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obviously英语词汇学200要点(不过就难啊)

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2021-01-21 06:16
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山口-obviously

2021年1月21日发(作者:卡维)
1.
外来词分为四类

1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2)
Aliens garage , dé
cor 3) Translation

loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.

2.
Motivation
分类

onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation,
etymological motivation.

Types of meaning
: grammatical ~ & lex
ical ~; conceptual ~& associative
~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)

多义关系及两种研究方法
:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has
two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a
word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.

3.
Synchronic approach
is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various
meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.

4.
Primary meaning
is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.

5.
Derived meanings
are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages
of its development in the course of time.

6.
同形同音异义关系

Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from
another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the
other Homonyms generally fall into three classes:
perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same
spelling) and homophones

some sound

. Perfect homonyms are those words identical both in sound
and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to
put
up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g.
saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical
only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a
kind of animal.

7.
同形同音异义词与多义词的区别

Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to
spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental differen
ce
between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which
happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several
distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from
different sources whereas a polysemant is from the
same source which has acquired different meanings
in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various
meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser
degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have
nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one
headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.

8.
同义关系
Synonyms
are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other
but
different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from
borrowing, dialects and regional English, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with
idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their
denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are
identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the
same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.

9.
Sources of Synonyms
1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic
use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions

10.
如何区分同义词?
1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application
11.
What are the characteristics of antonyms?

12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one
meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms
differ in semantic inclusion. 4) Contrary terms
are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.


13.
上下义关系
:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.
That is, the meaning
of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to so
me
general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of
tree-like graphs, with higher-order
superordinates above the lower subordinates. But
their status
either
as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are
subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomes
a subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes

14.
词义变化的种类
There are five types of meaning, changes
: extension, narrowing, degradation,
elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes i
n
meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and
psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).
15.
词义的扩大

Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a
broader or less
16.
definite concept.
Compare the following
;词义的缩小
Narrowing is a process by which a word of
wider meaning acquires a specialized sense
;词义的升华
Elevation is a process by which a word moves
from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense
;词义的降格
Degradation is a
process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,
;词义的转移
Transfer is a process by
which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an
example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In
modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the
same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to
abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.

17.
语境的种类
:
非语言语境。语言语境:词汇语境和语法语境 。
There are two types of contexts:
linguistic
context and extra-linguistic (or non-linguistic context). Extra-linguistic context refers to those
situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contr
ibute
in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. Linguistic or Intra-linguistic context is
further subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context. By lexical context we mean the words
that occur together with the word in question. By grammatical context we mean that the meanings of
a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.

18.
语境的作用:
Three major functions of context:
elimination of ambiguity, indication of referents,
provision of clues for inferring word-meaning. Context an be summed up as follows:1) definition 2)
explanation 3) example 4) synonymy 5) Antonymy 6)hyponymy 7) relevant details 8) word structure

19.
英语习语的特点
The characteristics of idioms include semantic unity and structural stability.

20.
英语习语的分类
According to
the criterion of their grammatical functions, we classify them into idioms
nominal in nature, idioms adjectival in nature, idioms verbal in nature, idioms adverbial in nature, and
sentence idioms. The stylistic features are characterized with colloquialisms
, slang, and literary
expressions.
21.
英语习语的使用
The use of idioms
involves their stylistic features, rhetorical features , and
variations of idioms.

22.
英语习语的修辞色彩
The rhetorical features of idioms
are represented with phonetic manipulation
( alliteration
头韵法
and rhyme
叠韵
) , lexical manipulation ( reiteration
复用
, repetition
重复
and
juxtaposition
反义词叠用
), figures of speech ( simile
明喻
, metaphor
暗喻
, metonymy
转喻
, synecdoche
借代
, personification
拟人
, euphemism
委婉
)

23.
英语习语的变异形式
In the variations, addition, deletion, replacement, position-shifting and
dismembering are involved in the changes in idioms constituents .

24.
Associative meaning :
1) associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the
conceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and
indeterminated. 3)It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture , experience, religion,
geographical region, class background,education, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types :
connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.

