque Art
，

flourished first in Italy
，

and then spread to Spain
，

Portugal
，

France in south Europe and to Flander
and the Netherlands (
荷兰
) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (
强烈的艺术性
) and sentimental appeal
(
哀婉的格调
) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(
强烈的明暗对比
)
24
．
启蒙运动
Enlightenment
名词解释

简答：



Enlightement was an intellectual (
知识分子
) movement originating in France
，

which attracted (
吸引
) widespread (
普
遍的
) support (
支持
) among the ruling (
统治阶级
) and intellectural classes of Europe and North America in the second half
of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (
作用
) by certain European writers to use critical reason (
批评推理
) to free
minds
from
prejudice
(
偏见
)
，

unexamined
authority
(
权威
)
and
oppression
(
压迫
)
by
Church
or
State
(
国家政权
)
。

Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (
理智的年代
)
。

25
．
(
三权分立理论
) The theory of the separation of powers

was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of
the Laws. He believed that the legislative (
立法
)
，

executive (
行政
) and judicial (
司法
) powers must be confided (
托付
) to
different individuals
，

acting independently. (
独立的行为
)
The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.(
三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受
)
27
．
The Musical Enlightenment (
音乐启蒙运动
)
名词解释

By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely (
完全
) rationalized (
理性
化
)
。

It came to its richest fruition (
高潮
) in the works of Bach (
巴赫
) and Handel (
亨德尔
)
。

Bach and Handel represented
a trend (
趋势
) towards greater regularity (
规律性
) of style in the clearly defined types and forms
，

in a series (
系列
) of
standardized formulas (
公式
)
。

28
．
Romanticism
名词解释

Romanticism was a movement in literature
，

philosophy
，

music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th
and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (
狂飙运动
)
in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (
灵感
) above those of society. As a reaction (
反应
)
to the industrial revolution (
工业革命
)
，

it looked to (
承上启下
) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (
与大自
然的直接接触
) for inspiration (
灵感
)
。

Romanticism gave impetus (
动力支持
) to the national liberation movement (
民族
解放运动
) in 19th century Europe.
29
．
Byronic hero
名词解释



Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized
by bravery and hard working spirit
，

such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.

3