nipSensor technology

2021年1月21日发(作者：pony)
Sensor technology


A sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or


measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature ,


humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators


and switches )have been used to set limits on the performance of machines .Common


examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b)


pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors


on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an


important aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper


data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of


machines and systems .


Because they convert one quantity to another , sensors





often are referred to as


transducers .Analog sensors produce a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional


to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be


transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for


interfacing analog sensors with computers .


Classifications of Sensors


Sensors that are of interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as


follows:


Machanical sensors measure such as quantities as


positions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and





mass .


Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .


Magnetic sensors measure magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .


Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .


Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and


fiber-optic .


Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic ,


organic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or


semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert


the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an


ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the difference between the


thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.


Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be


detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A


proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it and an object or


a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance ,


or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by


electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots ,


and are being developed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart


sensors , see the following ).





This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through


the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through


the
realization
of
the
right
abdominal
surgery
A
few
years
ago
our
country
the
exhibition,
the
United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart


valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation,


but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the


lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the


operation





Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able


to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers,


tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's


movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a


doctor's assistant.


Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an


array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrary


three-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing to


non- manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer


belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including


cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing


industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a


very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports,


there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors,


ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It
’
s surrounding environment for the conduct of


identification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service


robot
’
s one of the basic characteristics




In visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense


the presence and shape of the object . A microprocessor then processes the image


( usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are


digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible


parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large number of small


features , and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .





Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conduct


two-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The


necessary input and the knowledge required to make a decision can be built into a


smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn


a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a


mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or


people by using quantities such as distance , heat , and noise .


Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple


sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as


force , vibration , temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher


level of information and reliability . A common application of sensor fusion occurs


when someone drinks a cup of hot





coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event


for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the


person's eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through our basic senses of sight , hearing ,


smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements ,


positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the


cup
toward
the
lip
is
controlled
and
adjusted
accordingly .The
earliest
applications
of
sensor
fusion were in robot movement control ,


missile flight tracking , and similar military applications . Primarily because these


activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . Another example of sensor


fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but





integrated sensors


monitors (a) the dimensions and surface finish of workpiece , (b) tool forces ,


vibrations ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece


system , and (d) the spindle power .


An important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one


particular sensor is detected so that the control system maintains high reliability . For


this application ,the receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential . It


can be seen that the receiving , integrating of all data from various sensors can be a


complex problem .


With advances in sensor size , quality , and technology and continued


developments in computer- control systems , artificial neural networks , sensor fusion


has become practical and available at low cost .Movement is relatively independent of


the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of


freedom





We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three


degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the


three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to


space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we


have less than six degrees of freedom


Fiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbine engines . These sensors


will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine ,


such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas . Continuous monitoring of the signals


from thes sensors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the


necessary data for improving the efficiency of the engines .
传感器技术








传感器一种通过检测某一参数而产生信号的装置。


这一参数可以是位置、


力、


力矩、


压力、


温度、


湿度、


速度、


加速度或震动。


从传统意义上来说，


传感器


（比


如执行器、开关）可用于限制机器参数的极限位置。常见的传感器有


(a)

限制工


作台运动的机床停止开关，


(b)

具有自动关闭功能的压力仪表和温度仪表，


（


c

）


防止速度超限的调速器。


传感器技术已成为制造过程和系统的重要方面。


它对于


数据的正确采集、机器和系统的检测、通讯以及计算机控制是很必要的。