25.
Metonymy

Synecdoche ,
修饰有何区别
?
Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of
names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the name of one thing for another closely
associated with it and the latter is that of substituting part for the whole and vice versa.

26.
词典的种类
There are four types of dictionaries with their features mentioned in this parts:
(1) monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, (2) linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries, (3) unabridged,
desk and pocket dictionaries, (4) specialized dictionaries. A monolingual dictionary is a dictionary which
is written in one language.

27.
A bilingual dictionary
is one in which two languages are involved.

28.
A linguistic dictionary
is a dictionary which aims at defining words and explaining their usages in
the language.
29.
An encyclopedic dictionary
is one in which encyclopedic information is provided along with the
general information as in a linguistic dictionary .

30.
An encyclopedia
is a dictionary which only provide encyclopedic information concerning each
headword.

31.
An unabridged dictionary
is an unshortened dictionary with at least 200,000 headwords that can
supply a great quantity of basic, information about a word.

32.
A desk dictionary
is a medium-sized dictionary containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
33.
A pocket dictionary
is a dictionary which has about 50,000 entries or fewer.

七、分析综合
49-50*9

1
、对句子进行理论分析,并改进 :
ambiguous
——
原因
cause
——
可以如何理 解?
——
如何改进?
improve

2
、对单词进行分析:
re-collect- ion
——
归属
free morpheme, bound morpheme
——
解释


3
、构词法进行分析:
word formation:
例如:
VIP=very important person
属于
aronym

4
、分析
idiom:
属于什么短语
——
作用


注:重点有

1

idioms
相关知识;

2
、一些名词解释,如术语等;

3

types of meaning



.

串讲内容


Introduction
部分:

logy
这门课算
哪一种学科的分支
:Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.

logy
和那些重要
的学科建立了联系
:

1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography

36.
研究
lexicology
的两大方法
:
1) Diachronic approach :
历时语言学
2) Synchronic approach :
共时语言

e.g. wife
纵观历时语言学的方法论,
woman
词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式?


Woman
的词义的变化算
Narrowing or specialization

第一章


37.
What is word ?
词具有哪些特点?词的特点也就是对词的名词解释

1) A word is a minimal free form of a
language;2) A sound unity or a given sound 3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in
a sentence.
以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释


38.
词的分类(
classification of a word
)词根据发音可以分为哪两种词?或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词

1) simple words 2) complex words
单音节词例子:
e.g. Man and fine are simple
多音节词例子:
e.g.
Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement
可以次划分为
manage



ment misfortune
可以次划
分为
mis-


fortuneblackmail
次划分为
black


mail

is the relationship between sound and meaning?



1)There is
‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. Cat



2)The relationship between them is conventional.



3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.
is relationship between sound and form?

1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written
form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English
3)
With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.

are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between
sound and form?
1)

The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Ro
mans, which does
not have a separate letter tore present each sound in the language so that some letters must do double
duty or work together in combination.
2)

Another reason is that
the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and
in some cases the two have drawn farapart.
3)

A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
4)

Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词:




1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing

42.你能不能举出外来语对英语发音
,
拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些?
e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr),
kimono (Jap)
外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是
‘sound and form ’
不一致。

43.
What is vocabulary?
Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can
stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a
given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.

44.
Classification of Words
(
本课的一个重点
,
年年考试都考
)

45.
What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?


Three criteria :1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin

By use of
frequency
可划分为:
1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary

By
notion

可划分为:
1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional
words . (Content words
的别称
)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words.
(Functional words
的别称
)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability
ing to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (
年年考试必考
) t
he nine functional words ,
namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you

are the
characteristics of basic word stock?
1)

All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability
要把握住
‘All national character’

,
就是和我们日常生活息息相关的,最普通词

48.
稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点,请你举例说明?
e.g. man, woman , fire, water …e.g. machine, video,
telephone …e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relative, not absolute.

49.
根据词的
use frequency
划分出的基本词之外,还有一类词叫作
None basic vocabulary,
非基本词有几大特
点?或者是几大分类

1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang
e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid
( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver

girl

slang
表达方式,但是二者之间存在着
Stylistic difference


constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary,
content


or functional
words ? Answer :
Content words
What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be
classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the
fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asAnglo-Saxon
words. (3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000,
but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language

51.
什么叫
borrowed words?
Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as
borrowed words
or loan words or
borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings
constitute 80 percent
of the modern English vocabulary (3) The English language has vast debts .In any
dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.

