malicious乡村旅游发展外文翻译参考文献

2021年1月21日发(作者：头片)
乡村旅游发展外文翻译参考文献



乡村旅游发展外文翻译参考文献


(
文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译
)



外文：


Factors for success in rural tourism tourism
development

Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis
have
reduced
rural
communities'
economic
development
options,
making older development strategies less viable and forcing
many
to
look
for
nontraditional
ways
to
sustain
themselves.
One























of
the
most
popular
nontraditional
rural
development
strategies
has
been
tourism
and
its
associated
entrepreneurship
rural
development
strategies
has
been
tourism
and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of
tourism's
ability
to
bring
in
dollars
and
to
generate
jobs
and
support
retail
growth.
The
purpose
of
this
study
was
to
identify
and examine those factors that have helped rural communities
successfully
develop
tourism
and
its
entrepreneurship
opportunities.
Several
focus groups were conducted
with
local
businesspersons
and
leaders
in
six
rural
Illinois
communities.
The
results
clearly
demonstrate
the
importance
of
the
community
approach
to
tourism
development
and
that
rural
tourism
development
and
entrepreneurship
cannot
work
without
the
participation and collaboration of businesspersons directly
and indirectly involved in tourism.


Since
the
1970s,
economic
restructuring
and
the
farm
crisis
have
severely
reduced
rural
communities
’
economic
ic
restructuring
has
caused
a
loss
of
rural
manufacturing
plants
and
many
jobs.
The
1980s
farm
crisis
in the Midwest also led to a decline in the numbers of farmers























and
restructured
farm
ownership,
forcing
some
farm
families
to
augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming,
or to
declare bankruptcy. The farm
crisis
and the loss
of
manufacturing jobs had substantial ripple effects in rural
communities.
As
rural
joblessness
rates
rose
above
urban
levels,
real income growth stagnated in rural areas (Sears and Reid
1992). Many stores and agribusinesses disappeared from small
rural
towns.
Not
surprisingly,
a
1992
statewide
survey
in
Illinois found that 39% of rural residents perceived their
economic prospects as worsening (Walzer 1993).
These
changes
limited
rural
communities
’

economic
development
options,
making
older
development
strategies
such
as
manufacturing
less
viable
and
forcing
many
to
look
for
nontraditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most
popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been
tourism
and
its
associated
entrepreneurship
opportunities
(Edgell
and
Harbaugh
1993;
Luloff
et
al.
1994).
Rural
areas
have
a
special
appeal
to
tourists
because
of
the
mystique
associated
with
rural
areas
and
their
distinct
cultural,
historic,
ethnic,
and geographic characteristics (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993).
Rural
tourism
also
is
less
costly
and
easier
to
establish
than
other
rural
economic
development
strategies
such
as























manufacturing. Rural tourism can be development strategies
such as manufacturing. Rural tourism can be developed locally
with
participation
from
local
government
and
small
businesses,
and its development is not necessarily dependent on outside
firms
or
companies.
Although
tourism
can
be
expensive
to
develop in certain cases (e.g., large resort areas) or can
involve
large
firms
and
chains,
rural
tourism
can
be
developed
with
relatively
little
investment
credit,
training,
and
capital.
Hence,
rural
tourism
can
be
less
costly
to
develop
as
compared
to
other
economic
development
strategies;
additionally, rural tourism need not involve dependency on
outside firms and their decisions on whether they want to be
in an
area. Rural
tourism provides
a base for these small
businesses that might not otherwise be in rural communities
because
of
their
small
populations.
Tourism
particularly
helps
two types of small businesses in rural areas
—
those directly
involved
in tourism
(e.g., attractions
and
hotels/motels) and
those indirectly involved in tourism (e.g., gas stations and
grocery stores). Additionally, rural tourism works well with
existing rural enterprises such as farms (e.g., U-Pick farms)
and
can
generate
important
secondary
income
for
farm
households
(Oppermann
1996).Nonetheless,
rural
tourism
remains
one
of
the























few viable economic options for rural communities .Like other
economic
development
strategies,
rural
tourism
requires
several components to be successful.
Tourism
development
involves(1)
attractions:
the
natural
and manmade features both within and adjacent to a community;
(2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism
attractions
to
potential
tourists;(3)
tourism
infrastructure:
access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water
and
power
services,
parking,
signs,
and
recreation
facilities;
(4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail
businesses
needed
to
take
care
of
tourists
’

needs;
(5)
hospitality:
how
tourists
are
treated
by
both
community
residents and
employees
in tourism
businesses and
attractions
(Gunn 1988). Left out of this list are tourism entrepreneurs
and their role in fostering these components.

While the above
components and a community
’
s assets are clearly important to
tourism development, only the widespread participation and
contribution
of
rural
tourism
entrepreneurs
can
ensure
a
broad-based foundation for successful tourism development. A
research literature has emerged on how to best facilitate the
development
of
tourism.
One
view,
drawing
heavily
on
the
economic literature, argues that tourism and its associated























entrepreneurship opportunities are best developed by helping
and
creating
individuals
businesses
and
then
letting
them
compete in the marketplace for a review and description of
this
view).
This
view,
however,
has
been
critiqued
because
(1)
it views tourism and tourism-related businesses as isolated
from
the
larger
community
and
its
issues;(2)
it
does
not
recognize
the
interdependence
of
the
various
sectors
and
actors
involved
in
tourism;
and
(3)most
small
tourism
business,
especially those in rural areas, do not have the individual
resources to promote either themselves or the community as a
tourist product (Gunn 1988; Murphy 1985; Palmer and Bejou
1995).Opposing this view is the community approach to tourism
development and entrepreneurship (Murphy 1985). As its name
implies,
the
approach
argues
that
tourism
is
a
community
product and that, along with entrepreneurial skills and the
presence of tourist businesses, it is also necessary to have
the community and local capabilities (e.g., local leadership
and
formal
and
informal
networks)
directly
involved
in
tourism
development
and
promotion
effort
(Murphy
1985).
While
the
community
approach
may
be
an
effective
way
to
develop
and
promote
tourism,
creating
the
necessary
intercommunity
cooperation
and
collaboration
is
a
complex
and
difficult