fad英语名词解释

2021年1月21日发(作者：我十九岁)

- 1 -

Chapter 1 Land and People

Commonwealth of Nations
The Commonwealth of Nations is a free association of independent countries that were once
colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading
arrangements, It has no special powers. The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth
is left to each nation. At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth(1991)
Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation
2. Heptarch
It is a collective name for the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms from the 7th century to the 9th
century. They are Kent
，

Essex
，

Sussex
，

Wessex
，

East Anglia
，

Mercia and North Umbria.
After the 9th century
，

the seven kingdoms were conquered one after another by the invading
Danes.
William the Conqueror
He was the Duke of Normandy, In 1066,he led the Normans to cross the English
Channel and conquered England. He became William I, his reign marked the
beginning of the complete feudal system in England.
the Celts
The Celts were ancient people in English history. They arrived in England in
about 700BC. They invaded England in three waves : the Gaels, the Brythons and the
Belgae. The Celts are the ancestors of the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish
Alfred the Great

He was king of Essex
，

one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. It was he who led the
Anglo-Saxons to fight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred
was not only a brave king at wartime
，

but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged
education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy.”

The Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English
history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his
Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman
government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.

名词解释



- 2 -
Witan
贤人会议

Witan was the council or meeting of the was created by the
Anglo- Saxons to advise the 's the basis of the Privy Council which still exists
today.
The battle of Hastings
In 1066,King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king. William,
Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14,the two armies met near
Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and his army completely defeated. So
this battle was very important on the way of the Roman conquest.
哈罗德被威廉击败。

The Danelaw
施行丹麦法的地区

By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were posing a threat
to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital was Winchester. Alfred, King of
Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes and came to a relatively friendly
agreement with them in Danes gained control of the north and east of
England(-
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部
（丹麦法区）
，
而 阿尔弗雷德统治其他地
区。

Chapter 3
The Shaping of the Nation


ay Book


It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William
the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general
survey of England. It recorded the extent
，

value
，

state of cultivation
，

and
ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to
establish the full feudal system in England. Today
，

it is kept in the Public Records
Office in London.

Great Charter(Magna Carta)
The Great Charter
，

also called Magna Carta
，

was the first famous political document to limit the
king's powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John. It contains altogether 63
clauses.
Hundred Years’War

It referred to the intermittent war between France and England that last from 1337 to
causes were partly territorial and partly economic .When EdwardIII claimed
the Franch Crown but the French refused to recognize,the war broke first the
名词解释



- 3 -
English were successful,but in the end ,they were defeated and lost almost all their
possessions in expelling of the English was a blessing for both countries.

of arc
：圣女贞德



she was a national heroine of France during the hundred year's war
，
she successfully led the
france to drive the English out of France.
Black Death
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague
，

an epidemic disease spread through
Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in 1348-1349. It came without warning
，

and without
any cue. In England
，

it killed almost half of the total population
，

causing far-reaching economic
consequences.
peasant Uprising (1381)
Armed villagers and townsmen of Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, moved
on London in June, 1381. The king was forced to accept their demands. Most of the rebels
dispersed and went home, while Tyler and other leaders stayed on for more rights. Tyler was
killed at a meeting with the king.























名词解释



- 4 -
Chapter 4 Transition to the Modern Age(1455-1688)


2. the wars of Roses


答：
After the Hundred Year's War
，

in order to decide who would rule England
，

a war broke
out between the House of Lancaster and the House of York
，

which were symbolized by the red
and white roses respectively. The war lasted from 1455 to 1485. It is usually regarded as the end
of English Middle Ages.
Glorious Revolution

2. The Glorious Revolution happened in 1688. It is a important event in English history. In this
revolution
king
James
II’s
reign
was
turned
down.
The
takeover
was
relatively
smooth,
no
bloodshed, so it is “glorious”, After that a constitutional monarchy in England was established.


Blood Mary
血腥玛丽

It
is
the
nickname
given
to
Mary
I,
the
English
Queen
who
succeeded
to
the
throne
after
Henry
VIII.
She
was
a
devout
Catholic
and
had
so
many
Protestants
burnt
to
death that she
is remembered
less by
her official title
Mary I by
her
nickname
Blood
Mary
.

The Bill of Rights

In 1689,William and Mary accepted the Bill of Rights to be crowned bill excluded any
Roman
Catholic
from
the
succession,confirmed
the
principle
of
parliamentary
supremacy
and
guaranteed
free
speech
within
both
the
two

the
age
of
constitutional
monarchy
began.
English Renaissance

Renaissance
was
the
revival
of
classical
literature
and
artistic
styles
in
European

England the Renaissance was usually

thought of as beginning with the accession of the House of
Tudor to the throne in English Renaissance was largely literary.
Chapter 5. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire
1. Whigs and Tories


The Whigs was one of the two main political parties originating with the Glorious Revolution.
The Whigs opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for
Nonconformists. In 19th century the Whigs became known as the Liberal party. The Tories was
one of the two main political parties in the period of the Glorious Revolution. The Tories
supported hereditary monarchy and were reluctant to remove kings. The Tories were the
forerunners of the Conservative Party.

Industrial Revolution
It
refers
to
the
mechanization
of
industry
and
the
consequent changes
in
social
and
economic
organization
in
Britain
in
the
late
18

and
early
19tj
n
was
the
first country
to
industrialize.
名词解释


th

- 5 -
2. Thatcherism:


Mrs. Thatcher's policies were usually called Thatcherism. It included the
return to private ownership of state-owned industries
，

the

use of monetarist policies to control
inflation
，

the weakening of trade


unions
，

the strengthening of the role of market forces in
the economy
，


and an emphasis on law and order.
3 the people’s Charter of 1838 :In 1838 ,the Chartists led by William Lov
ett drew up a charter of
political demands ,known as the People’s Charter .It has six 6points were achieved
th
gradually although the 6
has never been practical.
4 Winston Churchill :Prime Minister of Britain during the Second World took over
Chamberlain in 1940 and received massive popular led his country to final victory in
was defeated in the general election of 1945 ,but returned to power in 1951.
第七章

1. Constitutional Monarchy


答：
The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's
powers are limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no real power.
Constitutional monarchy began after the Glorious Revolut
ion in 1688.














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