52
什么叫
Denizens?
Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into
the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation
and spelling, such as port from
portus (L).‘Denizens’
的例子都要记:
Port from portus (L), cup from
cuppa
(L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).

53
什么叫
Translation-loans ?T
ranslation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing
material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as
‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch)

54
什么叫
Semantic-loans ?
words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But
their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word
in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern
meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.

第二章:
The development of the English vocabulary

The Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put
it5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of
similarities
in their basic word stock and grammar .

55.(
重点:语系划分的标准
)What is the criteria to divide language families ?

The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar(
重点
)The Balto-Slavic
comprises such modern languages as(
选择题内容:
)Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech,
Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.

56.

Indo-
European’
两大分支:
n set n set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian,
Armenian and Albanian Western
set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic. In the western Set, Greek is the
modern language derived from Hellenic. Celtic

Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Romance
languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.

The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish

and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German,
Dutch ,Flemish and Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English
language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian orig
in have survived in modern
English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected
language just like modern German.

57.
重点句
: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England


古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于

(scripts )
古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了

( early scripts)Sound and form
真正达到统一是在什么时期?
.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )
如果从词
汇变化的角度而言,
Modern English
又可以细划分为

early period ,modern period.

58.*
现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期

(重要的选择或填空内容)

Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance

English period
有什么样的外来语的进入?

The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period
现代英语时期,英语词汇大量丰富还
有另外一个原因是

(colonization)The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises
from
(Colonization )The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic
language (
重要选择或填空内容
)
Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary

60.
Three main sources of new words :
1)The rapid development of modern science and technology


2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and language

61.
Modes of Vocabulary Development



1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing2)Semantic
change
(还包括外来词的
Semantic loans

Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer
外来
词可以被称作
borrowed words ,
因此又可以被称作
.
重点句:
borrowed words are also known as loaned
words .
恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色
Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the
growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially trueof American English.

62.
英语从
synthetic language
发展到
present analytical language
是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的?

答案:
Modern English period

63.
文艺复兴时期,恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段
?
答案:
Early Modern English period

64.
在英语发展过程

在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象?
French, Latin, English in Middle English period

65.
easel, port, freight,
出现于英语发展的哪个阶段,属于哪一种外来词的引入?

答案:
Middle English , Dutch

66.
在英语发展的某一个阶段,有
一种语言进入英语,它一共带来了
2500
个词汇,
这种语言是什么?

答案:
Dutch (
前年考题
)

67.
据现代语言学家的统计,英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少
?

答案:
50,000 to 60,000
他们的来源是
(Anglo_Saxon tongue )
第二次世界大战以后,大量外来词进入英语中,
如:
Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu,
这些词属于英语词汇发展的
Present - day English Vocabulary
注意:
第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。


68.
Old English


Middle English

大的
striking distinction
存在于哪一个方面
?
答案:
Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.

69.
文艺复兴时期,哪两种文化得到 了复兴
,这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响
?
答案:
Greek , Roman cultur
70.
某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段
?
答案:
Modern English

71.
十六世纪,有一种新工业 出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响,这是哪一种
industry?
答案:
Printing
这导致
sound and form
出现
concord ,
出现
standardization.

第三章复习


smallest unit in the English language refers to
(morphemes)


minimal free form
in the English language refers to
(word)

the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel
change is called
(allomorphs)

75.
Deer
复数没有变
,
还是
deer, sheep
复数没有变
,
还是
sheep,
因此
,
这种变化被称作
(zero derivation)

名词解释
:
76.
Morphemes :
The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes. In other
words, the morphemes is the smallest functioning unit in composition of words

77.
Allomorphs :
The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs, morpheme of plurality {-s}
has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matches It can be realized
by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in
deer-deer, fish-fish
78.
what are the types of morphemes ? (

答简答题时
,
名词解释
)



答案:
Free morphemes and bound morphemes



79.
Free morphemes :
1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to
be free.2) These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free
grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a
single free rootwords ,as each of them consists of a single free root 4) free morphemes are free roots.

morphemes:
1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.. 2) They are
bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and
affix

affix
分为两类
:
inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the
end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional
morphemes.
Derivational affixes:
1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to
create now words.2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.








root :
1) a root is the
basic form of a word which cannot
be further analyzed without
total loss of identity.




2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word











3) a ’root is that part of a word
form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been
removed’ stem :
1) a stem may consist of a
single root morpheme as in iron or of
two root morphemes
as in a compound like handcuff.











































































2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.
3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

81.
问题:
Stem


root
有一个最大的区别在哪里
? (
连着两年没有考过
)

答案:

a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

82.
问题:请加以区别下面两个词的特征
: nation , dict
请加以理论的分析
?


Both nation and dict belong
to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence, Nation
as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed,
nation as a free root,
still remains Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict
carries the fundamental meaning of words,
dict has
to combine with the other morphemes
to create new
words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .

83.
问题:
分析下面一句话
: He is much more cleverer than any other one in the village, too heads are better
than one.
请从构词角度分析以上的例子
,




cleverer , better cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes ) better
( good , well
的特殊变化
) It is allomorph of good and well.

第四章
:

84.
问题:在英语中
,

要的构词法分
为哪几种
?


答案:有七种
:1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7)
blending
有三种最常用
: affixation , compounding and conversion
85.
问题:由
专有名词 变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种
?
答案:
Extension
86.< br>问题:由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式
?
答案:
Narrow ing

87.
问题:
Affixation
又被称为什么
?
它分为哪两类?
答案:
Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation
falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation
要点
:
有哪些前缀属于什么样的类别
:a-, non, ir :
negative prefixes de- , dis- (
既属于
negative ,
也属于
reversative prefixes ) mal-, pseudo-, mis- :
pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra


prefixes of degree or size anti-, contra-, counter-, pro- :
prefixes of orientation and attitude trans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefixes of time
and order bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation : 1. Noun
suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness, 4) Noun and adjective
suffixes
注意
Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping
的名词解释
.

88.
要点
:

复合词分为
哪三类
: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open

89.
简答题
: what are the
characteristics of compounds
?What are the d
ifference between
compounds and free phrases ?
答案:
1) phonetic features2) Semantic features3) Grammatical
features
最常见的三种词性

: 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds

90.
问题:
在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性
,
哪两种不具有多产性
?
在形容性复合词当中
,
哪三类有多产性
?
动词
性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的
?

名词解释
:
Conversion
(
重点,还没考过
)Conversion is the formation
of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion
Zero-derivation
(
选择或填空要点
)Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion

91.
问题:
形容词转为动词分为哪两类?
答案:由
Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive

92.
简答题
:
形容词变动词的三种类别
(

没考过
)
问题:
请你举出由
conjunction
变为
noun
的一个例子
?
答案:
Ifs
and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words (
选择或填空要点
)

93.
问题:

blending’
分为哪四类合成词

1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail

94.
问题
:
绝大多数
blending
都是什么词性
?
答案:
nouns

The
overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;
very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.

95.
问题:
截短法
clipping
分为哪四类
?答案:
There are four common
types
of clipping :1) Front clipping2)
Back clipping3) Front and back clipping4) Phrase clipping
要注意
clipping
的例子有一个特殊变化:
fridge
( refrigerator
截短之后在
i, g
中间加一个
d ) ,
还有拼写发生变化,比如说:
coke ( coca cola)

96 .
问题:
什么是
acronymy

A
cronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters
of ne ames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy
包含两类
:1) initialisms (
不发音
)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (
形成新的发音
)e.g. CORE, TEFL
Words from
proper names
有四大类
:1. Names of people e.g. bobby : Names of people2. Names of places e.g.
champagne, rugby 3. Names of books e.g. utopia 4. Tradenames e.g. cabal

97.
问题:
以下的词采用哪种构词法?

e.g. diagnosis ---?diagnose : (
先有诊断的名词
,
后有了诊 断的动词
,
这种构
词被称作
) backformation bloomers (
它的构词法满足哪一种词法
):
属于
Words from proper names
中的
Names of people VJ-day :(
这种构词法是由哪一种构成的
)
属于
Initialisms
中的
Acronyms Pop: (
采用哪一种构
词法构成的
) : clipping Sitcom : blending FORTRAN : head + head Bath (
名词
) ----- bathe (
动词
) Bath


bathe
存在一种什么关系
? ( Conversion )
重点句:
Conversion is also known as functional shift.

98.
问题:
Noun + v-ing,
这类词构成的词是什么词

?答案:
compounding
99.
问题:
Record-breaking ,
它是属于复合法中的哪一种?
答案:
Adjectives compounds
100.
问题:请
说出
Adjectives compounds
中多产性强的有几类?
答有三类
1) n + v-ing 2) n + a3) n + v-ed

101.
问题:
up-bringing
是属于哪一类构词法构成的词?
答案:
noun compounds (adv + v-ing )

102.
问题:
复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么< br>?
答案:区别也就是复合词的特点
:1) Phonetic features2)
Semantic features3) Grammatical features
103.
问题:
red meat, green horn,
它们是复合词的
哪一个特点构成的词
?
答案


Semantic features (
也就是从构
词上推不出它的涵义)


104.
问题:< br>Compounding
又被称作什么法?
答案:
composition

105.
问题:

compounding

composition
构成的词被称作什么?
答案:
compounds
106.
问题 :
复合词分为几类?分别举例加以说明?
答案:分为三类:
solid, hyphenated, opensolid : blackmail ,
blackmarkethyphenated: brother-in-law, open : green horn , green hand

107.
问题:
当形容词转为动词时分为几类:
Adjectives to verbs
答案:
有三类:
1)
Both
transitive and intransitive
2) Only transitive 3) Only intransitive
108.
问题:
由人的行为所造成的结果进行转类之后 ,转成了什么词性
?
答案:
verb to noun e.g. catch

109.
问题:
形容词可不可以转类,转成名词分为几个类别
?< br>答案:分为两类:
1) full conversion e.g. black , white
2) partial conversion e.g. the rich , the poor

110.
问题:
名词再变成名词分为几类?分别举例说 明?
答案:
1) Concrete 2) abstract e.g. host :
(可加
-ess

成具体名词)
friend : (

-ship
可变成抽象名词
)
111.
问题:
(
只作了解
) A word is unity of sound and meaning ( true or false )
答案:
true (
可从
word
的四
个特点看出)


112.
问题:
Most loaned words are borrowed from foreign languages without any change in sound and
spelling.

true or false

.
答案:

true
外来词分为四类:
1) Denizens e.g. cup from cuppa , port form portus
2) Aliens e.g. garage , dé
cor 3) Translation

loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. Dream
113.
判断对错题

1

Conversion means transfer of a word from one class to anther . (true or false )
答案:
true 2


The relationship between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbit
rary and
conventional.(
答案:
true





3.a word used in different contexts may contrast with different
antonyms .(true or false)
答案:
true




4. an allomorph is any of
the variant forms
of morphemes. (true
or false )
答题:

false

























重点句:
A word which has more than one meaning can
have more than one antonym. E.g. fast

fast
在不同的语境中对应着不同的概念)

114.
选择题


1) C
hinese is our native language, but we can not say the Chinese is our ?

.a)mother tongue b) first language c) mother language d) official language

答案:
C

mother language (
不存在的一种说法
)

2)
问题:
以下的哪一个词

is not an expression used by American?

A)

tube B) bar C) Mailbox D) Congress



















答案:
tube (
只有英国人把地铁叫
tube ,
美国人把它叫作
subway, underground )

3)
问题:
‘smog’
它是
‘smoke , fog’
合在一起形成的词,它是采用了下面哪一种构词法?

























A) clipping B ) compounding C) blending D) backformation




答案:

C ) blending

4)
问题:以下的词哪些属于:
A)simple word B) compound word C) derived word D) shortened form.e.g.

山口-obviously


山口-obviously


山口-obviously


山口-obviously


山口-obviously


山口-obviously


山口-obviously


山口-obviously



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